This study identified the skills necessary to successfully complete the beauty culture program of Alberta. The (Alberta) beauty culture teachers (N =40) were surveyed, with their responses being used to assess the perceived skills. The instument, a 41 item survey, was established through the use of a Delphi panel to establish content validity. The reliability was calculated by using the Hoyt-Stunkard analysis of variance technique. The instrument's reliability showed a +0.95 level of internal consistency. The means for the items ranged from a high of 5.85 (an affective skill) to a low of 4.12 (a cognitive skill). All items indicated a need to retain the existing beauty culture competencies. The items were divided into three taxonomies; namely, cognitive, affective, and psychomotor. This was done to inform the respondent of the nature of the tasks. All three of the affective skills ranked in the highest frequency group, with two of the items being placed in the first and second spot. R-mode factor analysis was used to group the items into clusters according to the respondents' ratings on the six-point scale. With the initial loading set at 0.50, only one task was found to be spurious. Seventeen clusters (factors) were produced and were spread across affective, cognitive, and psychomotor skill areas. Skills involving manipulative procedures varied in importance levels. Technologically advanced methods of achieving cosmetology outcomes were not considered as important as the learning of basic tasks. This indicated a need to teach only the basics in preparation for completion of the beauty culture program in Alberta. / Graduation date: 1993

This thesis explores the college lives of Black women who attend or recently attended majority white colleges and universities in the United States. Emphasis is placed on how Black women’s college experience is influenced by the way they define beauty, as well as how they perceive their White peers to define beauty. Through the collection of ten in-depth interviews, I examine how Black women’s perceptions of beauty compare with those of mainstream United States standards and those of the dominant culture of their schools. I explored how the Black women I interviewed responded when confronted with these mainstream beauty standards and how these standards influence their social and academic lives on campus.

Wei and Chin Dynasties had been viewed as the most chaotic period characterized by changeable political situations, continuous wars, and difficult lives. In this period, the decline of classical studies and popularity of Daoism and Buddhism studies contributed to a very active world of ideas. Living in such a special time, scholars in Wei and Chin Dynasties could thus liberated their spirits, owned freedom of thoughts and beliefs, acted freely, and created arts with enthusiasm. In addition, they concretely built up a kind of distinguished and unique beauty of arts. This kind of special craze for the beauty of countenance and deportment as well as the beauty of inner verve not only shows certain historical characteristics and aesthetic perspectives during those periods, but also serves as a very important part of Chinese cultural history, and is therefore worth further investigations. This thesis looks deeply into Shih-Shuo Hsin-Yu, which vividly portrayed behaviors and appearances of famous scholars in Wei and Chin Dynasties. Based on literary documents talking about the real significance of ¡§famous scholars¡¨ in Wei and Chin Dynasties, this thesis concludes certain primary elements of being a famous scholar, which are ¡§superior knowledge,¡¨ ¡§unique personality,¡¨ ¡§ strict morality and magnanimity,¡¨ ¡§affections with wisdom,¡¨ ¡§free spirits,¡¨ and ¡§delicate appearance and behavior.¡¨ Also, famous scholars in Wei and Chin Dynasties can be divided into several types, which are ¡§free-spirit,¡¨ ¡§talkative,¡¨ ¡§physical and mental beauty,¡¨ ¡§encyclopedic,¡¨ and ¡§virtuous.¡¨ What¡¦s more, there are four attributes that can present the beauty of outward semblance, namely ¡§tall and slim,¡¨ ¡§beautiful face,¡¨ ¡§elegant expressions and delicate behaviors,¡¨ and ¡§fashionable clothes.¡¨ Last, in order to highlight the inner verve and noble spirits of those famous scholars in Wei and Chin Dynasties, they put emphasis on the aesthetic of ¡§portraying the inner verve from the semblance,¡¨ and ¡§observing the semblance to grasp the inner verve.¡¨ Even though famous scholars pursued physical beauty, they did not judge people from their appearance. Instead, they stressed the inner beauty of spirits which reflected from delicate semblance and behaviors. Therefore, anyone who ¡§acted without vulgarity,¡¨ ¡§owned handsome appearance and good shape,¡¨ ¡§ stood out above the rest,¡¨ ¡§possessed wisdom and generosity,¡¨ ¡§maintained cleanness and brightness,¡¨ and ¡§made resolute decisions¡¨ could be categorized as a famous scholar. Even a person who had ¡§ugly appearance but fine verve¡¨ could also be a famous scholar. As a result, throughout the study on the physical beauty and spiritual beauty of the famous scholars in Wei and Chin Dynasties, this thesis not only displays the countenance, inner spirits as well as the true significance behind the seemingly superficial quest for beauty of the famous scholars in Wei and Chin Dynasties, but also clearly represents the historical characteristics and aesthetic trends by examining the way how the famous scholars in Wei and Chin Dynasties established the beauty of outer appearance and inner verve.

[Truncated abstract] This thesis focuses on the significance of the beauty of Helen of Troy in the Encomium of Helen written by the fourth-century philosopher Isocrates. Previous traditions, and especially epic poetry and tragedy, had assessed Helen’s beauty and either blamed or excused her for causing the Trojan War. Isocrates moved beyond this dichotomy to create a new focus on her beauty as the ultimate source of all that made Greek culture distinctive. Modern scholarship, however, has been generally unsympathetic we may almost say blind to this projected beauty. The meaning of beauty in Isocrates’ work has been overlooked by scholars in favor of its rhetorical structure. The work was criticized for its disjointed arrangement and lack of seriousness. The Helen has been interpreted as a reaction to contemporary rhetorical issues or as merely an educational manifesto. This thesis aims to identify and clarify the ideology underlying Isocrates’ construction of Helen’s beauty in his encomium. … The Helen of Isocrates is also compared with the contemporary Platonic work Phaedrus, which explores beauty as a means of arriving at pure knowledge. In this case, comparisons are drawn thematically and reveal that while the two works share similar topics and aims regarding the notions of beauty, Isocrate’s aesthetic idea is much more practically grounded and intended to be of benefit to the entire society when compared to the more idealistic and individual Platonic notion. Finally, the reasons for Isocrates’ choice of beauty as a major theme for the Helen are explored through a comparison of Helen’s beauty to that of Hellas an equation which Isocrates deems important for the fourth-century society.

Thesis (M.S.W.)--Smith College School for Social Work, Northampton, Mass., 2007 / Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of Master of Social Work. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 63-67).

O presente estudo buscou analisar como a beleza física vem sendo produzida no sentido de se mostrar condizente com as atuais exigências do trabalho imaterial bancário. Para tanto, realizou-se uma pesquisa exploratória qualitativa que contou com 15 sujeitos bancários acessados conforme disponibilidade, em três bancos – um público e dois privados – situados nas cidades de Porto Alegre/RS e Cascavel/PR. A coleta dos dados deu-se por meio da técnica de coleta de dados visuais, e resultou em falas e imagens que posteriormente sofreram análise de conteúdo. Os resultados indicaram cinco pilares que dão sustentação à produção da beleza física condizente ao trabalho imaterial bancário. Eles dizem respeito ao que é explícito e implícito em relação à beleza física para o trabalho imaterial bancário; à beleza física tomada como fator de desempate em situação de seleção; à produção e manutenção da beleza física propriamente dita; ao controle de si e dos outros em prol da beleza física; ao conceito vigente de beleza física e aos preconceitos decorrentes. / This study analyzed the way how physical beauty has been produced in order to follow the current demands made by the bank immaterial labor. To reach this goal, an exploratory research was conducted with fifteen bank workers that were accessed according to their availability. They work in three banks – one of them public and three of them private – located in Porto Alegre/RS and Cascavel/PR. The data was collected using a visual data collection technique, and the result included speeches and images that were later analyzed. The results indicate the existence of five columns which support the production of physical beauty demanded by the immaterial bank labor. They are related to what is implicit and explicit in physical beauty; to the physical beauty as a criterion for selection; to the production and maintenance of the physical beauty; to the self control and external control of physical beauty; to the current concept of physical beauty and also the current prejudices created by the concept of physical beauty.

O presente estudo buscou analisar como a beleza física vem sendo produzida no sentido de se mostrar condizente com as atuais exigências do trabalho imaterial bancário. Para tanto, realizou-se uma pesquisa exploratória qualitativa que contou com 15 sujeitos bancários acessados conforme disponibilidade, em três bancos – um público e dois privados – situados nas cidades de Porto Alegre/RS e Cascavel/PR. A coleta dos dados deu-se por meio da técnica de coleta de dados visuais, e resultou em falas e imagens que posteriormente sofreram análise de conteúdo. Os resultados indicaram cinco pilares que dão sustentação à produção da beleza física condizente ao trabalho imaterial bancário. Eles dizem respeito ao que é explícito e implícito em relação à beleza física para o trabalho imaterial bancário; à beleza física tomada como fator de desempate em situação de seleção; à produção e manutenção da beleza física propriamente dita; ao controle de si e dos outros em prol da beleza física; ao conceito vigente de beleza física e aos preconceitos decorrentes. / This study analyzed the way how physical beauty has been produced in order to follow the current demands made by the bank immaterial labor. To reach this goal, an exploratory research was conducted with fifteen bank workers that were accessed according to their availability. They work in three banks – one of them public and three of them private – located in Porto Alegre/RS and Cascavel/PR. The data was collected using a visual data collection technique, and the result included speeches and images that were later analyzed. The results indicate the existence of five columns which support the production of physical beauty demanded by the immaterial bank labor. They are related to what is implicit and explicit in physical beauty; to the physical beauty as a criterion for selection; to the production and maintenance of the physical beauty; to the self control and external control of physical beauty; to the current concept of physical beauty and also the current prejudices created by the concept of physical beauty.

O presente estudo buscou analisar como a beleza física vem sendo produzida no sentido de se mostrar condizente com as atuais exigências do trabalho imaterial bancário. Para tanto, realizou-se uma pesquisa exploratória qualitativa que contou com 15 sujeitos bancários acessados conforme disponibilidade, em três bancos – um público e dois privados – situados nas cidades de Porto Alegre/RS e Cascavel/PR. A coleta dos dados deu-se por meio da técnica de coleta de dados visuais, e resultou em falas e imagens que posteriormente sofreram análise de conteúdo. Os resultados indicaram cinco pilares que dão sustentação à produção da beleza física condizente ao trabalho imaterial bancário. Eles dizem respeito ao que é explícito e implícito em relação à beleza física para o trabalho imaterial bancário; à beleza física tomada como fator de desempate em situação de seleção; à produção e manutenção da beleza física propriamente dita; ao controle de si e dos outros em prol da beleza física; ao conceito vigente de beleza física e aos preconceitos decorrentes. / This study analyzed the way how physical beauty has been produced in order to follow the current demands made by the bank immaterial labor. To reach this goal, an exploratory research was conducted with fifteen bank workers that were accessed according to their availability. They work in three banks – one of them public and three of them private – located in Porto Alegre/RS and Cascavel/PR. The data was collected using a visual data collection technique, and the result included speeches and images that were later analyzed. The results indicate the existence of five columns which support the production of physical beauty demanded by the immaterial bank labor. They are related to what is implicit and explicit in physical beauty; to the physical beauty as a criterion for selection; to the production and maintenance of the physical beauty; to the self control and external control of physical beauty; to the current concept of physical beauty and also the current prejudices created by the concept of physical beauty.

M.Tech. (Somatology) / The somatology industry has seen a rapid advancement in the use of technology to address physical concerns of clients in terms of addressing the visible signs of skin ageing, issues around centimetre reduction, cellulite and other aspects. In South Africa, the Somatology curricula vary between public and private higher education institutions. Even more diversity has been noted within the private somatology higher education providers. The electrical equipment curriculum that is taught in specifically nationally and/or internationally accredited private institutions has not been updated in years and is perceived as outdated. These students are still being taught and examined on electrical equipment that was popular during the 1980’s and that have since been replaced with updated and modern machines. The purpose of this study was to establish the perceived proficiency of newly-qualified nationally and/or internationally accredited graduates in using electrical equipment currently used in the modern health and skincare industry. This study made use of a mixed method design, incorporating three different data-collection techniques. These techniques included unstructured and semi-structured personal telephone interviews and structured questionnaires. Collecting data from three perspectives allowed for triangulation, ensuring validity and reliability. The results of this study concluded that the graduates, from selected specified nationally and/or internationally accredited private higher education institutions, did not deem themselves to be proficient in the use of modern electrical equipment. This sentiment was supported by their employers in the health and skincare industry, and verified by the lecturers who facilitated their learning during their two-year qualification.

The generation of Millennials is becoming a very important segment in today's beauty market, because of their large size, purchasing power and engagement on social media. The Millennial consumers are heavy buyers of beauty products, but heavy buyers are not always loyal to the beauty brands. The concept of what is considered beautiful constantly changes, and there is an aspect of trendiness to the use of cosmetic products. Brands launch new products on a regular basis to follow fashion and because the product lifecycle often is short, and purchasing what is trendy right now might not leave much room for loyalty, as other brands or products are soon trendier. There are constricting views on whether it is possible to achieve brand loyalty among Millennials. Many question the possibility of gaining brand loyalty among this generation, others state that while they could possibly be loyal, this usually only lasts for a short period of time. Although several attempts to establish whether Millennials are in fact brand loyal have been made, few have looked at how marketers view brand loyalty when marketing to Millennials. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to add understanding of how companies in the beauty industry can work to create brand loyalty among Millennials, through a case study of the world leading beauty company, L'Oréal. This exploratory study takes on an inductive research approach, as it aims to add understanding in the field of brand loyalty among the generation Millennials. In order to answer the research questions, five semi-structured interviews were conducted on marketers who are experts in the field of marketing towards Millennials. The results of this study showed that the generation Millennials is an important target group in the beauty industry of today, due to their large size and strong power of choice. There is a congruence between the Millennial self-image and brand image, which proves the importance of a positive brand image. The findings also showed that it is important for companies to speak the language of Millennials but still keep a coherent balance among brands. Offering an experience to Millennials makes them more perceptible to brand loyalty, if the experience is positive, and co-creating brand personalities can help in this endeavor as well. Other valuable findings showed the importance of authenticity and credibility together with of a full range brand portfolio, due to lower incentives to switch between brands. This study contributes with understanding to how marketers in the beauty industry can work towards achieving brand loyalty among the generation Millennials, by giving examples of how five experienced marketers at L’Oréal works with this challenge. Furthermore, the results of this study contribute to the research gap and are applicable in the research area of brand loyalty in the beauty industry. The study uncovered that digital marketing works without paid media, but paid media without digital marketing is not an option. Therefore, one of our recommendations to companies in the beauty industry is to always use digital media while marketing towards the generation Millennials.