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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
171

Reconstrucción tectónica de la Cuenca del Pacífico durante el cretácico tardío y cenozoico, implicancias en el desarrollo de Los Andes

Bello González, Juan Pablo January 2015 (has links)
Geólogo / Las causas de los pulsos orogénicos de la cadena andina durante el Cenozoico, son aún un enigma, distintos autores han postulado que estos eventos, o fases compresivas, estarían gatillados por los cambios en el vector de velocidad de convergencia entre la placa oceánica subductante y la placa Sudaméricana, el movimiento hacia el oeste de Sudamérica por el centro de expansión Atlántico, o corrientes astenosféricas. Sin embargo, muchos modelos, numéricos y análogos, muestran que estos procesos, por sí solos, no explicarían el momento ni el rango latitudinal en que ocurren estos sucesos. Por otro lado, la placa oceánica que subduce bajo Sudamérica, no es homogénea, posee una compleja batimetría consistente en cadenas de montes submarinos, zonas de fracturas, plateaus oceánicos y centros de expansión activos e inactivos, estos rasgos batimétricos afectan hoy en día la tectónica del margen continental, produciendo mayor sismicidad en la zona del margen y hacia el interior del continente donde se le atribuyen sismos más profundos, como también la somerización de la placa subductante. Por lo que el esfuerzo que produce la subducción de estos elementos, afectaría la corteza continental con mayores tasas de deformación. El objetivo de esta memoria es generar un modelo de reconstrucción tectónica, que sea coherente con los rasgos batimétricos, la fábrica del suelo oceánico y las anomalías magnéticas, en las Placas Pacífico y Nazca, que pueda constreñir el tiempo y la latitud donde estos rasgos batimétricos llegaron a interactuar con el margen sudamericano, y así observar la relación espacio-temporal entre el arribo de estos rasgos batimétricos al margen de subducción, y las fases orogénicas que dieron origen a la Cordillera de los Andes durante el Cenozoico.
172

Análisis de la producción de sedimentos en diferentes escalas de tiempo en una subcuenca semiárida, Moquegua - Perú / Analysis of semiarid catchment sediment yield employing different data time intervals, Moquegua - Peru

Requena Sánchez, Norvin Plumieer 10 October 2014 (has links)
Usualmente la producción de sedimentos en suspensión (Qss) de un río es calculada utilizando datos de caudales medios diarios o mensuales. Considerando que la mayor Qss ocurre durante los eventos de lluvias y también que los caudales medios no son capaces de representar adecuadamente los máximos caudales, principalmente en zonas de alta variabilidad climática, la forma usual de cálculo de Qss puede subestimar esta producción. En este sentido, esta investigación buscó analizar la influencia de la variabilidad temporal de los datos de caudales en el cálculo de la producción de sedimentos. Adicionalmente fue analizada el uso de diferentes tipos de curvas de sedimentos: (i) para todo el periodo de estudio, (ii) por años hidrológicos y (iii) asociación por épocas características (húmedas, semi-húmedas y secas). El estudio fue realizado en la subcuenca del río Torata, ubicada en una zona semiárida al sur del Perú, entre 2100 y 5200 m de altitud con pendiente promedio de 21.0% y alta variabilidad climática, en especial la precipitación que se ve reflejado en los caudales, ya que en un lapso de horas puede variar de 4 a 34 m3/s. El error entre la descarga prevista y estimada para el periodo de estudio (2001-2012) utilizando los diferentes tipos de curvas fue (i) -65.85%, (ii) -15.36% y (iii) -8.74%, presentando mejora en el coeficiente de eficiencia de Nash-Sutcliffe de 0.248 para 0.500. Los resultados mostraron que la diferencia entre la descarga de sedimentos en suspensión total para el periodo calculado con caudales medias mensuales y diarias fue de -92% y -62%, ambos en comparación de producción para valores medios horarios. También fue constatado que el 99.7% de la producción de sedimentos ocurre en temporada de lluvias, inclusive, un único evento de lluvia llegó a producir 80% de la producción anual. Los resultados de esta investigación ponen en manifiesto la importancia de utilizar registros de caudales con escalas pequeñas de tiempo (minutos, horas), que puedan representar la alta variabilidad de los caudales característicos de zonas semiáridas. / The usual methods that calculate the suspended sediment flux (Qss) of rivers employ discharge mean values daily or monthly. As most of the sediments are transported during overflow events and a mean value smooths the flood peak discharge, mainly in high climatic variability areas, the usual method to evaluate the Qss might underestimate the production of river sediments. This paper reports on an analysis of the gauge influence of temporal variability on the sediment yield estimation. Additionally, the use of different types of sediment rate curves was analyzed for (i) the whole time-series data, (ii) per hydrological year, and (iii) per hydrological pattern characterization (flood, intermediary and drought). A study case was conducted in the Torata river sub-catchment, a Peruvian semi-arid area located between altitudes of 2100 and 5200 meters and whose average slope is 21%. The high climatic variability is expressed by the huge river flow amplitude, which ranges from 4 to 34 m3/s in a few hours. The errors for the sediment yield from 2001 to 2012 estimated by the different sediment rating curves were (i) -65,85%, (ii) -15,36% and (iii) -8,74%, with a 0,248 to 0,500 Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient improvement. The differences between the sediment yield in total suspension for the period calculated monthly and daily were -92% y and -62%, respectively, in comparison with the production for hourly average values. Results show that 99,7% of the sediment are produced during the flood season and a single overflow event could represent 80% of the annual sediment discharge flow. This research highlights the importance of collecting and using discharge data of a short time interval (minutes or hours) to compute and represent the overflow peaks typical of semiarid regions.
173

Histórico da deposição de elementos traço na Bacia Amazônica Ocidental ao longo do século XX / Trace elements deposition history in the western Amazon Basin during the 20th century

Correia, Alexandre Lima 17 October 2003 (has links)
Durante o século XX ocorreram modificações importantes no meio ambiente natural em decorrência do desenvolvimento econômico da humanidade. Para estudar o impacto dessas mudanças sobre a América do Sul, um testemunho de gelo de 137 metros foi extraído da Cordilheira dos Andes, na Bacia Amazônica Ocidental, no topo do Nevado Illimani (16°37S, 67°46W, 6350 m altitude). Cerca de 80% da precipitação anual local tem origem direta em massas de ar úmidas provenientes da Bacia Amazônica. Esse testemunho de gelo foi sub-amostrado e analisado em alta resolução temporal, permitindo a interferência de variações ambientais e a caracterização de elementos traço e espécies iônicas presentes no aerossol depositado durante o século XX. Os 50 metros superiores do testemunho foram datados a partir da análise simultânea de variáveis, tais como isótopos estáveis da água, concentração total de alumínio e conteúdo iônico de Ca2+ .Essa seção de 50 metros corresponde ao registro de cerca de 80 anos entre 1919 e 1999. A acumulação de neve no testemunho mostra uma tendência de aumento, variando entre cerca de 17g H2O cm-2 ano-1 em 1919 até 65g H2O cm-2 ano-1 em 1999, Esse aumento concorda com mecanismos de acoplamento dinâmico entre oceano e atmosfera, e resultados observacionais discutidos por Bradley et al. (2003) e Cane ET AL. (1997), sendo compatível com uma redução da temperatura de superfície do mar no Oceano Pacífico Equatorial de cerca de 1,2°C ao longo do século XX, devido ao aquecimento grobal antropogênico. 744 subamostras do testemunho foram analisadas segundo as técnicas de cromatografia iônica, contagem de micropartículas insolúveis, e por espectrometria de massas (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry) para a obtenção de 45 concentrações elementares entre lítio e urânio. A partir desses resultados, desenvolveu-se uma metodologia para a caracterização química do aerossol depositado em Illimani, que possibilitou a obtenção de estimativas de fluxo de deposição efetivos de elementos traço sobre os Andes ao longo do século XX. Para o cobre, elemento relacionado à exploração mineira da região do Altiplano, o pico histórico de deposição anual devido a fontes antropogênicas foi de cerca de 9,5 x 10-6 kg m-2 em 1981, enquanto o fluxo de deposição natural foi de cerca de 0,2 x 10-6 kg m-2 no mesmo ano. Considerando-se a deposição total de elementos traço em todo o século XX, nota-se que para vários metais pesados ligados a emissões antropogênicas, como níquel, cobre, zinco cádmio, entre outros, os fluxos de deposição naturais representam apenas uma fração minoritária da totalidade dos depósitos. Para esses elementos as atividades econômicas humanas constituem o principal fator responsável por sua mobilização e transporte entre reservatórios naturais no meio ambiente da Bacia Amazônica Ocidental durante o século XX. / Pendant le XX eme siécle plusieurs modifications importantes ont eu lieu dans l\'environement nature/ à cause du développement économique humain. Pour étudier l\'impact de ces modifications sur l\'Amérique du Sud, une carotte de glace 137 metreslong a été récupéré de la Cordillere des Andes, dans le Bassin Amazonien Occidental, au sommet du Nevado Illimani (16°37\'5, 67\'46\'W, 6350 m altitude). Environ 80% de la precipitation annuelle sur le site a comme origine directe des masses d\'air umides du Bassin Amazonien. Cette carotte de glace a été sous-échantilloné et analysé en haute résolution temporelle, ce qui a permis l\'inférence de variations environnementales et la caractérisation des éléments trace et especes ioniques dans l\'aérosol déposé pendant le XXème. Les premiers 50 mêtres de la carotte ont été datés a partir de l\'analyse simultanéede variables, comme les isotopes stables de l\'eau, la concentration totale del\'aluminium, et le contenu ia nique de Ca+2. Cette section de 50 metres correspond àl\'enregistrement d\'environ 80 années entre 1919 et 1999. L\'accumulation du névé dans la carotte montre une tendance d\'augmentation, entre environ 17 g H20 cm2 an1 en 1919 jusqu\'à environ 65 g H20 cm2 an\' en 1999. Cette augmentation est d\'accord avec mécanismes d\'attachement dynamique entre les océans et l\'atmosphere, et résultats d\'observations discutés par Bradley et al. (2003) et Cane et al. (1997), et compatible avec une réduction de la température de swface de la mer dans l\'Océan Pacifique Équatorial d\'environ 1,2°C pendant le XXème, dú au réchauffement global anthropogenique. 744 échantillons de la carotte ont été analysés selon les techniques de chromatographie ionique, comptage de microparticules insolubles, et par spectrométrie de masse (Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry) pour obtenir 45 profils de concentration élémentaires entre le lithium et l\'uranium. A partir de ces résultats, une méthodologie a été mis au point pour la caractérisation chimique de l\'aérosol déposésur l\'Illimani, ce qui a permis l\'obtention d\'estimations de flux de déposition effectives des éléments trace sur les Andes pendant le XXème. Pour le cuivre, élément associé à l\'exploitation miniêre dans la région de /\'Altiplano, le pie historique de déposition annuel dú aux sources anthropogeniques a été d\'environ 9,5 x 106 kg m2 en 1981, tandis que le flux de déposition naturelle a été d\'environ 0,2 x 1 0\"6 kg m2 dans la même année. Si l\'on considere la déposition totale d\'éléments trace pendant le XXème, on remarque que pour plusieurs métaux lourds liés aux émissions anthropogeniques,comme le niclcel, le cuivre, le zinc, le cadmium, parmi d\'autres, les flux de déposition naturels représentent à peine une fraction minoritaire de la totalité des dépôts. Pour ces éléments, les activités économiques humaines sont le principal facteur responsable pour sa mobilisation et transport entre réservoirs naturels dans l\'environnement du Bassin Amazonien Occidental pendant le XXéme siecle.
174

Em busca das províncias grandiosas: as entradas espanholas quinhentistas na fronteira oriental dos Andes centrais (1538-1561) / Searching for great provinces: the spanish entries in fifteenth century in the eastern frontier of the central Andes

Cruz Neto, Raimundo Marques da 11 August 2014 (has links)
A presente dissertação analisa o arranjo e a execução de entradas espanholas na fronteira ori-ental dos Andes centrais, entre os anos de 1538 e 1561. Nosso objetivo consiste em avaliar as origens do interesse, os resultados apresentados e as razões para o arrefecimento dos contatos. A região em questão identifica-se com as terras situadas a leste da cidade de Cuzco, parcial-mente inserida no quadrante que os incas chamavam de antisuyu. Algumas vezes, essas em-presas foram além daquele território, alcançando as terras baixas do vale; configurando desse modo a primeira série de contatos sistemáticos com o que hoje chamamos de Amazônia. No período pesquisado, a expansão da conquista em direção a essa região esteve sempre na agen-da dos castelhanos, ainda que não tenham logrado êxito em consolidar esse projeto / This Dissertation examines the planning and execution of the Spanish expeditions on the east-ern border of the Central Andes, between 1538 and 1561. Our purpose is inquire the origins of interest, the results presented and the reasons for the reduction of the contacts. The region in question is identified with the lands located at the east of Cuzco, partly inserted in the incas antisuyu. Sometimes, these expeditions were beyond that territory, reaching the lowlands; thereby configuring the first series of systematic contacts with the region that we now call Amazon. In the period surveyed, the expansion of conquest to these lands always been on the plans of the Castilians, although it has not been successfully
175

Changement climatique et dynamique de la végétation dans les Andes du Chili central, depuis le milieu du XXème siècle : l'exemple de la vallée de Yerba Loca / Climate change and vegetation dynamics in the Andes of central Chile since the mid-twentieth century : the case of Yerba Loca valley

Quense, Jorge 23 September 2011 (has links)
Les milieux oroméditerranéens sont considérés comme particulièrement sensibles aux changements climatiques. Deux questions sont posées dans ce contexte : quelles sont la nature et l'ampleur des modifications climatiques à l'échelle régionale (climat et enneigement) au Chili central, depuis les années 70 ? Quels sont les changements de la végétation en montagne (dans la tranche d'altitude 1.500 - 2.500 m), en particulier au niveau de la limite supérieure de la forêt à Kageneckia angustifolia ? La première partie de la thèse présente les spécificités des milieux de montagne et les changements climatiques déjà observés de façon générale et au Chili en particulier. Elle présente aussi les sites d'étude au niveau climatique et biogéographique. La deuxième partie concerne les données et la méthodologie. Une approche scalaire est mise œuvre, avec confrontation et mise en complémentarité de différentes techniques : télédétection, chroniques climatiques et mesures in situ. La troisième partie présente les résultats. Les données climatiques enregistrées les 30 dernières années aux stations d'El Yeso (2.500 m) et de Los Bronces (3.500 m), montre une croissance d'environ 1 °C pour la température moyenne annuelle, réchauffement plus marqué à El Yeso, au niveau des températures minimales. Pour l'enneigement, il est montré une haute variation interannuelle de la couverture de neige et une élévation de la limite de la neige durant les dernières décennies, d'environ 300 m. Ces résultats, sont accompagnés d'une augmentation faible du NDVI. Au niveau de la vallée Yerba Loca, l'étude diachronique de l'écotone supraforestier montre des transformations vers une augmentation de la superficie des espaces forestiers et leur densification. Enfin, l'expérience de germination, à Yerba Loca montre qu'il existe une différence significative entre le pourcentage de germination des graines à l'intérieur des enclos et à l'extérieur, avec un effet négatif de la couverture neigeuse sur la germination des plantules. / Mediterranean areas are considered particularly sensitive to climate change. Two questions are asked in this context: what is the nature and magnitude of regional climate change (climate and snow cover) in central Chile, since the 70's? What are the changes in mountain vegetation (in the altitude range of 1,500-2,500 m), especially at the upper limit of Kageneckia angustifolia forest? The first part of the thesis shows the characteristics of mountain environments and observed climate change at global and Chilean local level. It also presents the study area, from the standpoint of biogeography and climate. The second part refers to the data and methodology. We used a multiscale approach to the confrontation and the application of several complementary techniques: remote sensing, climatic data and field measurements. The third part presents the results. Climate data recorded in the last 30 years in the stations of El Yeso (2,500 m) and Los Bronces (3,500 m), shows an increase of about 1° C in mean annual temperature, been the sharpest increase in El Yeso, especially in average of low temperatures. In relation to snow cover, it shows high variation and a rise up in the limit of snowline in recent decades, about 300 m. These results are accompanied by a slight increase in NDVI. In the Yerba Loca valley, the diachronic study of Kageneckia angustifolia forest ecotone shows changes towards an increase forest areas and densification. Finally, the experience of germination in Yerba Loca indicates a significant difference between the percentage of germination of the seeds under protection from snow and the ones without treatment, with a negative effect of snow cover on the germination.
176

Geotermobarometria, geoquímica, geocronologia e evolução tectônica das rochas da fácies xisto azul da Colômbia nas áreas de Jambaló (Cauca) e Barragán (Valle del Cauca) / Geothermobarometry, geochemistry, geocronology and tectonic evolution of blueschists facies rocks in Jambaló (Cauca) and Barragan (Valle del Cauca) areas, Colômbia

Andres Bustamante Londoño 23 April 2008 (has links)
Apesar da importância das rochas da fácies xisto azul para o entendimento da dinâmica das zonas de subducção no passado, pouquíssimos estudos de mapeamento, geoquímica, geotermobarometria, geocronologia e de evolução tectônica têm sido feitos em rochas desse tipo na Colômbia. Na Cordilheira Central dos Andes colombianos ocorrem duas unidades rochas de alta razão P/T, uma delas na região de Jambaló (Departamento de Cauca) e outra na região de Barragán (Departamento de Valle de Cauca). Na região de Jambaló destaca-se a presença de lentes de xistos azuis em uma área constituída predominantemente por rochas da fácies xisto verde. Estas rochas representam núcleos preservados dos processos retrometamórficos que afetam as rochas de alta pressão durante a exumação. Os dados de geoquímica obtidos no conjunto de rochas de Jambaló indicam uma evolução dos protolitos a partir de rochas básicas e intermediárias de arcos de ilhas e de MORB. Usando o software TWQ 1.02, foram obtidos dados P e T que mostram uma forte descompressão acompanhada por quedas relativamente pequenas na temperatura para o as rochas da fácies xisto azul. A pressão tem uma variação entre ~14 e 7 kbar com uma diminuição da temperatura entre ~400 e 300 °C. Para as rochas da fácies xisto verde observa-se uma descompressão (8,2 - 6,6 kbar) seguida de um leve aquecimento (463 - 500 °C), possivelmente devido à sua colocação junto a lascas tectônicas aquecidas em zonas de cavalgamentos. O conjunto dos dados 40Ar/39Ar mostram que o metamorfismo da fácies xisto azul de Jambaló têm idade predominante próxima de 63 Ma, com indicações de possíveis idades até mais antigas que 71 Ma, apesar do melhor intervalo situarse entre 66 e 61 Ma (Maastritchtiano-Daniano). Isso posiciona a exumação dos xistos azuis de Jambaló no final do Cretáceo até o início do Terciário, pois considerando que foram datadas as principalmente paragonita e, subordinadamente fengita, associadas à foliação milonítica nas rochas da fácies xisto azul, a idade mínima do metamorfismo seria um pouco mais antiga e as idades obtidas representariam o evento de exumação, que tem relação direta com a geração de foliação milonítica. Na região de Barragán é constituída por predominantemente xistos azuis e possíveis retro-eclogitos e a geoquímica caracteriza os protolitos das rochas da fácies xisto azul e anfibolito como formados em NMORB. Os dados de geotermobarometria obtidos para o conjunto de rochas de Barragán indicam que as amostras pertencentes à fácies anfibolito sofreram uma forte descompressão (~15 - 9,2 kbar) seguida de um leve aumento na temperatura (639 - 665 °C) o que sugere que estas rochas tenham alcançado a fácies eclogito. As rochas da fácies xisto azul por sua parte, mostram uma leve queda na pressão (9,5 - 9,3 kbar) e uma leve queda na temperatura (399 - 397 °C), associada à transição das fácies xisto azul para xisto verde. A idade 40Ar/39Ar obtida em um metapelito associado com os xistos azuis, apresentou uma idade de ~120 Ma, o que sugere que o metamorfismo na fácies xisto azul seja mais antigo (125 - 150 Ma) dependendo do modelo de geração e exumação que seja considerado. Todo o conjunto de dados sugere duas coisas principais, a primeira que não há relação entre os xistos azuis e rochas associadas da região de Barragán e as de Jambaló e a segundo que pode ser considerado um modelo evolutivo de xistos azuis Andino, diferente aos modelos Franciscano e Alpino. / Despite the importance of the blueschist facies rocks to unravel the dynamic of subduction zones in the past, few detailed studies including mapping, geochemistry, geothermobarometry, geochronology and tectonic evolution has been made in rock with these characteristics in Colombia. In Central Cordillera of the Colombian Andes are found two geologic units with rocks of high P/T ratio, one of them in Jambaló area (Cauca department,) and other in Barragán area (Valle de Cauca Department). In Jambaló area crops out several lenses of blueschists in an area that consists predominantly of greeschist facies rocks. These rocks represent preserved cores of retrometamorphic processes that affect the rocks of high pressure during exhumation. Geochemical data obtained in Jambaló rocks, indicate a trend of protholiths varying from basic to intermediate rocks in a possible islands arc and MORB settings. Using software TWQ 1.02, were obtained data of P and T that show a strong decompression with relatively small decrease in temperature for the blueschist facies rocks. The pressure ranges between ~ 14 and 7 kbar with a decrease in temperature between 400 and ~ 300°C. For greenschist facies rocks of Jambaló the decompression (8.2 - 6.6 kbar) was followed by a slight temperature increasing (463-500°C), possibly due to the juxtaposition with hot tectonic slabs in thrusting zones. The 40Ar/39Ar data shows that the blueschist facies rocks from Jambaló rocks have predominant metamorphism age close to 63 Ma, but are also indications of possible ages older than 71 Ma, despite the best interval is estimated between 66 and 61 Ma (Maastritchtian-Danian), corresponding to exhumation processes of blueschist facies rocks, because the dated micas (paragonite and phengite) was crystallized during the development of the mylonitic foliation. In Barragán area, the geochemical data indicate that the protoliths of blueschist and amphibolite facies rocks correspond to N-MORB. Geothermobarometrical data indicate that the samples of amphibolites facies were affected by strong decompression (~ 15 to 9.2 kbar), followed by a slight increase in temperature (639 - 665 °C), which suggests that these rocks have reached eclogite facies. The blueschist facies rocks on its region, showed a slight pressure (9.5-9.3 kbar) and a slight temperature drops (399-397 °C), associated with the transition from blueschist to greenschist facies rocks. Geochronology by 40Ar/39Ar method, obtained in a metapelite rock associated to the blueschist facies rocks, gives an age of ~ 120 Ma, which suggests that the metamorphism in blueschist facies is older (125-150 Ma) depending on the model of generation and exhumation considered. The entire set of data suggests two important keys, the first that there are no relationship between blueschist and associated rocks from Barragán and Jambaló areas, and second that would be considered a model of Andean blueschist generation different to Franciscan and Alpine models.
177

Geotermobarometria, geoquímica, geocronologia e evolução tectônica das rochas da fácies xisto azul da Colômbia nas áreas de Jambaló (Cauca) e Barragán (Valle del Cauca) / Geothermobarometry, geochemistry, geocronology and tectonic evolution of blueschists facies rocks in Jambaló (Cauca) and Barragan (Valle del Cauca) areas, Colômbia

Bustamante Londoño, Andres 23 April 2008 (has links)
Apesar da importância das rochas da fácies xisto azul para o entendimento da dinâmica das zonas de subducção no passado, pouquíssimos estudos de mapeamento, geoquímica, geotermobarometria, geocronologia e de evolução tectônica têm sido feitos em rochas desse tipo na Colômbia. Na Cordilheira Central dos Andes colombianos ocorrem duas unidades rochas de alta razão P/T, uma delas na região de Jambaló (Departamento de Cauca) e outra na região de Barragán (Departamento de Valle de Cauca). Na região de Jambaló destaca-se a presença de lentes de xistos azuis em uma área constituída predominantemente por rochas da fácies xisto verde. Estas rochas representam núcleos preservados dos processos retrometamórficos que afetam as rochas de alta pressão durante a exumação. Os dados de geoquímica obtidos no conjunto de rochas de Jambaló indicam uma evolução dos protolitos a partir de rochas básicas e intermediárias de arcos de ilhas e de MORB. Usando o software TWQ 1.02, foram obtidos dados P e T que mostram uma forte descompressão acompanhada por quedas relativamente pequenas na temperatura para o as rochas da fácies xisto azul. A pressão tem uma variação entre ~14 e 7 kbar com uma diminuição da temperatura entre ~400 e 300 °C. Para as rochas da fácies xisto verde observa-se uma descompressão (8,2 - 6,6 kbar) seguida de um leve aquecimento (463 - 500 °C), possivelmente devido à sua colocação junto a lascas tectônicas aquecidas em zonas de cavalgamentos. O conjunto dos dados 40Ar/39Ar mostram que o metamorfismo da fácies xisto azul de Jambaló têm idade predominante próxima de 63 Ma, com indicações de possíveis idades até mais antigas que 71 Ma, apesar do melhor intervalo situarse entre 66 e 61 Ma (Maastritchtiano-Daniano). Isso posiciona a exumação dos xistos azuis de Jambaló no final do Cretáceo até o início do Terciário, pois considerando que foram datadas as principalmente paragonita e, subordinadamente fengita, associadas à foliação milonítica nas rochas da fácies xisto azul, a idade mínima do metamorfismo seria um pouco mais antiga e as idades obtidas representariam o evento de exumação, que tem relação direta com a geração de foliação milonítica. Na região de Barragán é constituída por predominantemente xistos azuis e possíveis retro-eclogitos e a geoquímica caracteriza os protolitos das rochas da fácies xisto azul e anfibolito como formados em NMORB. Os dados de geotermobarometria obtidos para o conjunto de rochas de Barragán indicam que as amostras pertencentes à fácies anfibolito sofreram uma forte descompressão (~15 - 9,2 kbar) seguida de um leve aumento na temperatura (639 - 665 °C) o que sugere que estas rochas tenham alcançado a fácies eclogito. As rochas da fácies xisto azul por sua parte, mostram uma leve queda na pressão (9,5 - 9,3 kbar) e uma leve queda na temperatura (399 - 397 °C), associada à transição das fácies xisto azul para xisto verde. A idade 40Ar/39Ar obtida em um metapelito associado com os xistos azuis, apresentou uma idade de ~120 Ma, o que sugere que o metamorfismo na fácies xisto azul seja mais antigo (125 - 150 Ma) dependendo do modelo de geração e exumação que seja considerado. Todo o conjunto de dados sugere duas coisas principais, a primeira que não há relação entre os xistos azuis e rochas associadas da região de Barragán e as de Jambaló e a segundo que pode ser considerado um modelo evolutivo de xistos azuis Andino, diferente aos modelos Franciscano e Alpino. / Despite the importance of the blueschist facies rocks to unravel the dynamic of subduction zones in the past, few detailed studies including mapping, geochemistry, geothermobarometry, geochronology and tectonic evolution has been made in rock with these characteristics in Colombia. In Central Cordillera of the Colombian Andes are found two geologic units with rocks of high P/T ratio, one of them in Jambaló area (Cauca department,) and other in Barragán area (Valle de Cauca Department). In Jambaló area crops out several lenses of blueschists in an area that consists predominantly of greeschist facies rocks. These rocks represent preserved cores of retrometamorphic processes that affect the rocks of high pressure during exhumation. Geochemical data obtained in Jambaló rocks, indicate a trend of protholiths varying from basic to intermediate rocks in a possible islands arc and MORB settings. Using software TWQ 1.02, were obtained data of P and T that show a strong decompression with relatively small decrease in temperature for the blueschist facies rocks. The pressure ranges between ~ 14 and 7 kbar with a decrease in temperature between 400 and ~ 300°C. For greenschist facies rocks of Jambaló the decompression (8.2 - 6.6 kbar) was followed by a slight temperature increasing (463-500°C), possibly due to the juxtaposition with hot tectonic slabs in thrusting zones. The 40Ar/39Ar data shows that the blueschist facies rocks from Jambaló rocks have predominant metamorphism age close to 63 Ma, but are also indications of possible ages older than 71 Ma, despite the best interval is estimated between 66 and 61 Ma (Maastritchtian-Danian), corresponding to exhumation processes of blueschist facies rocks, because the dated micas (paragonite and phengite) was crystallized during the development of the mylonitic foliation. In Barragán area, the geochemical data indicate that the protoliths of blueschist and amphibolite facies rocks correspond to N-MORB. Geothermobarometrical data indicate that the samples of amphibolites facies were affected by strong decompression (~ 15 to 9.2 kbar), followed by a slight increase in temperature (639 - 665 °C), which suggests that these rocks have reached eclogite facies. The blueschist facies rocks on its region, showed a slight pressure (9.5-9.3 kbar) and a slight temperature drops (399-397 °C), associated with the transition from blueschist to greenschist facies rocks. Geochronology by 40Ar/39Ar method, obtained in a metapelite rock associated to the blueschist facies rocks, gives an age of ~ 120 Ma, which suggests that the metamorphism in blueschist facies is older (125-150 Ma) depending on the model of generation and exhumation considered. The entire set of data suggests two important keys, the first that there are no relationship between blueschist and associated rocks from Barragán and Jambaló areas, and second that would be considered a model of Andean blueschist generation different to Franciscan and Alpine models.
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Rôles et impacts des activités missionnaires auprès des communautés autochtones de la haute Cordillère péruvienne, XXème et XXIème siècles / Roles and effects of missionary works among indigenous communities in highland Peru, 20th and 21st centuries

Allard, Anne-Charlotte 08 January 2016 (has links)
Basée sur une étude ethnographique de trois villages quechuaphones de la haute Cordillère sud du Pérou, notre recherche a pour objectif de montrer les différents rôles endossés par les missionnaires qui effectuent des visites ou s’installent sur place, et les impacts causés par leur présence et leurs œuvres. Dans la vie de ces hameaux, certains éléments culturels et sociaux sont dits traditionnels, c’est-à-dire non liés à la culture moderne, comme l’animisme, le catholicisme, le syncrétisme, le travail manuel, l’élevage, l’agriculture. Par le moyen de comparaisons entre les villages sans missionnaires, ceux qui reçoivent la visite de groupe religieux et ceux au sein desquels s’implantent des Églises, nous repérons les pratiques traditionnelles et constatons les évolutions cultuelles et sociales dues aux missions. L’enclavement géographique et linguistique des communautés étudiées, leurs caractéristiques sociales, culturelles et religieuses ainsi que leur environnement hostile font d’elles des terrains missionnaires peu habituels. De ce fait, les individus et les groupes religieux qui les évangélisent jonglent avec beaucoup de contraintes et peu de ressources. Cependant, avec le développement des réseaux routiers, ces villages se désenclavent l’un après l’autre. Par conséquent, le paysage religieux des hameaux d’altitude se modifie, accueillant de plus en plus d’Églises. Ainsi, la mondialisation gagne peu à peu les hautes Andes et le développement de l’activité missionnaire n’est pas seul responsable des mutations socioculturelles observables dans les communautés. Le tourisme et les interventions des O.N.G. et de l’État engendrent elles aussi des changements que chaque Église accompagne et/ou subit aux côtés des populations, réadaptant régulièrement ses méthodes d’évangélisation. La présence des différentes entités religieuses ouvre un nouveau mode de relation avec le monde extérieur. / Based on an ethnographic study of three Quechua speaking villages in the Southern part of the Peruvian highlands, our research seeks to show the diverse roles the missionaries who visit or live in the field assume, and the different impacts caused by their presence and their activities. In the life of these communities, some cultural and social elements are said to be traditional, i.e. not linked to modern culture, like animism, Catholicism, syncretism, manual work, animal breeding, agriculture. By making comparisons between villages that do not have missionary presence, others who do receive missionary visits and those with permanent missions, we identify the religious and social changes that are produced by missionary works. The communities’ geographical and linguistic isolation, their social, cultural and religious characteristics, as well as their inhospitable physical environment make them an uncommon missionary destination. Consequently, religious individuals and groups who evangelize must face many difficulties with few resources. However, with the growing spread of road networks, those villages open up more and more to the cities. Hence the highland communities’ religious landscape changes by welcoming more and more different Churches. Globalization then reaches the high Andes little by little and the development of missionary work is not the only cause to the sociocultural evolutions one can observe in the villages. Tourism and N.G.O. intervention leads to changes, and each Church accompanies and/or deals with them along with the people, readjusting their methods of evangelization on a regular basis. The presence of the diverse religious entities opens a new way of relating to the outside world.
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Neogene tectonic and exhumation of the Andes Centrales, Southern Peru / Neotectonique, Tectonique Néogène et Exhumation à travers les Andes Centrales, Sud du Pérou

Benavente Escobar, Carlos Lenin 13 March 2017 (has links)
L’histoire et les mécanismes de soulèvement des Andes centrales ont fait l'objet de débats animés depuis les années 1970. Notre étude se concentre sur l’analyse de la déformation Cénozoïque et de l'exhumation des Andes Centrales dans la région du Sud Pérou : à Cuzco, et dans la région de Nazca entre les cordillères Occidentale et Côtière. En effet, plusieurs auteurs soulignent le rôle du raccourcissement tectonique dans l'épaississement de la croûte, dans l’avant-arc Chilien ou à l’Est dans la région Subandine. Dans les modèles de déformation tectonique active issus du GPS, aucun raccourcissement ni transpression n’est pris en compte sur la bordure Occidentale des Andes au Cénozoïque ou dans les modèles de déformation crustale issus du GPS. La nouvelle cartographie des systèmes de failles actives dans la région sud du Pérou donnent un aperçu de la déformation active à l’échelle crustale pour la marge Pacifique des Andes Centrales. La géomorphologie et les paysages de l'avant-arc andin ont classiquement été présentés comme fossiles depuis le Miocène, sans évidence de structures actives accommodant la déformation cénozoïque. Cependant, les surfaces géomorphologiques bien préservées développées dans l'avant-arc du sud du Pérou fournissent d'excellents marqueurs et des évidences de déformation très nettes depuis le Cénozoïque jusqu’au Quaternaire récent. Ces marqueurs montrent tous un soulèvement des Andes le long de la marge ouest depuis les derniers Millions d’années. Bien que l’initiation et l’évolution de l'exhumation et du soulèvement cénozoïque aient été étudié dans les canyons de Colca et de Cotahuasi, il demeure peu contraint dans le segment nord de l'avant – arc, i.e., dans la région de Nazca. Dans cette étude, nous avons choisi d’apporter de nouvelles données (U-Th)/He et traces de fission sur apatite (AHe) et (AFT) respectivement dans cette région. L’échantillonnage a porté sur la Cordillère Occidentale entre Cañete et Nazca le long de deux nouvelles coupes transversales à la topographie. Le profil Age/Distance à la côte indique une mise en place de relief dans la région Andine au début du Miocène et une évolution découplée des deux systèmes de cordillères Cotière et Occidentale en terme d’exhumation dans le temps. A l’échelle Quaternaire, nous avons cartographié les failles actives pour déterminer leur géométrie, cinématique et les âges maximaux de l’activation de ces failles. Ceci afin de discuter du rôle de cette activité tectonique, précédemment supposée Miocène, dans le soulèvement et l’exhumation de l’avant-arc Andin. Nous avons utilisé la production et l’accumulation du 10Be cosmogénique dans les roches pour déterminer les âges d'exposition d’un escarpement tectonique marquant les derniers épisodes co-sismiques de la faille de Purgatorio. Nos nouveaux résultats, contrastent avec des conclusions précédentes qui concluaient à de l’extension et des vitesses lentes le long de l’avant arc Andin (<0.1mm/an). Les âges très récents indiquent une morphologie « historique » (free face) et deux tremblements de terre Mw6-7 sur ce système de failles transpressives qui se connectent au système principal d’Incapuquio. Les données suggèrent non seulement une déformation active significative de l’avant-arc, mais soulignent aussi l’existence d’un aléa sismique qui n’est toujours pas pris en compte pour les failles crustales dans les Andes. Tandis que l’hypothèse acceptée est que la déformation active est localisée dans le bassin d’avant pays subandin, ou à l’est de la cordillère orientale, nos données suggèrent qu’une partie de la déformation active se localise aussi sur la marge Occidentale ainsi que le long de la faille d'Incapuquio. De plus, les failles observées en néotectonique accommoderaient le partitionnement de la déformation le long de la subduction oblique et ceci n’a jamais été discuté précédemment. Ce mouvement, rigide, en bloc serait du à la présence du craton accrété sur le flanc Ouest et à sa rigidité. / ABSTRACTTiming and mechanisms of uplift in the Central Andes have been a matter of debate since at least the 1970’s. Our study focuses on Cenozoic deformation and exhumation of the Central Andean forearc in Peru, in Cuzco region, and between the Western Cordillera and the Coastal Cordillera in Nazca region. Our new mapping of active faults provides new insights into the Cenozoic to present-day crustal deformation of the Central Andean Western margin. Until now, apart from some local studies, the geomorphology of the Andean forearc has classically been presented as a remnant Miocene landscape with no significant active structures accommodating the Cenozoic deformation. Thanks to new high-resolution optical imagery, the well-preserved geomorphic surfaces developed within the forearc of southern Peru provide excellent regional markers to map patterns of deformation. Pertaining to the Cenozoic history, while the timing of uplift-related exhumation and Cenozoic exhumation has been studied in Colca and Cotahuasi canyons, it remain poorly constrained in the northern segment of the Central Andean forearc. I report new apatite (U–Th)/He (AHe) and fission track (AFT) ages from the western Cordillera between Cañete and Nazca along two new cross sections. The ages in Nazca region reflect relatively recent (since ~10Ma) relief creation along the western margin of the Altiplano, similar to what is described south in Colca region.The Quaternary tectonic history is revealed by the newly mapped fault segments affecting the Miocene deposits within forearc. Through field and remote mapping, I determined fault geometries and maximum ages for the activity of the faults systems based on stratigraphic relationships in order to assess the role of this tectonic activity in the Western Cordillera uplift and exhumation.To understand the Holocene tectonic history, we use in situ produced 10Be to determine the exposure ages of the free face and tectonic scarp of the Purgatorio Fault in order to map the temporal evolution of its seismotectonic activity. Our new results display evidence of transpression and the formation of meter-high coseismic scarps as well as very recent exposure ages indicating a youthful fault morphology and Mw6-7 earthquakes occurring along the Purgatorio fault segments. These new data are in contrast with some previous conclusions for this region which suggest extension and/or slow rates of deformation for this region and time period. Further, these new data not only suggest significant active deformation within the forearc, but also highlight a potential seismic hazard for the region that not take into account crustal forearc faults.While the general assumption is that active deformation is localized in the Subandean fold and thrust belt, or east of the Western Cordillera in the Altiplano, our data support a model where active deformation is occurring in the western margin as well, along the Incapuquio Fault and other neotectonic faults that accommodates the partitioning of the subduction oblique convergence.These crustal active faults and more precisely the “not migrating to the trench” Incapuquio fault zone reveal the rigid motion of the forearc. Our new model is nevertheless compatible with the recently published GPS data that measure a southeastward movement at 4–5 mm/yr relative to a stable South America reference frame. This rigid motion is in part due to the presence of the rigid Greenvillian accreted craton, that behave as a sliver, and rather tilt than deform through time.
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Perspectivas regionales del Periodo Formativo en el Perú: una introducción

Kaulicke, Peter 10 April 2018 (has links)
Regional Perspectives of the Formative Period in Perú: An IntroductionThe article doesn't have an abstract / El artículo no presenta resumen

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