The main theme of this work is a discussion of the literary worth of the works of a number of authors of the Later Roman Empire. The works considered are those of Ausonius, Rutilius Namatianus, the anonymous Querolus and, to a lesser extent, Sidonius Apollinaris. The authors will be discussed in turn, beginning with Ausonius, the first chronologically. His work will be examined in the light of his career and of the prevailing conditions in Gaul during his lifetime. Particular attention will be paid to the use made of nature in his works, especially the Mosella. The poem by Rutilius Namatianus known as the De reditu suo will be examined both from an historical and from a literary viewpoint. The Querolus will be considered for its effectiveness as a piece of drama, particular attention being paid to the various kinds of humour to be found in the piece and the way in which it could have been staged. A dating of the play to the mid-fifth century will be suggested. The life and work of Sidonius Apollinaris will be examined in order to provide a view of the change in the political situation in the fifth century and therefore in the environment for literary production. It will be suggested that the writers in Gaul from the fourth century onwards were subject to influences not only from Roman literature but also from native traditions, the result of the Celtic Renaissance of the third century. It will be concluded, however, that despite these indisputable influences and also their undoubted local patriotism, all the writers were basically Roman in outlook, still determined to preserve civilisation on a Roman basis rather than a local one.

No description available.

Autenticitet och äkthet är ord som används i vardagliga sammanhang, inte bara som konservatorer, utan av alla. Vad menar vi när vi beskriver något som autentiskt eller äkta? Sättet vi använder orden på för att beskriva möbler lämnar mycket till en subjektiv tolkning baserad på vad personen som använder orden har valt att de ska betyda. Att hitta gemensamma betydelser för orden måste prioriteras eftersom det spelar en så central roll inom både handel och undersökning av möbler. En filosofisk paradox blir startskottet till en bättre förståelse för termerna. Resultaten av denna teoretiska analys används sedan som grund i en undersökning av den store möbeldesignern och arkitekten Pierre Jeanneret. Jag anser att det finns en tydlig skillnad mellan de två orden som är viktig att belysa för hur vi för samtal inom konserveringsyrket.

This thesis primarily investigates the graves and grave goods in the Greek northern Black Seacolonies in the 6th and 5th centuries BC. The study aims to understand whether a hybridisation occurred between Greeks and local cultures in the northern Black Sea during the mentioned centuries. In contrast to the archaeological material, this study also investigates the aspects of ancient sources and religious rituals to broaden the understanding of hybridisation. This study presents the material and discusses it through the lens of the socio-political events in the northern Black Sea to present the differences of the cultural and material differences between the northern Black Sea and Greece. The case of hybridisation can be argued to have occurred through this presentation, but the study’s limited scope can not present absolute proof of hybridisation occurring. / Denna studie presenterar främst gravar och grav fynd i det grekiska norra Svarta havet under500 och 400-talen f.Kr. Studiens mål är att försöka att förstå huruvida en hybridisering skedde mellan Grekerna och de lokala kulturerna i norra Svarta havet under de nämnda århundrandena. Utöver de arkeologiska källorna i form av gravar, så presenterar denna studie även andra aspekter av den antika världen. Antika texter och religiösa riter undersöks i studien för att vidga förståelsen kring förståelsen kring hybridisering i norra Svarta havet. Det presenterade materialet i denna studie analyseras och undersöks i förhållande med de då rådande socio-politiska händelserna som rörde norra Svarta havet. Genom undersökning av studiens material till de politiska händelserna, så kan en förståelse skapas kring norra Svarta havet, där den materiella kulturen och religion i området särskilde sig från Greklands Grekernas materiella kultur och religiösa riter. Hybridisering kan hävdas att ha skett och tagit plats i norra Svarta havet under dessa århundranden, men studiens omfattning kan inte hävda med absolut säkerhet att en hybridiserings process skedde i området. Eftersom rådande osäkerhet och dåliga preserverade fynd och rapporter, tillsammans med dåliga finansiella medel har bidragit till att området har blivit dåligt undersökt.

No description available.

Nineteenth-century classical scholar Friedrich Wilhelm Blass wrote over 300 densely annotated pages on Isocrates, an ancient Athenian schoolmaster and political essayist. A lengthy section of Blass' Die attische Beredsamkeit (1898) has been excerpted here and translated into English for the first time. The excerpt involves Blass' inventory of the Isocratic canon, an argument for the existence of a lost Isocratic rhetoric (techne), and an illustration of what that lost rhetoric likely contained. A translator's prologue discusses the value of both Isocrates and Blass to the study of classical rhetoric. Blass' work is also contrasted with the work of his British contemporary, R. C. Jebb.Blass' commentary on Isocrates requires of its readers a fluency in the technical terminology of classical rhetoric and a patience, perhaps a passion, for difficult rhetorical style. Blass frequently exercises in his writing the Isocratic principles and schemata he discusses. The English translation here, in order to preserve that trait in Blass' personal style, often approaches rhetorical replication of the original German text. Hence it becomes, to a certain extent, as much a simulacrum rhetoricum as a translation.In his text, Blass exposes a traditional misunderstanding of Isocrates that has resulted in a lack of appreciation for his overall contribution. We too often judge the Isocratic canon's value based either upon orations Isocrates constructed early in his career, before he matured in his art, or upon ones he composed late in his life, when he was in his eighties and nineties and becoming a bit senile. As a result, the merit of Isocrates' work during his most influential period, his middle age, is often ignored.The quality of the entire Isocratic canon must be carefully examined, Blass maintains, before its author or his work can be accurately judged. Accordingly, Isocrates' rhetoric is illustrated here as it evolved throughout his career. Blass' examination includes more detailed rhetorical explications than any other treatise currently available in English. / Department of English

This dissertation is an atrcempt to reconstruct and to recapture a period in the history of this famous city, a center so important in New Testament times and in the first two centuries or the Christian Church, but a metropolis which centuries ago became buried in the silt of a river. The site and a primitive kind of settlement began in pre-historic times. We will briefly trace the story of its ancestory; its youth; its changes; traditions; then its glory between the years 133 B.C. to A.D. 262; its contribution to culture; its spirit; its contact with Christianity; its period as a Christian center; the invasion of the Goths; the inroad of Islam; its disappearance; and its partial excavation in the nineteenth century. It is the period of its glory, 133 B.C. to A.D. 262, that is the theme of this dissertation. This was the period when the religion of Artemis was at its height and her temple at Ephesus was one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. This period includes the era when Christianity appeared in Ephesus and gained a foothold. Here at Ephesus the Christian writing was formed into a body of literature and published, and the Christian tradition became a pattern of Apostolic tradition. It was in these two Christian centuries that the episc~pal form of church government and organization made its appearance.

<p>In accordance with the heterological tradition, this study emphasises the determining effect of theoretical assumptions on our conceptualizations of the past. This study scrutinises how classical archaeologists and ancient historians have conceptualized ethnic groups, in particular the Messenians.</p><p>Ethnic groups have traditionally been regarded as static with clear-cut boundaries. Each group has also been attributed with certain essential characteristics. According to this view, the Messenian ethnic identity was preserved during the period of Spartan occupation. This view is facilitated by a passive perspective, which regards evidence as reflections of reality and emphasises continuity. This culture historical perspective, which gives precedence to literary evidence and reduces archaeology to a handmaiden of history, has prevailed in classics from the 19th century until today. It can be juxtaposed with perspectives, discernable in classics from the 1960s onwards, which maintain that various parts of culture are manipulated in accordance with contemporaneous socio-political needs. These active perspectives — ranging from systems theoretical, functionalistic to processual models — resemble the instrumentalist model in anthropology which regards ethnicity as a dynamic and flexible strategy. Nevertheless, the instrumentalist redefinition of ethnicity did not influence classics until the late 1990s. According to the instrumentalist perspective, the Messenian ethnic identity emerged as a strategy of distinction in opposition to the Spartans. </p><p>Despite the variations, these perspectives can be regarded as part of a dogmatic tradition. Scholars within the dogmatic tradition tend to focus on the evidence and neglect the influence of the scholarly discourse on the conceptualizations of the past. This study, which is influenced by Michel de Certeau’s critique of the dogmatic tradition, elaborates on the discursive constraints of classical archaeology and ancient history. </p>

In accordance with the heterological tradition, this study emphasises the determining effect of theoretical assumptions on our conceptualizations of the past. This study scrutinises how classical archaeologists and ancient historians have conceptualized ethnic groups, in particular the Messenians. Ethnic groups have traditionally been regarded as static with clear-cut boundaries. Each group has also been attributed with certain essential characteristics. According to this view, the Messenian ethnic identity was preserved during the period of Spartan occupation. This view is facilitated by a passive perspective, which regards evidence as reflections of reality and emphasises continuity. This culture historical perspective, which gives precedence to literary evidence and reduces archaeology to a handmaiden of history, has prevailed in classics from the 19th century until today. It can be juxtaposed with perspectives, discernable in classics from the 1960s onwards, which maintain that various parts of culture are manipulated in accordance with contemporaneous socio-political needs. These active perspectives — ranging from systems theoretical, functionalistic to processual models — resemble the instrumentalist model in anthropology which regards ethnicity as a dynamic and flexible strategy. Nevertheless, the instrumentalist redefinition of ethnicity did not influence classics until the late 1990s. According to the instrumentalist perspective, the Messenian ethnic identity emerged as a strategy of distinction in opposition to the Spartans. Despite the variations, these perspectives can be regarded as part of a dogmatic tradition. Scholars within the dogmatic tradition tend to focus on the evidence and neglect the influence of the scholarly discourse on the conceptualizations of the past. This study, which is influenced by Michel de Certeau’s critique of the dogmatic tradition, elaborates on the discursive constraints of classical archaeology and ancient history.

This study presents a re-evaluation of the ceramic material from the sanctuary of the Kabeiroi at Thebes in Boeotia. The lack of relevant literary evidence necessitates a reliance on the archaeology as the primary means of interpretation. In particular the archaeological context and iconography of the ceramics offer an interesting and highly unusual perspective into the secretive and often peculiar nature of the Kabeiric cult. Previous studies conducted on the ceramic material have only considered it in iconographic terms, yet by reappraising the data using an analytical approach and socio-archaeological theory it is possible to acquire a deeper understanding of the operation of this cult. By examining the form and function of the ceramics we can elicit inferences relating to the role of wine and intoxication within the rituals of the sanctuary. Comparative studies between form and iconography can further develop our interpretations of the scenes as representations of cult practices. The evidence is further scrutinised for indications as to whether the Theban site is characteristic of the Kabeiric cult as a whole, or if its unique iconography demonstrates its individuality within the ancient world. The data from other Kabeiric and non-Kabeiric sanctuaries clearly indicates that cults within the Greek world were experiencing parallel development in relation to their ceramic usage. Furthermore, the ceramic material from purely Kabeiric sites also shows the same biases in the archaeological record with an emphasis on the preparation and consumption of wine. Extending this research to other archaeological material also implies a common iconographic heritage stretching beyond the boundaries of the Theban site. By considering the ceramics in a more analytical manner than that of previous research – combining archaeological, anthropological and art historical models – we can move away from the premise that the decorated Greek vase is merely a work of art. Instead it is possible to detail the sanctuary’s evolution through the development of the ceramics and to offer insights into the society that produced and utilised them.