Very little research focuses on a follower's perception of leadership. Furthermore, black African female employees' perception of a male leader's botho and authentic leadership style in Botswana parastatals has never been researched. Research has made it evident that leadership not only needs to be viewed from a leader-centric perspective but a follower-centric perspective should also be taken into consideration. Botho and authenticity are phenomena that are unique to a specific context. The conundrum to apprehend is how this influences a leader. This study thus aimed to identify how botho and authentic leadership is perceived and experienced by black African female employees, to explore whether male leaders are perceived to possess botho and authentic leadership styles, and enquire how important black African female employees regard botho and authentic leadership styles in male leaders. The study adopted a qualitative, grounded theory methodological approach to investigate the research purpose. Unstructured and semi-structured interviews were used to investigate the particular focus area. The data collection was split into two phases. Phase one comprised of focus groups, followed by phase two with individual interviews. A sample consisting of seven black African female employees from three parastatals in Botswana was used. This sample was selected as they had experience in the field of interest. The discussions were recorded and transcribed prior to being captured in Excel. Thematic coding was adopted to scrutinise the data. The findings of the study indicated that the followers would love for their opinions to be taken into consideration more. Facets mostly illuminated by the participants included the need for better communication, transparency and guidance. Respect and compassion were found to be the cornerstone of botho. Social awareness and self-awareness were found to be the grounding factors to being an authentic leader. Furthermore, it was found that cultural context is evidently an important factor to consider when approaching leadership. Due to the subjective nature of the study, the researcher could not generalise the findings. The participants' responses were based on their social construction and experiences. Future research should focus on developing constructs that participants regard as vital when measuring botho and authenticity. Developing a measurement tool that is valid and reliable for botho and authentic leadership whilst taking into consideration the cultural context would be beneficial to the development of the constructs. / Mini Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Human Resource Management / MCom / Unrestricted

A Teoria da Liderança Autêntica baseia-se na filosofia e na psicologia, ao propor construir organizações mais autênticas, com líderes mais conscientes e relações mais transparentes e éticas. Este estudo, de delineamento metodológico, teve como objetivo realizar a adaptação cultural do Authentic Leadership Questionnaire (ALQ) para a língua portuguesa no contexto da enfermagem brasileira. Esse instrumento, original em língua inglesa, possui duas versões, SELF e RATER, com o intuito de avaliar a autenticidade do líder e do liderado. O ALQ possui 16 itens distribuídos em quatro domínios: Transparência nos Relacionamentos; Perspectiva Moral e Ética; Processamento Equilibrado de Informações e Autoconsciência, com afirmações que são respondidas por uma escala Likert de zero a quatro pontos, sendo raramente/nunca (0 ponto), de vez em quando (1 ponto), às vezes (2 pontos), frequentemente (3 pontos) e muitas vezes, quase sempre (4 pontos). Assim, a pontuação varia de zero a sessenta e quatro, no qual os maiores valores refletem a maior a autenticidade do líder. O processo de adaptação seguiu todos os pressupostos necessários recomendados aos estudos metodológicos. As duas versões do questionário foram inicialmente traduzidas para o português, dando origem a duas outras versões que foram analisadas pelo comitê de juízes I, resultando na síntese da tradução de cada versão. As versões produzidas foram submetidas às retrotraduções e, posteriormente encaminhadas ao principal autor do ALQ. Ao serem acatadas as sugestões, foi realizada nova retrotradução das duas versões e, após sintetizadas, foram encaminhadas ao comitê de juízes II afim de garantir a equivalência cultural, conceitual e idiomática entre o instrumento original e o traduzido, o qual originou uma versão final para aplicação no pré-teste. Nesta etapa, foi verificada a validade de face e de conteúdo de todos os itens de ambas as versões do ALQ, por meio da aplicação da taxa de concordância de pelo menos 80% entre os participantes. Os membros do comitê de juízes I e II foram compostos por especialistas. O pré-teste foi realizado com 80 enfermeiros, sendo: 64 Assistenciais, 8 Supervisores e 7 Coordenadores de Enfermagem, atuantes em diversas clínicas de cinco hospitais de duas cidades da região Centro Oeste do país. Os dados foram coletados no período de junho a agosto de 2016. Posteriormente, um dos autores do instrumento atestou que ambas as versões foram devidamente traduzidas e adaptadas. Considerando que a validação de um instrumento é um processo acumulativo, o questionário, nas duas versões SELF e RATER, deverá ser submetido a novos estudos, no intuito de avaliar as propriedades psicométricas, a fim de disponibilizar um instrumento válido e confiável para os pesquisadores, que objetivem ter uma melhor compreensão no que se refere a autenticidade dos profissionais enfermeiros atuantes nas instituições brasileiras / The Theory of Authentic Leadership is based on philosophy and psychology as it proposes the establishment of more authentic organizations, with more conscious leaders and more transparent and ethical relations. The objective of this methodological study was to perform the cultural adaptation of the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire (ALQ) to Portuguese in the context of Brazilian Nursing. This instrument, originally written in English, has two versions, SELF and RATER: one assesses the authenticity of leaders and the other assesses the authenticity of those under leadership. ALQ has 16 items distributed into four domains: Relational Transparency; Moral Perspective and Ethics; Balanced Processing of Information; and Self-Awareness with statements answered on a four-point Likert scale: rarely/never (0 points), once in a while (1 point), sometimes (2 points), often (3 points), and very often, almost always (4 points). Hence, scores range from zero to 64; the higher the score, the more authentic a leader is. The adaptation process followed all the recommendations for methodological studies. Both versions (SELF and RATER) were initially translated to Portuguese and resulted in two other versions. An expert committee analyzed the versions and a synthesis of each version was obtained. These versions were then back translated and sent to the main author of the original ALQ. Changes were implemented according to the author\'s suggestion and the two versions were back translated once again. The syntheses were submitted to a second expert committee in order to ensure cultural, conceptual and idiomatic equivalences, resulting in the final version that was used in a pre-test. Face and content validity of all items of both versions was verified at this point by employing an inter-rater agreement of at least 80%. Both committees were composed of experts. The pre-test was applied to 80 nurses: 64 clinical nurses, eight supervisors, and seven nursing coordinators, who worked in various clinics of five hospitals located in two cities in the Midwest region of Brazil. Data were collected from June to August 2016. Afterwards, one of the instrument\'s authors certified that both versions were properly translated and adapted. Considering that the validation of an instrument is a cumulative process, the questionnaire in its two versions, SELF and RATER, should be submitted to new investigations in order to assess its psychometric properties and make available a valid and reliable instrument for researchers intending to acquire a better understanding in terms of authenticity of nurses working in Brazilian institutions

Social media has paved a new way for communication and interacting with others. ’What’s on your mind?’, ’How are you feeling today?’, ’Where are you?’, ’Who are you with?’. These allusions lead back to status update questions of the largest social network to date. This thesis seeks to primarily understand, to which extent and if, social media usage influences authentic leadership dimensions and education from the millennials’ perpective. Additionally, it portrays results of an online based questionnaire conducted among students and alumni within the millennial generation.

Problem: The well-being and health of workers can decrease substantially when their place of work is closed down. A smooth transition and well-managed closedown process, however, has shown to ease these effects. Despite this, very little research has been conducted on how leaders can manage a closedown process well. The purpose of this thesis, therefore, was to examine whether the ‘authentic’ and ‘transformational’ forms of leadership could ease the negative experiences of employees during organisational closedowns. Method: Employee accounts of closedown processes were obtained by conducting semi-structured interviews. These were then analysed against the existing body of research on closedown processes, employee reactions to such processes and authentic and transformational leadership. Causal relationships were sought between the actions and behaviour of leaders and the reactions and experiences of employees. Findings: This study found features of authentic and/or transformational leadership in all of the employee accounts that were examined. From this data, it can be deduced that the leadership features that were found, at least partly, eased the negative experiences of employees during closedown processes. In particular, the following eight authentic and transformational leadership characteristics were shown to have eased employee perceptions of closedowns: self-awareness, relational transparency, individualised consideration, inspirational motivation, idealised influence, encouraging the heart, inspiring a shared vision and meaning through communication. Conclusion: When weighing the evidence, it can be concluded that certain aspects of the authentic and transformational leadership constructs can ease the negative experiences of employees during closedown processes. Authentic leadership features related to high relational transparency and high self-awareness were mentioned most frequently by the former employees interviewed, and can therefore be considered most important when seeking to ease employee experiences of closedown situations. With this being said, the many transformational leadership features mentioned by the interview respondents should not be disregarded. Although individual features attributable to transformational leadership were not mentioned as frequently, a greater range of such features was communicated by the respondents. It is argued, therefore, that a combination of the two concepts would be most effective when seeking to improve employee experiences and leadership during closedowns.

Šiame darbe nagrinėjamas darbuotojų psichologinis atsparumas ir jo ryšys su vadovavimo stiliumi. Psichologinis atsparumas yra gebėjimas, leidžiantis asmeniui net ir nepalankiomis sąlygomis išlaikyti sveiką, kompetentingą asmenybę bei efektyviai spręsti nepalankias, stresines situacijas. Kalbant apie vadovavimo stilius, psichologinis atsparumas neretai siejamas su autentiška lyderyste, kuri apibūdinama atvirumu, altruistiniais veiksmais, elgesio nuoseklumu ir kuri skatina teigiamas psichologines kompetencijas bei kuria pozityvų, etišką, palaikantį klimatą. Pastebėta, kad autentiškas lyderis teigiamai įtakoja darbuotojų psichologinę gerovę, todėl darbuotojų psichologinio atsparumo ir autentiškos lyderystės sąsajų analizė yra labai svarbi. Šio tyrimo tikslas - išanalizuoti darbuotojų psichologinio atsparumo sąsajas su autentiškos lyderystės rodikliais. Tikslui pasiekti taikėme Psichologinio atsparumo skalę, Autentiškos lyderystės klausimyną bei Stresinių situacijų ir vadovo pagalbos vertinimo anketą. Tyrime dalyvavo 111 darbuotojų, kurių amžius nuo 22 metų iki 52 metų. Duomenų analizei taikyta Pearson koreliacija, Stjudento t kriterijus, Chi-kvadrato kriterijus ir tiesinės regresijos modelis. Rezultatai atskleidė, kad vienas penktadalis darbuotojų pasižymi žemu psichologiniu atsparumu, likusieji – aukštu. Paaiškėjo, kad darbuotojų psichologinis atsparumas teigiamai susijęs su vadovo pagalbos dažniu ir pagalbos efektyvumu sprendžiant stresines situacijas: kuo dažniau darbuotojas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Links between employee psychological resilience and style of leadership are examined in this master’s thesis. Psychological resilience means capability to maintain healthy and competent personality despite negative circumstances and effectively cope with adverse and stressful situations. Speaking about leadership styles, psychological resilience usually is associated with authentic leadership, which involves transparency, altruistic actions, and behavioral consistency. Authentic leader fosters positive psychological capacities and develops positive, ethical and supportive context in organization. Taking into consideration that authentic leader positively influences employee psychological well-being, it is very important to evaluate links between employee psychological resilience and authentic leadership. The aim of this study is to analyze links between employee psychological resilience and authentic leadership. Psychological resilience scale, Authentic leadership questionnaire and Questionnaire, assessing stressful situations and manager support, were used to achieve this goal. 111 employees, aged from 22 to 52, participated in this study. Data analysis was based on T- Test, Pearson correlation, Chi-Square Test and Linear Regression. Results indicated, that one fifth of employees have low level of psychological resilience, others – high level. Employees’ psychological resilience is positively related with the frequency of manager’s help and effectiveness of this help: the... [to full text]

A Teoria da Liderança Autêntica baseia-se na filosofia e na psicologia, ao propor construir organizações mais autênticas, com líderes mais conscientes e relações mais transparentes e éticas. Este estudo, de delineamento metodológico, teve como objetivo realizar a adaptação cultural do Authentic Leadership Questionnaire (ALQ) para a língua portuguesa no contexto da enfermagem brasileira. Esse instrumento, original em língua inglesa, possui duas versões, SELF e RATER, com o intuito de avaliar a autenticidade do líder e do liderado. O ALQ possui 16 itens distribuídos em quatro domínios: Transparência nos Relacionamentos; Perspectiva Moral e Ética; Processamento Equilibrado de Informações e Autoconsciência, com afirmações que são respondidas por uma escala Likert de zero a quatro pontos, sendo raramente/nunca (0 ponto), de vez em quando (1 ponto), às vezes (2 pontos), frequentemente (3 pontos) e muitas vezes, quase sempre (4 pontos). Assim, a pontuação varia de zero a sessenta e quatro, no qual os maiores valores refletem a maior a autenticidade do líder. O processo de adaptação seguiu todos os pressupostos necessários recomendados aos estudos metodológicos. As duas versões do questionário foram inicialmente traduzidas para o português, dando origem a duas outras versões que foram analisadas pelo comitê de juízes I, resultando na síntese da tradução de cada versão. As versões produzidas foram submetidas às retrotraduções e, posteriormente encaminhadas ao principal autor do ALQ. Ao serem acatadas as sugestões, foi realizada nova retrotradução das duas versões e, após sintetizadas, foram encaminhadas ao comitê de juízes II afim de garantir a equivalência cultural, conceitual e idiomática entre o instrumento original e o traduzido, o qual originou uma versão final para aplicação no pré-teste. Nesta etapa, foi verificada a validade de face e de conteúdo de todos os itens de ambas as versões do ALQ, por meio da aplicação da taxa de concordância de pelo menos 80% entre os participantes. Os membros do comitê de juízes I e II foram compostos por especialistas. O pré-teste foi realizado com 80 enfermeiros, sendo: 64 Assistenciais, 8 Supervisores e 7 Coordenadores de Enfermagem, atuantes em diversas clínicas de cinco hospitais de duas cidades da região Centro Oeste do país. Os dados foram coletados no período de junho a agosto de 2016. Posteriormente, um dos autores do instrumento atestou que ambas as versões foram devidamente traduzidas e adaptadas. Considerando que a validação de um instrumento é um processo acumulativo, o questionário, nas duas versões SELF e RATER, deverá ser submetido a novos estudos, no intuito de avaliar as propriedades psicométricas, a fim de disponibilizar um instrumento válido e confiável para os pesquisadores, que objetivem ter uma melhor compreensão no que se refere a autenticidade dos profissionais enfermeiros atuantes nas instituições brasileiras / The Theory of Authentic Leadership is based on philosophy and psychology as it proposes the establishment of more authentic organizations, with more conscious leaders and more transparent and ethical relations. The objective of this methodological study was to perform the cultural adaptation of the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire (ALQ) to Portuguese in the context of Brazilian Nursing. This instrument, originally written in English, has two versions, SELF and RATER: one assesses the authenticity of leaders and the other assesses the authenticity of those under leadership. ALQ has 16 items distributed into four domains: Relational Transparency; Moral Perspective and Ethics; Balanced Processing of Information; and Self-Awareness with statements answered on a four-point Likert scale: rarely/never (0 points), once in a while (1 point), sometimes (2 points), often (3 points), and very often, almost always (4 points). Hence, scores range from zero to 64; the higher the score, the more authentic a leader is. The adaptation process followed all the recommendations for methodological studies. Both versions (SELF and RATER) were initially translated to Portuguese and resulted in two other versions. An expert committee analyzed the versions and a synthesis of each version was obtained. These versions were then back translated and sent to the main author of the original ALQ. Changes were implemented according to the author\'s suggestion and the two versions were back translated once again. The syntheses were submitted to a second expert committee in order to ensure cultural, conceptual and idiomatic equivalences, resulting in the final version that was used in a pre-test. Face and content validity of all items of both versions was verified at this point by employing an inter-rater agreement of at least 80%. Both committees were composed of experts. The pre-test was applied to 80 nurses: 64 clinical nurses, eight supervisors, and seven nursing coordinators, who worked in various clinics of five hospitals located in two cities in the Midwest region of Brazil. Data were collected from June to August 2016. Afterwards, one of the instrument\'s authors certified that both versions were properly translated and adapted. Considering that the validation of an instrument is a cumulative process, the questionnaire in its two versions, SELF and RATER, should be submitted to new investigations in order to assess its psychometric properties and make available a valid and reliable instrument for researchers intending to acquire a better understanding in terms of authenticity of nurses working in Brazilian institutions

Leadership is a critical aspect of organizational success. There have been many leadership styles and models that have emerged from the efforts of both practitioners and researchers. In the early 2000s, authentic leadership offered the potential to be the next prominent leadership style. However, the evolution of the theory never established significant momentum, in part because of the lack of a clear and consistent definition of what it means to be an authentic leader. This is the first study to use a multi-disciplined qualitative approach for evaluating authenticity and leadership. Using grounded theory, this study attempted to revisit authentic leadership by decoupling authenticity from leadership and exploring what it means to be authentic in the context of leadership. Study One used interviews to examine authenticity in leadership by capturing how a diverse group of leaders conceptualize, observe and experience authenticity. The grounded theory analysis revealed themes and construct variables that were consistent with existing authentic leadership literature. In addition, new construct variables of fear and shifting of shared norms emerged to provide further understanding of the relationship between authenticity and leadership. Study One proposed exploring a new conceptual model for high authenticity in leadership. Study Two seeks to refine the conceptual model by further investigating the newly identified construct variables of fear and shifting of shared norms. This will be accomplished by performing a second series of interviews with another sample of leaders. Similar to Study One, a grounded theory approach was used to interpret respondent data and draw conclusions. / Business Administration/Interdisciplinary

One of the most overlooked and complex problems that universities and colleges face nation-wide is how to reduce and eliminate research misconduct. Because of the confidential nature of allegations of research misconduct and the high rate of underreporting, administrators at scholarly institutions struggle with understanding the cause of such behavior. Without a clear picture of the prevalence of misconduct or the barriers to reporting, leaders at institutions of higher learning find themselves at a disadvantage when dealing with these problems. This uncertainty coupled with a growing regulatory emphasis from federal funding agencies, results in a reactionary approach while questionable practices go unchecked. In the early 2000s, federal funding agencies began requiring colleges and universities to provide training in the responsible conduct of research prior to receiving funding. The Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR) training covers research misconduct (falsification of data, fabricating data, and plagiarism) as well as other topics related to research misbehaviors (mentoring, peer review, data management, authorship, etc). This emphasis on training, while well intended, has not had a significant impact on faculty and student knowledge about misconduct. Authentic Leadership Theory is based on Aristotle’s concept of authenticity and has gained attention over the last decade. It is comprised of four main components: Balanced processing, internalized moral perspective, relational transparency, and self-awareness. These types of leaders focus on moral standards and values and that is what guides his or her leadership. This study evaluates the impact authentic leaders have on shaping the ethical attitudes of faculty when they are placed in direct departmental supervisory positions. A survey of faculty from 15 Mississippi colleges and universities was conducted. Results indicate that the self-awareness and relational transparency constructs of authentic leadership influence faculty attitudes towards objective research integrity issues, but the direction of influence conflicts with each of the constructs. Additional variables failed to reach a level of significance suggesting that other variables, not historically associated with organizational leadership and research integrity, are influencing faculty’s ethical perceptions. Additional attention is focused on barriers to effective leadership caused by the compliance focused culture of institutions of higher learning.

While the Doctor of Occupational Therapy (OTD) degree is distinctively characterized by clinical leadership (O’Brien et al., 2012; Pierce & Peyton, 1999); there is a limited amount of literature regarding evidence-based, theory driven, outcome-oriented curricular practices that develop leadership skills in Entry-Level Doctor of Occupational Therapy (EL-OTD) students. The occupational therapy (OT) profession would benefit from OT programs taking an empirical approach to implementing leadership development as there is currently a need to understand which approaches produce the most impactful and relevant changes for the profession. This project intends to fill the gap in empirical knowledge through the creation of an authentic leadership curriculum based on learning theories and learning science principles that can be assessed for impact and successful knowledge transfer among EL-OTD students. The proposed initiative involves the infusion of authentic leadership components in a leadership curriculum that will be nested into an EL-OTD curriculum. Specifically, this initiative consists of the inclusion of course learning objectives and course activities focused on the components of authentic leadership theory framework within each course in the OT program’s curriculum. The structured approach to construction and implementation of the leadership curriculum is based on Systems Theory and also relies heavily on Action Learning Theory, Leadership Development Theory, Conger’s Four Approaches to Leadership Development, and Authentic Leadership Theory. The elements of each theory build a conceptual model answering the questions what, when, and how leadership development will occur. The aim of this educational intervention is to increase authentic leadership in students. OT and occupational therapy assistant (OTA) programs are identified stakeholders who may benefit from the program evaluation research findings and evaluation of the students’ leadership skills, as these findings can impact future curriculum development and reporting on programmatic outcomes. The short-term program evaluation objectives include increased EL-OTD students’ self-awareness as leaders, understanding of the meaning of leadership in OT practice, and authentic leadership skills. Evidence supports that leadership development programs are effective at increasing leadership skills. Accordingly, this innovative curriculum draws from elements of multiple theories from various disciplines in order to address the content and methods needed for infusing leadership development within an EL-OTD program. Consequently, the development of and outcomes related to the authentic leadership curriculum have the potential to reach current, applicant, candidate or transitioning OTD programs. / 2022-09-25T00:00:00Z

A presente tese investigou em que medida a percepção de liderança autêntica, de líderes e liderados, promove o capital psicológico e o engajamento no trabalho dos mesmos. Analisou-se ainda a influência da estrutura organizacional nas variáveis estudadas. Cinco estudos foram conduzidos. Primeiro, fez-se uma revisão da literatura sobre a produção internacional de liderança autêntica entre os anos de 2011 a 2015. Essa análise identificou importantes avanços sobre a temática. No entanto, os críticos desta teoria ainda apresentam pontos a serem respondidos. Os estudos de validação e da invariância da medida do Authentic Leadership Questionnaire para o Brasil, confirmam a adequação do instrumento. Os últimos dois estudos apontam que o capital psicológico prediz mais o engajamento no trabalho dos profissionais, em relação a liderança autêntica. Ainda constatam, estruturas organizacionais cooperativas e empreendedoras tem os profissionais mais engajados, em comparação as estruturas individualistas e controladoras. / This thesis investigated to what extent the perception of authentic leadership, by leaders and followers, promotes their psychological capital and work engagement. The influence of organizational structure on the variables studied was also analyzed. Five studies were carried out. Firstly, a review was made of the literature on the international production on authentic leadership between 2011 and 2015. That analysis identified important advances in the subject. However, critics of this theory still present points to be addressed. Studies regarding validation and the invariance of the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire for Brazil confirm the suitability of the instrument. The last two studies indicate that psychological capital is a better predictor of employees’ work engagement than authentic leadership. It also emerges that cooperative and entrepreneurial organizational structures have more engaged employees than more individualistic and controlling operational structures.