Notre société évolue constamment et se positionne vis-à-vis du monde qui l’entoure. Cette évolution la pousse à se réorganiser atour d’énergie provenant de source locale et renouvelable. Pour ces raisons, il semble pertinent de concevoir une évolution possible de la méthanisation par des unités localisées. On parle alors de micro-méthanisation à l’échelle urbaine. La rédaction de cette thèse a ainsi eu pour objectif d’apporter des éléments de réponse quant à la question de la faisabilité d’intégrée cette micro-méthanisation dans des quartiers. Pour cela, il a été réalisé : i) Une analyse des retours d’expérience issus de villes porteuses de projet de méthanisation urbaine. ii) Une approche expérimentale, dans le but d’obtenir un processus de méthanisation des déchets urbains à l’échelle laboratoire. iii) Ces données d’entrée ont ensuite permis l’établissement d’un modèle de valorisation des déchets dans un quartier. Ces résultats mettent en avant la nécessité d’une approche systémique afin de pouvoir intégrer la méthanisation dans un quartier. Ils permettent de plus, de recommander l’utilisation de certains procédés et l’emploie de déchets, afin d’améliorer la mise en œuvre du processus dans l’espace urbain. Dans des conditions définies la méthanisation urbains est possible et stable dans le temps. De plus, le bilan énergétique s’avère bénéfique pour le quartier. On note que l’énergie ainsi produite, l’est majoritairement sous forme de chaleur ce qui met en avant l’intérêt d’un processus intégré, proche des habitations. / Our society is constantly evolving and positioning itself in relation to the world around it. This evolution pushes it to reorganize itself around energy from local and more renewable sources. For these reasons, it seems appropriate to design a possible evolution of anaerobic digestion (AD) by localized units. This is referred to a micro-AD at urban scale. The purpose of this thesis was to provide some answers to the question of the feasibility of integrating this micro-AD into a neighbourhood.To this end, it was carried out: i) An analysis of feedback from cities with urban AD projects. ii) An experimental approach, with the aim of obtaining a stable AD process of urban waste atlaboratory scale. iii) These input data then made it possible to establish a waste recovery model in a district. These results highlight the need for a systemic approach in order to be able to integrate AD in a neighbourhood. They also make it possible to recommend processes and wastes, in order to improve the implementation of the process in urban areas. Under defined conditions, urban AD is possible and stable over time. In addition, the energy balance is beneficial for the district. It should be noted that the energy thus produced is mainly in the form of heat, which highlights the importance of an integrated process, close to homes.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:25:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Osvaldo.pdf: 5754399 bytes, checksum: 701637b7657c10259c85108bc616425b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-15 / The cassava starch industries generate daily a large volume of wastewater effluent that, stabilized in ponds, waste its biogas energy and pollute the atmosphere. To contribute with the reversion of this reality, this manipueira treatment research in one phase anaerobic horizontal pilot reactor with continuous feeding was developed. The reactor was implanted at a starch factory, Toledo, PR, which processes 160 ton cassava day-1 and originates 800 m3 of cassava wastewater. The biomass agitation was obtained by biogas recirculation, pumped by radial compressor, being the support medium set up with 15 x 4 cm bamboo pieces. The cassava wastewater, in natura, flowed by a sand and clay separating chamber, feeding the reactor with volume measured by an hydrometer. The experimental design was a completely randomized design, with the responses submitted to multivariate analysis and to statistical quality control through R 13.0 and Minitab 15.1.0.0 softwares, respectively. The average organic loadings in chemical oxygen demand (COD) were 0.556; 0.670; 0.678; 0.770 and 0.902 g L-1; and in volatile solids (VS) 0.659; 0.608; 0.570; 0.761 and 0.816 g L-1 at the hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 13.0; 11.5; 10.0; 7.0 and 7.0 days. The average reductions for COD, at the same order that the HRTs, were 88; 80; 88; 67 and 70% and for VS 76; 77; 65; 61 and 53%. The biogas productions relatively to COD consumed were 0.368; 0.795; 0.891; 0.907 and 0.626 Lg-1, relatively to VS consumed were 0.524; 0.930; 1.757; 0.952 and 0.981 Lg-1 and volumetrically 0.131; 0.330; 0.430; 0.374 and 0.377 L L-1 d-1, with an average methane content of 56%. The 10.0 days HRT was evaluated with an average temperature of 27.7 °C and the others with temperatures ranging from 21.2 to 23.5 °C. The agitation efficiency was proven as it increased the reactor s performance, in spite of a 2.3 °C average reduction at the temperature. The stability indicators pH and volatile acidity/total alkalinity (VA/TA) relation remained between 6.51 to 7.45 and 0.11 to 0.82, respectively. Although the relation VA/TA has presented risk values, the reactor remained stable, possibly due to the support medium presence / As fecularias produzem diariamente um grande volume de manipueira, que, estabilizada em lagoas, desperdiça a energia do biogás e polui a atmosfera. Para contribuir com a reversão dessa realidade, desenvolveu-se esta pesquisa de tratamento de manipueira em reator anaeróbio horizontal piloto com alimentação contínua. O reator foi implantado numa fecularia, em Toledo PR, que processa 160 t de mandioca dia-1 e gera 800 m3 de manipueira. A agitação da biomassa foi realizada por recirculação de biogás bombeado por compressor radial e o meio suporte foi montado com peças de bambu de 15 x 4 cm. A manipueira, in natura, fluiu por uma caixa separadora de areia e argila e alimentou o reator com volume medido por hidrômetro. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com respostas submetidas à análise multivariada que permitiram avaliar as correlações entre as variaveis e ao controle estatístico da qualidade através dos programas R 13.0 e Minitab 15.0, respectivamente. As cargas orgânicas médias em demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) aplicadas foram de 0,556; 0,670; 0,678; 0,770 e 0,902 g L-1 e em sólidos voláteis (SV) de 0,659; 0,608; 0,570; 0,761 e 0,816 g L-1 nos tempos de retenção hidráulica (TRH) de 13,0; 11,5; 10,0; 7,0 e 7,0 dias, respectivamente, sendo o último TRH com agitação. As reduções médias de DQO, na ordem de apresentação dos TRHs, foram de 88; 80; 88; 67 e 70% e de SV 76; 77; 65; 61 e 53%. As produções de biogás por DQOc foram de 0,368; 0,795; 0,891; 0,907 e 0,626 Lg-1, por SVc de 0,524; 0,930; 1,757; 0,952 e 0,981 Lg-1 e volumétrica de 0,131; 0,330; 0,430; 0,374 e 0,377 L L-1 d-1, com média de metano em 56%. O TRH de 10,0 dias foi avaliado com temperatura média mais elevada, de 27,7 °C, e os demais com temperatura variando entre 21,2 a 23,5 °C. A eficiência do agitador foi comprovada ao melhorar o desempenho do reator, apesar da redução média de 2,3 °C na temperatura. Os indicadores de estabilidade, pH e relação acidez volátil/alcalinidade total (AV/AT), mantiveram médias entre 6,51 a 7,45 e 0,11 a 0,82, respectivamente. Apesar da relação AV/AT ter apresentado valores de risco, o reator permaneceu estável, o que pode ser devido à presença do meio suporte

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:47:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Shaiane__Lucas.pdf: 2393290 bytes, checksum: 9e5c684ef130e9552f01b3191e3e8e1d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-20 / This study evaluated the hydrogen and methane production from cassava starch wastewater in reactors in series. The acidogenic and methanogenic reactors were operated in a continuous flow and trials were divided into three stages. In Stage 1, three essays for hydrogen production evaluated the effect of initial pH (6.0 and 4.5), substrate concentration (1.4, 1.1 and 2.2 g total carbohydrates.L-1) and strategies to control biomass (by disposal or change in the structure of such support material with low density polyethylene) in anaerobic reactors of fixed bed and upflow at 36 °C. The best operating condition among the evaluated ones was pH 6.0 and concentration of 1.4 g total carbohydrates.L-1, which resulted in Hydrogen Volumetric Productions (HVP) of 229 mL.L-1.d-1 and yield of 29.4 mL.g-1total carbohydrate. The best strategy to control biomass was the sort of bed with polyethylene cylinders, which provided the least changes in flow regime and excessive growth of biomass. In Stage 2, the effect of inoculum source was evaluated in two packed-bed reactors operating according to the following conditions: pH 6.0; 2 g.L-1concentration of substrate, 20 g.L-1.d-1organic loading rate (OLR) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 2-hour. In the inoculated reactor with autofermented effluent, the answers were: 550 mL.L-1.d-1and hydrogen yield of 38mL.g-1total carbohydrates. These values were higher than those observed for the reactor inoculated with anaerobic heat-treated sludge, which indicated that the use of simple inoculums is a viable strategy for hydrogen production under the tested conditions. In addition to these essays, the influence of ORL and HRT were also evaluated. The increase of ORL (10 to 20 g-total carbohydrates.L-1.d-1) and decrease of HRT (4 to 2 hour) resulted in a higherhydrogen production (467 mL.L-1.d-1), hydrogen percentage in the studied biogas (40%) and molar flow rate (2.16 mmol.h-1). Therefore, the average yield of 30 mL H2.g-1 total carbohydrate was the same for both conditions tested. In general, butyric acid was associated with higherhydrogen production, followed by acetic and propionic acids, besides ethanol, in the five analyzed essays. In Stage 3, methane production from the acidified effluent was evaluated in a horizontal anaerobic reactor of fixed bed and continuous flow, operated at mesophilic temperature. The operating conditions were divided into four stages, whose variations were: initial pH (5.0 and 7.0), OLR (1.54; 3.54 and 6 g-COD.L-1.d-1) and HRT (5; 1.5 and 1.1 d). The results of effluent pH greater than 7.0, volatile acidity/total alkalinity of 0.2 and 98% removal of organic matter showed that the reactor performance was not impaired by the separation of acidogenic and methanogenic stages. The highest production of methane was observed in Phase IV, with pH 5.0, 6 g.L-1.d-1 OLR and 1.1 d HRT, resulting in average values of 0.82 L.L-1.d-1 for volumetric methane production, 0.85 L.g-1CODremoved yield and 80% methane in biogas composition. The energy efficiency in the combined system was 17% higher than the one observed in the single system for the treatment of cassava starch wastewater. / Este trabalho avaliou a produção de hidrogênio e metano a partir de efluente de fecularia de mandioca em sistema combinado. Os reatores acidogênico e metanogênico foram operados em fluxo contínuo, e os ensaios divididos em três etapas. Na Etapa 1, três ensaios para produção de hidrogênio avaliaram o efeito do pH inicial (6,0 e 4,5), concentração de substrato (1,4, 1,1 e 2,2 g carboidratos totais.L-1) e estratégias de controle da biomassa (por descarte ou mudança na estruturação do material suporte de polietileno de baixa densidade) em reatores anaeróbios de leito fixo e fluxo ascendente, à temperatura de 36 C. A melhor condição operacional dentre as avaliadas foi pH 6,0 e concentração de 1,4 g carboidratos totais.L-1, que resultou em Produções Volumétricas de Hidrogênio (PVH) de 229 mL.L-1.d-1 e rendimento de 29,4 mL.g-1 carboidrato total. A melhor estratégia de controle de biomassa foi a ordenação do leito com cilindros de polietileno, a qual proporcionou menores alterações no regime de escoamento e crescimento excessivo da biomassa. Na Etapa 2, o efeito da fonte de inóculo foi avaliado em dois reatores de leito empacotado nas condições operacionais pH 6,0; concentração de substrato de 2 g.L-1, Carga Orgânica Volumétrica aplicada (COV) de 20 g.L-1.d-1 e Tempo de Detenção Hidráulica (TDH) de 2 horas. No reator inoculado com efluente autofermentado verificou-se PVH de 550 mL.L-1.d-1 e rendimento de hidrogênio de 38 mL.g-1 carboidratos totais. Esses valores foram maiores que os observados para o reator inoculado com lodo anaeróbio tratado termicamente, os quais indicaram que a utilização de inóculos simples representa uma estratégia viável para produção de hidrogênio nas condições testadas. Além desses ensaios, a influência da COV e do TDH também foi avaliada. O aumento COV (de 10 para 20 g.L-1.d-1) e a redução do TDH (de 4 para 2 h) resultaram em maior produção de hidrogênio (467 mL.L-1.d-1), percentual de hidrogênio no biogás (40%) e vazão molar (2,16 mmol.h-1). Entretanto, o rendimento médio de 30 mL H2.g-1 carboidrato total foi igual para as duas condições testadas. De modo geral, o ácido butírico foi associado à maior produção de gás hidrogênio, seguido dos ácidos acético e propiônico, além de etanol, nos cinco ensaios realizados. Na Etapa 3, a produção de metano a partir do efluente acidificado foi avaliada em reator anaeróbio horizontal de leito fixo e fluxo contínuo, operado em condição mesofílica de temperatura. As condições operacionais foram divididas em quatro fases, com variação do pH inicial (5,0 e 7,0), da COV (1,54; 3,54 e 6 g DQO.L-1.d-1) e do TDH (5; 1,5 e 1,1 d). Os resultados de pH efluente superior a 7,0, relação acidez volátil/alcalinidade total de 0,2 e remoção de 98% da matéria orgânica evidenciam que o desempenho do reator não foi prejudicado pela separação das fases acidogênica e metanogênica. A maior produção de metano foi observada na Fase IV, com pH 5,0, COV de 6 g.L-1.d-1e TDH de 1,1 d, que resultou em valores médios de produção volumétrica de metano de 0,82 L.L-1.d-1, rendimento de 0,85 L.g-1DQOremovida e 80% de metano na composição do biogás. O rendimento energético no sistema combinado foi 17% superior ao observado em sistema único no tratamento de efluente de fecularia.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:48:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Osvaldo.pdf: 5754399 bytes, checksum: 701637b7657c10259c85108bc616425b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-15 / The cassava starch industries generate daily a large volume of wastewater effluent that, stabilized in ponds, waste its biogas energy and pollute the atmosphere. To contribute with the reversion of this reality, this manipueira treatment research in one phase anaerobic horizontal pilot reactor with continuous feeding was developed. The reactor was implanted at a starch factory, Toledo, PR, which processes 160 ton cassava day-1 and originates 800 m3 of cassava wastewater. The biomass agitation was obtained by biogas recirculation, pumped by radial compressor, being the support medium set up with 15 x 4 cm bamboo pieces. The cassava wastewater, in natura, flowed by a sand and clay separating chamber, feeding the reactor with volume measured by an hydrometer. The experimental design was a completely randomized design, with the responses submitted to multivariate analysis and to statistical quality control through R 13.0 and Minitab 15.1.0.0 softwares, respectively. The average organic loadings in chemical oxygen demand (COD) were 0.556; 0.670; 0.678; 0.770 and 0.902 g L-1; and in volatile solids (VS) 0.659; 0.608; 0.570; 0.761 and 0.816 g L-1 at the hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 13.0; 11.5; 10.0; 7.0 and 7.0 days. The average reductions for COD, at the same order that the HRTs, were 88; 80; 88; 67 and 70% and for VS 76; 77; 65; 61 and 53%. The biogas productions relatively to COD consumed were 0.368; 0.795; 0.891; 0.907 and 0.626 Lg-1, relatively to VS consumed were 0.524; 0.930; 1.757; 0.952 and 0.981 Lg-1 and volumetrically 0.131; 0.330; 0.430; 0.374 and 0.377 L L-1 d-1, with an average methane content of 56%. The 10.0 days HRT was evaluated with an average temperature of 27.7 °C and the others with temperatures ranging from 21.2 to 23.5 °C. The agitation efficiency was proven as it increased the reactor s performance, in spite of a 2.3 °C average reduction at the temperature. The stability indicators pH and volatile acidity/total alkalinity (VA/TA) relation remained between 6.51 to 7.45 and 0.11 to 0.82, respectively. Although the relation VA/TA has presented risk values, the reactor remained stable, possibly due to the support medium presence / As fecularias produzem diariamente um grande volume de manipueira, que, estabilizada em lagoas, desperdiça a energia do biogás e polui a atmosfera. Para contribuir com a reversão dessa realidade, desenvolveu-se esta pesquisa de tratamento de manipueira em reator anaeróbio horizontal piloto com alimentação contínua. O reator foi implantado numa fecularia, em Toledo PR, que processa 160 t de mandioca dia-1 e gera 800 m3 de manipueira. A agitação da biomassa foi realizada por recirculação de biogás bombeado por compressor radial e o meio suporte foi montado com peças de bambu de 15 x 4 cm. A manipueira, in natura, fluiu por uma caixa separadora de areia e argila e alimentou o reator com volume medido por hidrômetro. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com respostas submetidas à análise multivariada que permitiram avaliar as correlações entre as variaveis e ao controle estatístico da qualidade através dos programas R 13.0 e Minitab 15.0, respectivamente. As cargas orgânicas médias em demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) aplicadas foram de 0,556; 0,670; 0,678; 0,770 e 0,902 g L-1 e em sólidos voláteis (SV) de 0,659; 0,608; 0,570; 0,761 e 0,816 g L-1 nos tempos de retenção hidráulica (TRH) de 13,0; 11,5; 10,0; 7,0 e 7,0 dias, respectivamente, sendo o último TRH com agitação. As reduções médias de DQO, na ordem de apresentação dos TRHs, foram de 88; 80; 88; 67 e 70% e de SV 76; 77; 65; 61 e 53%. As produções de biogás por DQOc foram de 0,368; 0,795; 0,891; 0,907 e 0,626 Lg-1, por SVc de 0,524; 0,930; 1,757; 0,952 e 0,981 Lg-1 e volumétrica de 0,131; 0,330; 0,430; 0,374 e 0,377 L L-1 d-1, com média de metano em 56%. O TRH de 10,0 dias foi avaliado com temperatura média mais elevada, de 27,7 °C, e os demais com temperatura variando entre 21,2 a 23,5 °C. A eficiência do agitador foi comprovada ao melhorar o desempenho do reator, apesar da redução média de 2,3 °C na temperatura. Os indicadores de estabilidade, pH e relação acidez volátil/alcalinidade total (AV/AT), mantiveram médias entre 6,51 a 7,45 e 0,11 a 0,82, respectivamente. Apesar da relação AV/AT ter apresentado valores de risco, o reator permaneceu estável, o que pode ser devido à presença do meio suporte

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-04-27T17:27:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Neuri Rempel.pdf: 1414299 bytes, checksum: e09f1fc8267c07d066f0e701aca28d19 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-27T17:27:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Neuri Rempel.pdf: 1414299 bytes, checksum: e09f1fc8267c07d066f0e701aca28d19 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-30 / CNPQ – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / FINEP - Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação / O aproveitamento energético da fração biodegradável dos Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU) na forma de biogás, é uma das alternativas para minimizar os impactos sociais e ambientais causados pela disposição destes resíduos. A digestão anaeróbia sob condições controladas, objetivando o máximo de rendimento de biogás é uma alternativa promissora, principalmente quando for conduzida com o acréscimo de outros resíduos orgânicos de elevado potencial para geração de biogás, como a glicerina. A glicerina é um subproduto da produção de biodiesel e possui percentual de carbono acima de 90%, tornando-se um excelente cosubstrato para digestão anaeróbia. Esta pesquisa avaliou a geração de biogás em escala piloto, utilizando a fração orgânica do RSU pós-esteira de triagem da cidade de São Leopoldo/RS, com incremento de glicerina em relação à massa de resíduo adicionada no digestor. Utilizou-se um reator de 50L com agitação intermitente e temperatura controlada (~35ºC). O incremento de glicerina possibilitou aumento de até 30% no volume de biogás gerado, além de antecipar em até 10 dias a produção máxima de biogás, quando comparado com o processo somente com os RSU. O decréscimo gradativo do pH, a elevada relação C:N no materialdigerido e adição de NaOHpara o controle do pH, indicam que o percentual de glicerina adicionado, nas condições desse estudo pode ter sido elevado, necessitando maiores investigações para chegar no volume adequado.Os resultados observados indicam a necessidade de se determinar o percentual ótimo de glicerina a ser utilizado, o que não foi possível nesse estudo. Agitação intermitente, manutenção do pH próximo de 7,5 e Tempo Retenção de Sólidos máximo de 25 dias, foram os principais parâmetros observados para a otimização na geração do biogás, nas condições desse estudo. O volume médio de biogás produzidofoi de 44m3/ton. de RSU, com valores mínimos e máximos de 30 m3/ton.e 60 m3/ton. de RSU, respectivamente. / The energetic use of the biodegradable fraction of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in the form of biogas is one of the alternatives to minimize the social and environmental impacts caused by the disposal of this waste. Anaerobic digestion under controlled conditions, aiming the maximum yield of biogas, is promising alternative, especially when conducted with the addition of others organic wastes with high potential for biogas generation, such as glycerin. Glycerin is a subproduct of biodiesel production and carbon percentage above 90%, making it an excellent co-substrate for anaerobic digestion. This research evaluated the generation of biogas in pilot scale, using the organic fraction of the MSW post-treadmill screening of São Leopoldo/RS, with the increase of glycerin on the mass of residue added to the digester. A 50L reactor with intermittent agitation and controlled temperature (~35°C) has been used. The increase of glycerin made possible the raise up to 30% in the volume of generated biogas, besides anticipate within 10 days maximum biogas production compared to the process only with MSW. The gradual decrease in pH, the high C:N ratio in digested material and the addition of NaOH to control the pH, indicate that the percentage of glycerin added, under the conditions of this study may have been high, requiring further investigation to reach proper volume. The results indicate the necessity to determine the optimal percentage of glycerin to be used, which was not possible in this study. Intermittent agitation, maintaining the pH close to 7.5 and Maximum Solids Retention Time of 25 days, were the main parameters observed to optimize the generation of biogas, in the conditions of this study. The mean volume of biogas produced was 44m3/ton of MSW with minimum and maximum values of 30 m3/ton and 60 m3/ton MSW, respectively.

<p>This paper reports on environmental impacts and health hazards as a result from inadequate management of organic household waste in developing countries. It gives details of water and soil contamination, air pollution and spread of diseases through expanding breeding grounds for pathogens, vectors and rodents. To manage this waste flow sustainably, decentralised composting and anaerobic digestions technologies have been studied to give an overall picture of existing appropriate technologies, including: windrow, box/bin/barrel, THM, aerated static pile, in-vessel, vermi, ARTI compact biogas digester and BARC’S NISARG-RUNA. Comparing different technologies showed that it is crucial to consider local conditions and markets when choosing which method to implement. However, the manual composting methods: windrow/box/bin/barrel, THM and vermi, are more likely to be appropriate in regard to current conditions in developing countries. A comparison between the environmental impacts of anaerobic digestion and composting did not result in a clear indication of which technology is most favourable. However, in the literature studied, biogas production showed an overall better energy balance, and composting a better result regarding nutrient recycling and xenobiotic compounds. In terms of the mitigation effect on global warming, the results varied essentially depending on the technology used and its loss of methane during the biogas production process. Finally, this paper investigates common constraints for implementation of the above-mentioned technologies, as well as recommendations for future projects. The study of general constraints revealed the need for directing attention to education, key consequences and benefits, co-operation, exchange of knowledge and bottom-up driving forces, for sustainable and successful implementation of organic household waste management practices in developing countries.</p>

This paper reports on environmental impacts and health hazards as a result from inadequate management of organic household waste in developing countries. It gives details of water and soil contamination, air pollution and spread of diseases through expanding breeding grounds for pathogens, vectors and rodents. To manage this waste flow sustainably, decentralised composting and anaerobic digestions technologies have been studied to give an overall picture of existing appropriate technologies, including: windrow, box/bin/barrel, THM, aerated static pile, in-vessel, vermi, ARTI compact biogas digester and BARC’S NISARG-RUNA. Comparing different technologies showed that it is crucial to consider local conditions and markets when choosing which method to implement. However, the manual composting methods: windrow/box/bin/barrel, THM and vermi, are more likely to be appropriate in regard to current conditions in developing countries. A comparison between the environmental impacts of anaerobic digestion and composting did not result in a clear indication of which technology is most favourable. However, in the literature studied, biogas production showed an overall better energy balance, and composting a better result regarding nutrient recycling and xenobiotic compounds. In terms of the mitigation effect on global warming, the results varied essentially depending on the technology used and its loss of methane during the biogas production process. Finally, this paper investigates common constraints for implementation of the above-mentioned technologies, as well as recommendations for future projects. The study of general constraints revealed the need for directing attention to education, key consequences and benefits, co-operation, exchange of knowledge and bottom-up driving forces, for sustainable and successful implementation of organic household waste management practices in developing countries.

The finite amount of energy carriers affects all of us. It is important to utilize all available sources and to find new sources of energy. The confectionery industry generates both solid and liquid waste during the production of confectioneries, which could be utilized as a substrate for biogas production. However, problems might arise during the biogas process since these kinds of waste are very rich in carbohydrates. The initial breakdown of the substrate would probably cause an accumulation of fermentation products such as volatile fatty acids (VFA) and a low pH. A solution to this might be to use a two-stage process. The first stage would be a pre-fermentation that should be optimized for production of fermentation products such as ethanol and VFA. The aim of this master thesis is to evaluate the biogas potential of confectionery waste products. The confectionery waste products are evaluated using a continuous two-stage process, batch experiments and theoretical calculations of the methane potential. The potential from process wastewater was examined. Depending on COD reduction for a reactor and COD content of process wastewater, an annual amount of 75 000 m3 or of 857 000 m3 of process wastewater is necessary to produce enough biogas for a gas engine to continuously convert the biogas to electricity. A batch experiment evaluating the methane production potential of nine different confectionery waste products from a large confectionery industry gave a range of 430 - 690 NmL/g VS, which is relatively high. A continuous experiment in two lab-scale reactors with a HRT of two days worked satisfactory. The gas production was stable periodically with a carbon dioxide content above 60%. The pH was low (3.4 - 3.6) throughout the experiment for one of the reactors. However, addition of digester sludge from a methane-producing reactor towards the end of the experiment resulted in a higher pH and more VFA available for utilization in the second stage. The main fermentation products were: acetic acid, lactic acid, ethanol and carbon dioxide. A second batch experiment showed that the methane potential was not affected by pre-fermentation. A carbon balance calculation of the process indicates that 57% of the ingoing organic matter is fermented within only two days and ends up in the known fermentation products. The study shows that confectionery waste products are well suited for two-stage anaerobic digestion. / Den ändliga mängden av energibärare påverkar oss alla. Det är därför viktigt att utnyttja alla tillgängliga men även att finna nya energibärare. Konfektyrindustrin generar restprodukter (avfall) både i fast och flytande form, vilka båda kan utnyttjas för produktion av biogas. Det kan dock uppstå problem i biogasprocessen eftersom dessa innehåller en stor mängd kolhydrater. Den initiala nedbrytningen kan ge upphov till en ackumulering av VFA och ett lågt pH. En lösning på detta problem kan vara att använda en två-stegs process. Första steget är en för-fermentering, som ska optimeras för att producera fermentationsprodukter så som etanol och VFA. Syftet med detta arbete är att utvärdera biogaspotentialen från konfektyrrestprodukter genom att använda en kontinuerlig två-stegs process, batchförsök och teoretiska beräkningar av metanpotentialen. Potentialen undersöktes från processvatten. Beroende på COD reduktion i en reaktor och COD innehåll i processvatten, är en årlig mängd av 75 000 m3 eller av 857 000 m3 processvatten nödvändig för att producera en tillräcklig mängd biogas så att en gasmotor kontinuerligt kan omvandla biogasen till elektricitet. Ett batchförsök med nio olika restprodukter från en storskalig konfektyrproducent visade en relativt hög metanpotential (430 - 690 NmL/g VS). Ett kontinuerligt reaktorexperiment genomfördes i laboratorieskala med två reaktorer, där uppehållstiden var två dagar. De två för-fermenteringsreaktorerna presterade tillfredsställande. Gasproduktionen var periodvis stabil med en koldioxidhalt över 60%. pH var lågt (3,4 och 3,6) genom hela experimentet för en av reaktorerna. För den andra reaktorn gjordes tillsatser av reaktormaterial från en metanproducerande reaktor i slutet av experimentet. Dessa tillsatser ökade pH och totalmängden av VFA, som kan utnyttjas i det andra steget. Huvudfermentationsprodukterna är acetat, laktat, etanol och koldioxid. Ytterligare batchförsök visade att för-fermentation inte verkar påverka metanpotentialen för konfektyrrestprodukter. En kolbalans av processen indikerar att 57% av ingående kol återfinns i de kända fermentationsprodukterna inom två dagar. Studiens resultat visar att avfallsprodukter från konfektyrindustrin lämpar sig väl för två-stegs anaerob rötning.

Med ett växande energibehov i världen, sinande energikällor i form av fossila bränslen och en miljö som vi under en längre tid har förorenat behövs det nya energiformer som är mer långsiktiga och framförallt miljövänliga. En sådan energiform är biogas. Biogasprocessen är dock inte helt optimerad. Flera av de substrat som används idag tar lång tid att röta och bryts bara ner till viss del i processen eller innehåller onödigt mycket vatten, vilket ger höga transportkostnader. Med syfte att göra biogasprocessen mer ekonomisk lönsam utvärderas i denna rapport på uppdrag från E.ON några olika förbehandlingstekniker: Ångexplosion, extrusion, avvattning och kalkbehandling. Förhoppningen är att dessa ska kunna öka lönsamheten för storskalig biogasproduktion och kanske möjliggöra biogasproduktion från tidigare obrukbara substrat som fjädrar och halm.  För att jämföra och utvärdera förbehandlingsteknikerna utfördes batchrötningsförsök i 330 ml flaskor med obehandlade och förbehandlade substrat. De flesta förbehandle substraten gav snabbare nedbrytning och några gav även högre metanutbyte än de obehandlade. Fjädrar och halm, som från början hade ett lågt utbyte, påverkades mest av förbehandlingen. Ångexploderade fjädrar gav efter 44 dagars rötning 141% högre metanutbyte och extruderad halm gav 22% högre metanutbyte än obehandlad.  För ekonomiska beräkningarna användes en referensanläggning med en förutbestämd substratmix: 12500 ton majs och 11500 ton hästgödsel. Att tillgå för referensanläggningen finns dessutom fjädrar. Cambis THP-anläggning för ångexplosion visade sig vara alldeles för dyr för referensanläggningen. En THP-anläggning kräver en större biogasanläggning där en större mängd svårnedbrytbara substrat rötas för att bli lönsam. En extruder skulle kunna vara lönsam för för refernsanläggningen om hästgödseln som de har tillgång till innehåller halm som strömaterial. En investering i en extruder bara för att förbehandla majsensilage visade sig inte lönsam.  Avvattning av gödsel gav signifikant lägre utbyte av biogas per torrvikt men signifikant högre utbyte per våtvikt. Avvattningsutrustningen från Splitvision, som testades, var för dyr för att bli lönsam. Först när gården låg 4 mil från biogasanläggningen blev det billigare att avvattna gödsel och transportera den jämfört med att transportera den obehandlad. Andra avvattningsutrustningar i studien var billigare i drift så det finns möjligheter att tekniken kan bli lönsam med någon av dessa. / The world needs new energy sources that are durable for long time and which not affect the environment negatively. Biogas fulfills those demands. The biogas process is however not completely optimized. Several of the substrates used today for biogas production are slowly degraded and only partly digested in the process. Other substrates consist of unnecessarily much water which makes transportation costly. To optimize the process and make the biogas process more profitable, several pretreatment techniques are evaluated by direction of E.ON in this report: steam explosion, extrusion, lime treatment and dewatering. The hope is that one of those could increase the profitability and hopefully also enable substrates that not are working today like feathers and straw. To compare and evaluate the different pretreatment batch digester, experiments were carried out during 31-44 days for untreated and pretreated substrates. Most pretreated substrates were faster degraded than untreated and some also gave a higher methane yield. Chicken waste feathers and wheat straw, which had low methane yields untreated, were affected most by pretreatment. Steam exploded feathers gave after 44 days of digestion 141% higher methane yield and extruded straw gave 22% higher methane yield than untreated samples of the same substrate. A reference plant with a substrate mixture of 12500 tonnes of maize silage and 11500 tons of horsemanure annually was used to make economical calculations. Additionally, chicken waste feathers waste could be included. Obtainable for the reference plant were also chicken waste feathers. Steam explosion appeared to be too expensive for a plant in the size of the reference plant. Its large capacity could probably make it profitable for a much larger biogas plant running on a lot of hard digestible substrates. An extruder could be a profitable investment for the reference plant if the plant gets horse manure with straw as bedding material. To just use the extruder to pretreat maize silage could not make the investment profitable. Dewatering of manure gave significantly lower methane yield per dry weight but significantly higher methane yield per wet weight. The increase in methane yield per wet weight makes the substrate better for transportation. The dewatering equipment from Splitvision tried in this study had too high operational costs and was too expensive to make dewatering particularly profitable. Only when the farm was situated farther away than 40km from the biogas plant it was cheaper to dewater the manure before transport than to transport the manure without any pretreatment. Other dewatering equipments evaluated in this study had much lower operational costs and among those an equipment that makes dewatering profitable might therefore be found. The world needs new energy sources that are durable for long time and which not affect the environment negatively. Biogas fulfills those demands. The biogas process is however not completely optimized. Several of the substrates used today for biogas production are slowly degraded and only partly digested in the process. Other substrates consist of unnecessarily much water which makes transportation costly. To optimize the process and make the biogas process more profitable, several pretreatment techniques are evaluated by direction of E.ON in this report: steam explosion, extrusion, lime treatment and dewatering. The hope is that one of those could increase the profitability and hopefully also enable substrates that not are working today like feathers and straw. To compare and evaluate the different pretreatment batch digester, experiments were carried out during 31-44 days for untreated and pretreated substrates. Most pretreated substrates were faster degraded than untreated and some also gave a higher methane yield. Chicken waste feathers and wheat straw, which had low methane yields untreated, were affected most by pretreatment. Steam exploded feathers gave after 44 days of digestion 141% higher methane yield and extruded straw gave 22% higher methane yield than untreated samples of the same substrate. A reference plant with a substrate mixture of 12500 tonnes of maize silage and 11500 tons of horsemanure annually was used to make economical calculations. Additionally, chicken waste feathers waste could be included. Obtainable for the reference plant were also chicken waste feathers. Steam explosion appeared to be too expensive for a plant in the size of the reference plant. Its large capacity could probably make it profitable for a much larger biogas plant running on a lot of hard digestible substrates. An extruder could be a profitable investment for the reference plant if the plant gets horse manure with straw as bedding material. To just use the extruder to pretreat maize silage could not make the investment profitable. Dewatering of manure gave significantly lower methane yield per dry weight but significantly higher methane yield per wet weight. The increase in methane yield per wet weight makes the substrate better for transportation. The dewatering equipment from Splitvision tried in this study had too high operational costs and was too expensive to make dewatering particularly profitable. Only when the farm was situated farther away than 40km from the biogas plant it was cheaper to dewater the manure before transport than to transport the manure without any pretreatment. Other dewatering equipments evaluated in this study had much lower operational costs and among those an equipment that makes dewatering profitable might therefore be found.

Ultrasonic sludge disintegration &ndash / the most commonly used mechanical pretreatment method- enables the occurrence of cavitation bubbles to extract intracellular material from the cell into aqueous phase. However, there is a lack of information on the volatile solids loading on the anaerobic digestion process performance of ultrasonically treated sludge. In this thesis work, the effect of sonication on disintegration of waste activated sludge (WAS) and an important parameter digester F/M (food to microorganism) ratio on ultrasonically treated WAS were investigated. First, preliminary studies were conducted. It was obtained that when the sonication power and time increased, soluble COD in the supernatant increased as well. Then, batch anaerobic digestion tests were conducted. Effect of F/M ratio in the digesters by using sonicated sludges at different powers was analyzed. For the sludge sonicated at high power, the methane content increased up to 55.1 % at F/M ratio of 10 compared to untreated sludge. On the other hand, methane generation rate slowed down with the increase in F/M ratio. Moreover, 10 % and 15 % increase in the destruction of MLVSS and total COD content was observed for sonicated sludges compared to the untreated sludges, respectively. In summary, both the sonication as a pretreatment method and the increase in digester F/M ratio increased the biogas production and the solids reduction during anaerobic digestion prosess. These results may have important implications for the operation of full scale systems in terms of system efficiency and operation.