This thesis will present a key analysis and the results of our researchs on the tectonic behaviour, mainly by folding and shearing, and role, during Variscan deformation, of Waulsortian mudmounds in various sedimentary and tectonic settings of Western Europe, and particularly in Belgium, Brittany and Southern Ireland. In oder to modelise this behaviour and role, seven structural lithofacies from lenticular mudmounds to well-stratified calcareous-shaley series have been defined. By this way, our detailled maping and inventory of structures of deformation - included strain measurements of the elliptically deformed crinoidal osscicles in limestones and shales - in the ductile, brittle or shearing conditions of the Variscan deformations have allowed to define five principles of mechanical relations between these lithofacies. Two models of Waulsortian domain structuration, during the Asturian and Sudetian-II orgonenic phases, have been carried out following these principles. In both models, folding is the essential mode of tectonic structuration, eventually accompanied by shear zones and brittle structures of regional importance or due to local effects of the lithofacies anisotropies.

This thesis will present a key analysis and the results of our researchs on the tectonic behaviour, mainly by folding and shearing, and role, during Variscan deformation, of Waulsortian mudmounds in various sedimentary and tectonic settings of Western Europe, and particularly in Belgium, Brittany and Southern Ireland. In oder to modelise this behaviour and role, seven structural lithofacies from lenticular mudmounds to well-stratified calcareous-shaley series have been defined. By this way, our detailled maping and inventory of structures of deformation - included strain measurements of the elliptically deformed crinoidal osscicles in limestones and shales - in the ductile, brittle or shearing conditions of the Variscan deformations have allowed to define five principles of mechanical relations between these lithofacies. Two models of Waulsortian domain structuration, during the Asturian and Sudetian-II orgonenic phases, have been carried out following these principles. In both models, folding is the essential mode of tectonic structuration, eventually accompanied by shear zones and brittle structures of regional importance or due to local effects of the lithofacies anisotropies.

L’objectif principal de cette recherche est d’analyser les politiques d’intégration des personnes issues de l’immigration développées par les entités fédérées belges et d’en expliquer les différences principales, et ce depuis la communautarisation de cette politique publique en 1980. Cette date marque également le début d’une période dans laquelle l’installation définitive des immigrés est graduellement acceptée. Marco Martiniello, dans un article publié en 1996, avançait que la coïncidence de la découverte de la question de l’intégration en Belgique, parallèlement au processus des réformes d’Etats consécutives, a donné lieu à des « combinaisons très particulières » (Martiniello, 1996 : 87). Ce constat, ainsi que la thèse selon laquelle le nationalisme ethno-culturel flamand et le nationalisme citoyen wallon seraient à l’origine de deux « philosophies » de l’intégration « qui se sont développées dans des directions opposées » sont à la base des interrogations qui constituent le fondement de notre travail. Notre these se situe ainsi dans le débat scientifique international sur les « modèles nationaux de l’intégration », initié par des auteurs, tels que Rogers Brubaker (1992), qui postulent que différents « idiomes culturels de la nation » sont à l’origine de différentes politiques d’accès à la citoyenneté. Cette différenciation des politiques d’intégration, en terme d’idées, a conduit à des catégorisations différentes. En Belgique, la catégorisation dominante des politiques d’intégration des entités fédérées est celle identifiant les politiques d’intégration en Belgique francophone comme proche d’un modèle « assimilationniste » ou « d’intégration individuelle » à la française, et celles menées en Flandre comme « multiculturalistes » et influencées par les Pays-Bas (Rea, 1993 & 1994 & 2000; Martiniello, 1995 & 1996 ; Magnette, 2000 ; Jacobs, 2001 ; Martens et Caestecker, 2001, Verlot, 2001 & 2004 ; Martiniello et Rea, 2004 ; Jacobs et Rea ; 2005). Plusieurs constats nous ont amenés à questionner cette interprétation dominante. Notre recherche a un premier objectif, d’ordre empirique, et un deuxième, d’ordre interprétatif. Premièrement, nous visons à décrire et à analyser l’élaboration des politiques d’intégration pour vérifier si ces politiques publiques sont effectivement guidées par des cadres de pensée différents. Nous avons cherché à observer où résident les principales différences entre les cadres de pensée, et si les politiques d’intégration sont caractérisées par de longues périodes de stabilité ou, au contraire, par des changements radicaux. Nous avons en effet démontré que les cadres de pensée guidant les politiques d’intégration des entités fédérées sont différents mais que les différences ne se situent pas au niveau de l’objectif d’homogénéité versus diversité culturelle mise en avant par l’assimilationnisme et le multiculturalisme, comme plus approprié pour arriver à une meilleure insertion sociale, économique et politique des immigrés et à la cohésion sociale, mais dans le degré d’interventionnisme d’Etat relatif à la dimension culturelle de l’intégration jugé nécessaire pour atteindre l’un ou l’autre de ces objectifs. Nous avons également mis en lumière que les politiques d’intégration en Belgique francophone sont caractérisées par une plus grande stabilité qu’en Flandre. Deuxièmement, une fois que nous avions déterminé comment nous pouvons catégoriser les différentes politiques d’intégration au regard de leurs cadres de pensée dominants, et que nous avions déterminé si elles sont caractérisées par une longue période de stabilité ou, au contraire, par des changements radicaux, nous avons tenté de répondre au deuxième objectif de cette recherche, à savoir l’interprétation des différences essentielles. La différence quant aux cadres de pensée qui guident les politiques d’intégration a été interprété par des caractéristiques institutionnelles, à savoir les différents systèmes de partis menant à une politisation différente de la politique publique en question, de même que le différent engagement des entités fédérées belges dans un processus de (sub-)nation building.

Diese Publikation einer Masterarbeit leistet einen Beitrag, die bestehende Forschungslücke hinsichtlich der Rolle rechtspopulistischer Parteien in Regierungsbildungsprozessen zu füllen. Warum haben sich etablierte Parteien und Rechtspopulisten für eine bestimmte Konstellation entschieden? Welche Probleme traten durch den spezifisch rechtspopulistischen Charakter bei der Regierungsbildung auf? Welche Alternativen gibt es? Mittels eines vergleichenden Ansatzes werden dabei als Fallbeispiele die Regierungsbildungsprozesse nach drei Wahlen zu nationalen Parlamenten im Jahr 2010 in Belgien, den Niederlanden und Schweden analysiert.

This dissertation focuses on the changing food consumption patterns in Sweden and Belgium during the latter half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century and the implications as seen from a sustainability point of view, both from a qualitative and quantitative perspective. It is shown that changes in agriculture, food processing, distribution and consumption during the period under assessment were considerable and had a clear impact on the food consumption pattern in both countries. Statistical data on the consumption of different food groups such as meat, milk and dairy products, fish, fruits, vegetables, cereal, potatoes, sugar, margarine and chocolate were compared. Overall, an increase in the consumption of meat, cheese, yoghurt, cream, fruits and vegetables was observed in both countries, while the consumption of milk, butter and potatoes decreased. For the sustainability assessment three parameters were chosen: land requirement, greenhouse gas emissions and energy use. The assessment was based on quantitative data about food consumption in 1960 and 2004. It was shown that the Swedish and Belgian diets in 2004 required more resources and emitted more greenhouse gas emissions than in 1960. The Belgian diet had higher values for all parameters than the Swedish, except when considering the values for the emissions of greenhouse gases in 1960 when the Swedish diet had higher values.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2002. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 176-194). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

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Belgium has recently undergone a 541-day period with no elected government following the 2010 general election. This has been called a government and cabinet crisis. This thesis aims to determine what is different about Belgium in 2010/11 compared to past years and what has contributed to Belgium’s difficulty forming coalitions recently. By using coalition formation theory and investigating institutional and sociological aspects of Belgian politics, this research project has found an initial explanation for why the Belgian government crisis of 2010 occurred. Several institutional and sociological aspects are now working against each other and hindering cooperative behaviour among the Belgian political parties. Belgium has become the victim of its own well-adapted and unique political system.

Since the end of the Second World War, several phases of migration to West European states have occurred. These migrants consisted of the so called guest workers who were recruited to fill labour shortages, citizens from former colonies who wanted to settle in the colonial empires as well as asylum seekers and refugees. These migrants generally migrated within the network of a certain ethnic group which led to the formation of ethnic groupings in the West European states (so called new ethnic minorities). These ethnic groupings often live segregated from the host population where they experience a lack of cultural, economical and political integration. This lack of integration of the new ethnic minorities often leads to antagonism, lack of understanding, mistrust and sometimes a racist attitude by the host population towards these groups. The development of a collective policy for the management of new ethnic minorities only became priority in the European Union (EU) by the late 1990s. The current policy for the management of new ethnic minorities consists of guidelines and recommendations to member states on the implementation of a own, unique new ethnic minority policy. Although the current Belgian policy for the management of new ethnic minorities adheres to the guidelines and recommendations of the EU, it still has structural problems and gaps. The purpose of this study was foremost to do a descriptive analysis of the protection of established minorities in Belgium. In contrast to and comparison with this, an in depth analysis of the political problem, management and current situation of new ethnic minorities in Belgian was made in order to identify shortcomings in the current policy for the management of new ethnic minorities. This was done through a literature search as well as an empirical study in the form of semi -structured interviews. The general finding was that the Belgian political system makes adequate provision for the protection of established minorities, but not for the protection of new ethnic minorities. In this regard and in conclusion, specific recommendations were made in order to identify and address the current protective measures of new ethnic minorities in Belgium. / Thesis (M.A. (Public Management and Administration))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2009.

Since the end of the Second World War, several phases of migration to West European states have occurred. These migrants consisted of the so called guest workers who were recruited to fill labour shortages, citizens from former colonies who wanted to settle in the colonial empires as well as asylum seekers and refugees. These migrants generally migrated within the network of a certain ethnic group which led to the formation of ethnic groupings in the West European states (so called new ethnic minorities). These ethnic groupings often live segregated from the host population where they experience a lack of cultural, economical and political integration. This lack of integration of the new ethnic minorities often leads to antagonism, lack of understanding, mistrust and sometimes a racist attitude by the host population towards these groups. The development of a collective policy for the management of new ethnic minorities only became priority in the European Union (EU) by the late 1990s. The current policy for the management of new ethnic minorities consists of guidelines and recommendations to member states on the implementation of a own, unique new ethnic minority policy. Although the current Belgian policy for the management of new ethnic minorities adheres to the guidelines and recommendations of the EU, it still has structural problems and gaps. The purpose of this study was foremost to do a descriptive analysis of the protection of established minorities in Belgium. In contrast to and comparison with this, an in depth analysis of the political problem, management and current situation of new ethnic minorities in Belgian was made in order to identify shortcomings in the current policy for the management of new ethnic minorities. This was done through a literature search as well as an empirical study in the form of semi -structured interviews. The general finding was that the Belgian political system makes adequate provision for the protection of established minorities, but not for the protection of new ethnic minorities. In this regard and in conclusion, specific recommendations were made in order to identify and address the current protective measures of new ethnic minorities in Belgium. / Thesis (M.A. (Public Management and Administration))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2009.