The Steiner Tree problem is one of the most popular graph problems and has many application areas. The rectilinear version of this problem, introduced by Hanan, has taken special attention since it addresses a fundamental matter in &ldquo / Physical Design&rdquo / phase of the Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) Computer Aided Design (CAD) process. The Rectilinear Steiner Tree Problem asks for a minimum length tree that interconnects a given set of points by only horizontal and vertical line segments, enabling the use of extra points. There are various exact algorithms. However the problem is NP-complete hence approximation algorithms have to be used especially for large instances. In this thesis work, first a survey on heuristics for the Rectilinear Steiner Tree Problem is conducted and then two recently developed successful algorithms, BGA by Kahng et. al. and RST by Zhou have been studied and investigated deeply. Both algorithms have subproblems, most of which have individual backgrounds in literature. After an analysis of BGA and RST, the thesis proposes a modification on RST, which leads to a faster and non-recursive version. The efficiency of the modified algorithm has been validated by computational tests using both random and VLSI benchmark instances. A partially parallelized version of the modified algorithm is also proposed for distributed computing environments. It is implemented using MPI (message passing interface) middleware and the results of comparative tests conducted on a cluster of workstations are presented. The proposed distributed algorithm has also proved to be promising especially for large problem instances.

Nearest-neighbor search is a very natural and universal problem in computer science. Often times, the problem size necessitates approximation. In this thesis, I present new paradigms for nearest-neighbor search (along with new algorithms and theory in these paradigms) that make nearest-neighbor search more usable and accurate. First, I consider a new notion of search error, the rank error, for an approximate neighbor candidate. Rank error corresponds to the number of possible candidates which are better than the approximate neighbor candidate. I motivate this notion of error and present new efficient algorithms that return approximate neighbors with rank error no more than a user specified amount. Then I focus on approximate search in a scenario where the user does not specify the tolerable search error (error constraint); instead the user specifies the amount of time available for search (time constraint). After differentiating between these two scenarios, I present some simple algorithms for time constrained search with provable performance guarantees. I use this theory to motivate a new space-partitioning data structure, the max-margin tree, for improved search performance in the time constrained setting. Finally, I consider the scenario where we do not require our objects to have an explicit fixed-length representation (vector data). This allows us to search with a large class of objects which include images, documents, graphs, strings, time series and natural language. For nearest-neighbor search in this general setting, I present a provably fast novel exact search algorithm. I also discuss the empirical performance of all the presented algorithms on real data.

Let there be m parallel machines and n jobs to be scheduled non-preemptively. A job j scheduled on machine i takes p_{i,j} time units to complete, where 1 ≤ i ≤ m and 1 ≤ j ≤ n. For a given schedule, the makespan is the completion time of a machine that finishes last. The goal is to produce a schedule of all n jobs with minimum makespan. This is known as the makespan problem on unrelated parallel machines (UPMs), denoted as R||C_{max}. In this thesis, we focus on subclasses of R||C_{max}. Our research consists of two components. First, a survey of theoretic results for R||C_{max} with a focus on approximation algorithms is presented. Second, we present exact polynomial-time algorithms and approximation algorithms for some subclasses of R||C_{max}. For instance, we present k-approximation algorithms on par with or better than the best known for certain subclasses of R||C_{max}.

A graph is said to be 2-edge-connected if it remains connected after the deletion of any single edge. Given an unweighted bridgeless graph G with n vertices, the minimum size 2-edge-connected spanning subgraph problem (2EC) is that of finding a 2-edge-connected spanning subgraph of G with the minimum number of edges. This problem has important applications in the design of survivable networks. However, because the problem is NP-hard, it is unlikely that efficient methods exist for solving it. Thus efficient methods that find solutions that are provably close to optimal are sought. In this thesis, an approximation algorithm is presented for 2EC on bridgeless cubic graphs which guarantees to be within 5/4 of the optimal solution value, improving on the previous best proven approximation guarantee of 5/4+ε for this problem. We also focus on the linear programming (LP) relaxation of 2EC, which provides important lower bounds for 2EC in useful solution techniques like branch and bound. The “goodness” of this lower bound is measured by the integrality gap of the LP relaxation for 2EC, denoted by α2EC. Through a computational study, we find the exact value of α2EC for graphs with small n. Moreover, a significant improvement is found for the lower bound on the value of α2EC for bridgeless subcubic graphs, which improves the known best lower bound on α2EC from 9/8 to 8/7.

In many emerging applications, data streams are monitored in a network environment. Due to limited communication bandwidth and other resource constraints, a critical and practical demand is to online compress data streams continuously with quality guarantee. Although many data compression and digital signal processing methods have been developed to reduce data volume, their super-linear time and more-than-constant space complexity prevents them from being applied directly on data streams, particularly over resource-constrained sensor networks. In this thesis, we tackle the problem of online quality guaranteed compression of data streams using fast linear approximation (i.e., using line segments to approximate a time series). Technically, we address two versions of the problem which explore quality guarantees in different forms. We develop online algorithms with linear time complexity and constant cost in space. Our algorithms are optimal in the sense that they generate the minimum number of segments that approximate a time series with the required quality guarantee. To meet the resource constraints in sensor networks, we also develop a fast algorithm which creates connecting segments with very simple computation. The low cost nature of our methods leads to a unique edge on the applications of massive and high speed streaming environment, low bandwidth networks, and heavily constrained nodes in computational power (e.g., tiny sensor nodes). We implement and evaluate our methods in the application of an acoustic wireless sensor network.

In this dissertation, we examine specific network connectivity problems, and achieve improved approximation algorithm and integrality gap results for them. We introduce an important new, highly useful and applicable, network connectivity problem - the Vital Core Connectivity Problem (VCC). Despite its many practical uses, this problem has not been previously studied. We present the first constant factor approximation algorithm for VCC, and provide an upper bound on the integrality gap of its linear programming relaxation. We also introduce a new, useful, extension of the minimum spanning tree problem, called the Extended Minimum Spanning Tree Problem (EMST), that is based on a special case of VCC; and provide both a polynomial-time algorithm and a complete linear description for it. Furthermore, we show how to generalize this new problem to handle numerous disjoint vital cores, providing the first complete linear description of, and polynomial-time algorithm for, the generalized problem. We examine the Survivable Network Design Problem (SNDP) with multiple copies of edges allowed in the solution (multi-SNDP), and present a new approximation algorithm for which the approximation guarantee is better than that of the current best known for certain cases of multi-SNDP. With our method, we also obtain improved bounds on the integrality gap of the linear programming relaxation of the problem. Furthermore, we show the application of these results to variations of SNDP. We investigate cases where the optimal values of multi-SNDP and SNDP are equal; and we present an improvement on the previously best known integrality gap bound and approximation guarantee for the special case of SNDP with metric costs and low vertex connectivity requirements, as well as for the similar special case of the Vertex Connected Survivable Network Design Problem (VC-SNDP). The quality of the results that one can obtain for a given network design problem often depends on its integer linear programming formulation, and, in particular, on its linear programming relaxation. In this connection, we investigate formulations for the Steiner Tree Problem (ST). We propose two new formulations for ST, and investigate their strength in terms of their associated integrality gaps.

Στην εργασία αυτή ασχολούμαστε με θέματα κοινωνικής επιλογής και πιο συγκεκριμένα με συμβιβαστικές ψηφοφορίες στις οποίες κάθε ψηφοφόρος ψηφίζει ένα (πιθανόν κενό) σύνολο υποψηφίων και το αποτέλεσμα είναι ένα σύνολο υποψηφίων πλήθους k, για δεδομένο k (π.χ. εκλογή επιτροπής). Εξετάζουμε τον κανόνα minimax σε συμβιβαστικές ψηφοφορίες, στις οποίες το αποτέλεσμα αντιπροσωπεύει ένα συμβιβασμό μεταξύ των προτιμήσεων των ψηφοφόρων, με την έννοια ότι η μέγιστη απόσταση μεταξύ των προτιμήσεων οποιουδήποτε ψηφοφόρου και του αποτελέσματος είναι όσο το δυνατό μικρότερη. Αυτός ο κανόνας έχει δύο μειονεκτήματα. Πρώτον, ο υπολογισμός του αποτελέσματος που ελαχιστοποιεί τη μέγιστη απόσταση από κάθε ψηφοφόρο είναι ένα υπολογιστικά δύσκολο πρόβλημα και δεύτερον, οποιοσδήποτε αλγόριθμος που πάντα επιστρέφει ένα τέτοιο αποτέλεσμα, δίνει στους ψηφοφόρους κίνητρο να πουν ψέματα για την πραγματική τους προτίμηση, με σκοπό να βελτιώσουν την απόσταση τους από το τελικό αποτέλεσμα. Για να ξεπεράσουμε αυτά τα μειονεκτήματα χρησιμοποιούμε προσεγγιστικούς αλγορίθμους, δηλαδή αλγορίθμους που παράγουν αποτέλεσμα που αποδεδειγμένα προσεγγίζει την minimax απόσταση για κάθε δοσμένο στιγμιότυπο. Τέτοιοι αλγόριθμοι μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν σαν εναλλακτικοί κανόνες ψηφοφορίας. Παρουσιάζουμε ένα 2-προσεγγιστικό αλγόριθμο πολυωνυμικού χρόνου, ο οποίος υπολογίζει το αποτέλεσμα στρογγυλοποιώντας ντετερμινιστικά τη λύση του χαλαρωμένου γραμμικού προγράμματος μέσω του οποίου εκφράζουμε το πρόβλημά μας. Ο καλύτερος προηγούμενος προσεγγιστικός αλγόριθμος επιτύγχανε λόγο απόδοσης 3 και συνεπώς το παραπάνω αποτέλεσμα αποτελεί σημαντική βελτίωση. Επιπλέον ασχολούμαστε με προσεγγιστικούς αλγορίθμους που είναι ανθεκτικοί σε χειραγώγηση είτε από μεμονωμένους ψηφοφόρους είτε από ομάδες ψηφοφόρων. Τέτοιοι αλγόριθμοι δεν προσφέρουν κίνητρο στους ψηφοφόρους να δηλώσουν ψευδώς τις προτιμήσεις τους με σκοπό να βελτιώσουν την απόστασή τους από το τελικό αποτέλεσμα. Μια τέτοια μελέτη εντάσσεται στα πλαίσια της έρευνας που γίνεται τα τελευταία χρόνια πάνω στο σχεδιασμό προσεγγιστικών αλγοριθμικών μηχανισμών χωρίς χρήματα. Συμπληρώνουμε προηγούμενα αποτελέσματα με νέα πάνω και κάτω φράγματα για strategyproof και group-strategyproof αλγορίθμους. / We consider approval voting elections in which each voter votes for a (possibly empty) set of candidates and the outcome consists of a set of k candidates for some fixed k, e.g., committee elections. We are interested in the minimax approval voting rule in which the outcome represents a compromise among the preferences of the voters, in the sense that the maximum distance between the preference of any voter and the outcome is as small as possible. This voting rule has two main drawbacks. First, computing an outcome that minimizes the maximum distance is computationally hard. Furthermore, any algorithm that always returns such an outcome provides incentives to voters to misreport their true preferences. In order to circumvent these drawbacks, we consider approximation algorithms, i.e., algorithms that produce an outcome that approximates the minimax distance for any given instance. Such algorithms can be considered as alternative voting rules. We present a polynomial-time 2-approximation algorithm that uses a natural linear programming relaxation for the underlying optimization problem and deterministically rounds the fractional solution in order to compute the outcome; this result improves upon the previously best known algorithm that has an approximation ratio of 3. We are furthermore interested in approximation algorithms that are resistant to manipulation by (coalitions of) voters, i.e., algorithms that do not motivate voters to misreport their true preferences in order to improve their distance from the outcome. This study falls within the recently initiated line of research on approximate mechanism design without money. We complement previous results in the literature with new upper and lower bounds on strategyproof and group-strategyproof algorithms.

[pt] Nesta dissertação é apresentado um framework para desenvolver critérios de split para lidar com atributos nominais multi-valorados em árvores de decisão. Critérios gerados por este framework podem ser implementados para rodar em tempo polinomial no número de classes e valores, com garantia teórica de produzir um split próximo do ótimo. Apresenta-se também um estudo experimental, utilizando datasets reais, onde o tempo de execução e acurácia de métodos oriundos do framework são avaliados. / [en] In this dissertation we propose a framework for designing splitting criteria for handling multi-valued nominal attributes for decision trees. Criteria derived from our framework can be implemented to run in polynomial time in the number of classes and values, with theoretical guarantee of producing a split that is close to the optimal one. We also present an experimental study, using real datasets, where the running time and accuracy of the methods obtained from the framework are evaluated.

Les travaux de cette thèse concernent la résolution d'un problème de planification dans un réseau de distribution à deux échelons intégrant la gestion de stocks de produits périssables, le dimensionnement de lots, des alternatives d'approvisionnement. La livraison s'effectue directement entre un fournisseur et son client, sans tournée avec une flotte homogène de véhicules. Nous proposons un programme linéaire mixte, une heuristique constructive (déterministe) et une heuristique réactive randomisée. Pour certaines instances, le solveur de programme linéaire mixte ne fournit pas une bonne solution réalisable dans la limite de temps définie ou prend beaucoup de temps. Les heuristiques proposées sont rapides mais ne donnent pas de bonnes solutions pour certaines instances. Pour améliorer la qualité des solutions des heuristiques, la descente à voisinage variable (VND), la recherche locale itérative (ILS) et la recherche locale itérative à démarrages multiples (MS-ILS) sont développées.Toutes ces méthodes ont été incluses dans un APS (Advanced Planning System) et sont comparées avec CPLEX sur des instances extraites de bases de données réelles. Un générateur aléatoire d'instances est conçu pour plus de diversité pour les tests. Une relaxation lagrangienne est implémentée pour comparer les solutions des instances, pour lesquelles CPLEX ne fournit pas une bonne solution réalisable dans le temps imparti, avec les autres méthodes. Une heuristique lagrangienne, utilisant la relaxation lagrangienne et une heuristique de réparation, est également développée / This work presents a planning problem in a distribution network incorporating two levels inventory management of perishable products, lot-sizing, multi-sourcing and transport capacity with a homogeneous fleet of vehicles. A mixed integer linear programming (MILP) a greedy heuristic and a reactive randomized heuristic are developed to solve this real planning problem. There are some instances for which the solver CPLEX cannot give a good upper bound within the limited time and for other instances it takes a lot of time to solve MILP. The heuristics are alternatives to the mixed integer linear program to quickly solve some large instances taking into account original and difficult constraints. For some instances the gap between the solutions of the solver (MILP) and the heuristics becomes quite significant. The variable neighborhood descent (VND), the iterated local search (ILS) and the multi-start iterated local search (MS-ILS) are implemented. These methods are included in an APS (Advanced Planning System) and compared with a MILP solver. The instances are derived from actual data or built using a random generator of instances to have wider diversity for computational evaluation. A lagrangian relaxation is developed to compare the solutions of the instances, for which CPLEX cannot give a good upper bound within the limited time, with the other methods (greedy heuristic, VND, ILS and MS-ILS). A lagrangian heuristic is proposed; the solution of lagrangian relaxation is used to build a feasible solution with a repair heuristic

Este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar os problemas computacionais que surgem ao se relacionar grafos com superfícies bidimensionais, dando especial atenção aos problemas do número de cruzamentos mínimo no plano (CROSSING NUMBER) e a problemas relacionados ao desenho de grafos em livros. Apresentamos uma redução do problema MULTICUT para CROSSING NUMBER, além de um resultado de complexidade em grafos de comparabilidade baseado em um resultado conhecido para desenhos em livros. / The objective of this text is to study computational problems that emerge from the relation between graphs and bidimensional surfaces, giving special attention to the crossing number problem and graph drawings on books. We present a reduction from MULTICUT to CROSSING NUMBER, in addition to a complexity result on comparability graphs based on a known result about drawings on books.