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Factors influencing adherence to antiretroviral therapy in adolescents at Botswana-Baylor Children's Clinical Centre of Excellence : a qualitative studyMarukutira, Tafireyi 11 1900 (has links)
The aim of the study was to determine the factors that influence adherence to ART among adolescents who contracted HIV through vertical transmission. Qualitative research using descriptive phenomenology was conducted at Botswana-Baylor Children’s Clinical Centre of Excellence.
Data was collected using in-depth individual semi-structured interviews. Eight (8) adolescents between 14 and 19 years who had been on ART for minimum of 4 years were interviewed. Thematic analysis of data was done and five (5) themes emerged from the participants' description of the experience of taking ART over a long period of time. The themes that emerged indicated the factors that influence adherence to ART, and they included knowledge and positive beliefs about ART, need for support, ART difficult treatment regimen, having a regular doctor and psychosocial emotional needs.
The findings suggested that the adolescents who contracted HIV through vertical transmission require support while continuing on a simplified long-term ART regimen after an assessment of their psychological well beings and periodic checks. / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)
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The design of a micro-finance programme in San communities in Western BotswanaDekker, Reinder Albertus 09 1900 (has links)
The objective of this thesis is to examine the need for people and communities to develop
liquid assets through a savings programme and to work productively with these savings.
It had to be taken into consideration that at least some members of the population could be
considered non-monetary in their orientation. In order to achieve this objective a participatory
and culturally sensitive micro-finance programme was designed through an Action Research
methodology.
By combining mainly quantitative baseline information, detailed and more qualitative work
with some of the participants and routine output from the programme activities, the study
aimed to arrive at concrete conclusions concerning the way a micro-finance programme has
worked in San communities and make recommendations regarding its future.
It was found that the programme has made at least some of the participants more conversant
with the handling of cash and also contributed to increased self-respect. Developing liquid
assets was most difficult for the poorest participants and the majority of these poorest are
women. The San people are the poorest, even among other marginal rural minorities and
should receive special assistance.
The programme was moderately successful in helping participants to save towards larger
needs and to even out income flows. It could not be established whether the programme could
make a contribution to the development of long-term assets. Initiatives to establish microenterprises
with the capital met with only limited success.
The programme was not successful in establishing a savings programme as an alternative to
cattle farming and should rather be seen as a complementary strategy for increasing
household assets.
It was found that the emphasis on savings mobilisation, rather than the creation of debt
through credit was valid. Increased incomes will lead to increased indebtedness. A higher
influx of cash in a San community is likely to be unevenly spread and is also likely to
increase the gap between the wealthier and poorer community members.
It was concluded that projects that meet basic and immediate needs such as food, shelter and
housing, should be integrated with programmes that address larger needs such as loss of
culture and land. A process of empowerment cannot be supported when rural poverty is not
addressed. / Public Administration / D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Administration)
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Investigating the role of media in the identity construction of ethnic minority language speakers in Botswana : an exploratory study of the BakalangaThothe, Oesi January 2015 (has links)
This dissertation investigates the role of media in the identity construction of minority language speakers in Botswana, with a focus on the Bakalanga. The study is informed by debates around the degree to which the media can be seen to play a central role in the way the Bakalanga define their own identity. As part of this, it considers how such individuals understand their own sense of identity to be located within processes of nation-building, and in particular in relation to the construction of a national identity. It focuses, more particularly, on the extent to which the absence of particular languages within media can be said to impact on such processes of identity formation. The study responds, at the same time, to the argument that people’s more general lived experiences and their broader social environment have a bearing on how they make sense of the media. As such, it can be seen to critique the assumption that the media necessarily play a central and defining role within processes of socialisation. In order to explore the significance of these debates for a study of the Bakalanga, the dissertation includes a contextual discussion of language policy in Botswana, the impact of colonial history on such policy and the implications that this has had for the linguistic identity of the media. It also reviews theoretical debates that help to make sense of the role that the media plays within the processes through which minority language speakers construct their own identity. Finally, it includes an empirical case study, consisting of qualitative interviews with individuals who identify themselves as Bakalanga. It is argued that, because of the absence of their own language from the media, the respondents do not describe the media as central to their own processes of identity formation. At the same time, the respondents recognise the importance of the media within society, and are preoccupied with their own marginalisation from the media. The study explores the way the respondents make sense of such marginalisation, as demonstrated by their attempts to seek alternative media platforms in which they can find recognition of their own language and social experience. The study thus reaffirms the significance of media in society – even for people who feel that they are not recognised within such media.
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The design of a micro-finance programme in San communities in Western BotswanaDekker, Reinder Albertus 30 September 2002 (has links)
The objective of this thesis is to examine the need for people and communities to develop
liquid assets through a savings programme and to work productively with these savings.
It had to be taken into consideration that at least some members of the population could be
considered non-monetary in their orientation. In order to achieve this objective a participatory
and culturally sensitive micro-finance programme was designed through an Action Research
methodology.
By combining mainly quantitative baseline information, detailed and more qualitative work
with some of the participants and routine output from the programme activities, the study
aimed to arrive at concrete conclusions concerning the way a micro-finance programme has
worked in San conununities and make recommendations regarding its future.
lt was found that the programme has made at least some of the participants more conversant
with the handling of cash and also contributed to increased self-respect. Developing liquid
assets was most difficult for the poorest participants and the majority of these poorest are
women. The San people are the poorest; even among other marginal rural minorities and
should receive special assistance.
The programme was moderately successful in helping participants to save towards larger
needs and to even out income flows. It could not be established whether the programme could
make a contribution to the development of long~term assets. Initiatives to establish microenterprises
with the capital met with only limited success.
The programme was not successful in establishing a savings programme as an alternative to
cattle farming and should rather be seen as a complementary strategy for increasing
household assets.
It was found that the emphasis on savings mobilisation, rather than the creation of debt
through credit was valid. Increased incomes will lead to increased indebtedness. A higher
influx of cash in a San community is likely to be unevenly spread and is also likely to
increase the gap between the wealthier and poorer community members.
It was concluded that projects that meet basic and immediate needs such as food, shelter and
housing, should be integrated with programmes that address larger needs such as loss of
culture and land. A process of empowerment cannot be supported when rural poverty is not
addressed. / Development Studies / D.Litt. et Phil. (Development Administration)
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The role of the preceptor in selected clinical nursing practice settings in BotswanaDube, Antonia 30 June 2004 (has links)
A non-experimental, explorative, descriptive, quantitative study was undertaken. The purpose was to explore and describe the views of preceptors and preceptees regarding the fulfillment of the role of the preceptor in selected clinical nursing practice settings in the Botswana context.
The study included 72 preceptors and 200 nursing students/preceptees who voluntarily agreed to participate in the study. A questionnaire was used to collect data. Data was analysed by using descriptive and inferential statistics.
The findings of this study indicated that there were numerous constraints that interfered with the preceptor role in accompaniment of the preceptee. These constraints included the lack of desirable characteristics and time to plan learning opportunities, inadequate use of teaching strategies and inadequate knowledge on preceptee evaluation. Recommendations were stated for improvements in the future role of the preceptor in clinical practice settings Limitations of this study were also highlighted. / Health Studies / M.A.(Health studies)
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Factors influencing adherence to antiretroviral therapy in adolescents at Botswana-Baylor Children's Clinical Centre of Excellence : a qualitative studyMarukutira, Tafireyi 11 1900 (has links)
The aim of the study was to determine the factors that influence adherence to ART among adolescents who contracted HIV through vertical transmission. Qualitative research using descriptive phenomenology was conducted at Botswana-Baylor Children’s Clinical Centre of Excellence.
Data was collected using in-depth individual semi-structured interviews. Eight (8) adolescents between 14 and 19 years who had been on ART for minimum of 4 years were interviewed. Thematic analysis of data was done and five (5) themes emerged from the participants' description of the experience of taking ART over a long period of time. The themes that emerged indicated the factors that influence adherence to ART, and they included knowledge and positive beliefs about ART, need for support, ART difficult treatment regimen, having a regular doctor and psychosocial emotional needs.
The findings suggested that the adolescents who contracted HIV through vertical transmission require support while continuing on a simplified long-term ART regimen after an assessment of their psychological well beings and periodic checks. / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)
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A comparative study of prostitutes in Nigeria and BotswanaNnabugwu-Otesanya, Bernadette Ekwutosi 31 August 2005 (has links)
This study attempts to understand prostitution from their definition of the situation. It differs in its method from other studies on prostitution in that the investigation was based on the prostitutes' own perspectives as interpreted by the researcher using the interpretative epistemological tradition. A comparative analysis of prostitution in two economically stable African Countries, namely Nigeria and Botswana was made.
This study investigated society's perception of prostitutes and how it impacts upon their empowerment and emancipation as vulnerable members of the society and their participation in prevention and control of sexually transmitted infection including HIV/AIDS. Also the role of governments and individuals in creating and sustaining prostitution, an extensive insight to the modus operandi of prostitution and suggestions on how best to address prostitution in society, were discussed.
A triangulated methodology of three hundred and twenty five sexworkers (325) that includes a quantitative study of two hundred and five sex workers complimented with a qualitative study of one hundred and twenty sex workers participating in focus group discussion and case studies informed the study.
The findings of the research suggest that in the prostitutes' own definition of the situation; prostitutes contribute to the maintenance of societal equilibrium, the society creates and sustains prostitution. Economic need rather than lack of morals creates prostitutes and their situation of vulnerability as women is being reinforced by their status as prostitutes. Violence from partners that includes the police and the inability to reprimand their clients, are some hazards of prostitution and these result in their mobility and creates a challenge in adequately addressing the issue of prostitution in society, including their limited participation in the control of STDs.
Respondents in Botswana had a very good knowledge of STI's /HIV/AIDS and had no difficulties in going to hospital in the event of any STD's as compared with Nigerian respondents. The Nigerian respondents' indulged in self-medication with antibiotics and traditional herbs mixed in local gin before and after a sexual act, rather than go to hospitals.
The research findings should assist the government and international community's policies and programmes aimed at addressing prostitution and STDs/HIV/AIDS. / Sociology / D.Litt. et Phil.(Sociology)
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Factors contributing to unsafe sex among teenagers in the secondary schools of BotswanaMwinga, Alvella Mutinta 06 1900 (has links)
Correct and consistent condom use is an effective strategy for the reduction of adolescent pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. The purpose of this study was to describe the factors that contribute to unsafe sex practices among adolescents and to compare male and female sexual practices. Quantitative, descriptive research, namely a survey was conducted to determine these practices. Convenience sampling was used to select a sample (n=324) of respondents who were willing to participate in the study. Data were collected by using a self-administered structured questionnaire.
The findings of the study revealed that adolescents indulged in unsafe sex practices for various reasons including the desire for self-satisfaction and the non-availability of condoms at the time. Based on the identified reasons, it is clear that strategies had to be developed to curb unsafe sex and its consequences. Formulating these strategies requires the concerted effort of all policy makers and stakeholders. / Health Studies / (M.A. (Public Health))
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Strategically positioning Botswana Development Corporation (BDC) in the marketLewanika, Lucas Olebogeng 03 1900 (has links)
Study project (MBA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The objective of this research was to determine how to strategically position Botswana
Development Corporation (BDC) in the market. The idea was born out of the writer's
view that the Corporation was losing its market share at the expense of its competitors.
The study found that although Botswana is an ideal investment location for foreign direct
investment, it is the unfortunate political developments in the region which scare
investors away, hence detrimental to the BDC business.
It was also discovered that in the financial services industry, in which the Corporation
participates, cut-throat competition prevails. Companies in this sector are using quality,
efficiencies and competences to competitively position themselves. Those companies
which are doing well in these perspectives will attract a larger share of the market.
Various models were discovered and recommended for BDC to employ in order to match
its strategies and resources to remain competitive in the market. Recommendations which
cover a broad spectrum of operations were suggested. These recommendations were
brought up with the belief that they will create synergies in the Corporation.
The research field merits continuous scrutiny and can also be extended to BDC
subsidiaries. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: geen opsomming
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A fiscal decentralisation strategy for innovative local government financial management in BotswanaKwada, Zachariah Daniel 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch Univeristy, 2007. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Decentralisation is a growing phenomenon worldwide. However, the detail of its
implementation determines whether desired objectives are achieved or not. The thesis
extensively interrogates this concept from economic, philosophical and political
theoretical perspectives, with emphasis on the economic rationale. An international
perspective has also been utilised for informing the investigation. Reference is made,
in this regard, to both federal and unitary states of the developed and developing
world.
Botswana, a unitary and developing African country, has been found to be facing
more or less the same challenges that undermine the desired benefits of fiscal
decentralisation in all developing countries. However, political maturity (which is a
prerequisite for decentralisation reforms) - a predictably stable commodity in
Botswana -sets it apart from most other developing, if not all, African countries.
With regards to decentralisation, a number of considerations framed the analysis.
Firstly, the established consecutive approach to Botswana 's centralised economic
planning and management has been found to be counter-productive to the financial
decentralisation process. This has resulted in an over-regulated local public sector
that is not conducive for taking stock of local initiative and being innovative in local
affairs, mainly due to an ambiguous institutional framework. Secondly, an ad hoc
financial transfer mechanism, that is neither stable nor predictable, clearly
undermines integrated financial management and strategic fiscal planning at
municipal level. Thirdly, a one-size-fits-all approach to the assignment of expenditure
responsibilities to all municipalities, small and large, as well as urban and rural,
serves as another constraint. Finally, a lack of stable and buoyant sources of own
revenues, as well as inadequate capacity to utilise fully the already existing internal
revenues, has created grant economies that survive on a principle of beggar-thyneighbour
to actualise their mandates. This? in turn undermines their? significance
for the electorates at local level who turn to the national government even for minor
local issues that should be addressed within the areas of local jurisdiction.The thesis concludes with recommendations regarding a redesign of the institutional
framework, intergovernmental financial transfers, expenditure assignments and
generation of internal revenue.
It is critically important that the Government of Botswana should develop a strong
policy framework, build a strong consensus within the political and bureaucratic
circles and coordinate and integrate these reforms through strong capacity-building
mechanisms at local governments. Finally, the capacity of the national government to
monitor the process cannot be overemphasised. That is, the decentralisation process
should initially be centralised with gradual decentralisation processes to allow for
flexibility well aware of the fact that decentralisation structures are always in
transition. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Desentralisasie is wel 'n wereldwye verskynsel, maar suksesvolle implementering
vereis aandag aan detail. Die desentralisasiekonsep word in hierdie tesis grondig
ondersoek vanuit 'n ekonomiese, filosofiese, sowel as politieke perspektief. Die rol
van ekonomiese beginsels in die desentralisasieproses geniet spesiale verwysing. Om
die ondersoek so omvattend moontlik te maak is internasionale bronne geraadpleeg,
afkomstig vanuit sowel federale as unitere state asook uit ontwikkelde en
ontwikkelende lande.
Botswana, 'n ontwikkelende Afrika land met 'n unitere staatsvorm, ondervind
uitdagings wat, soos in enige ander ontwikkelende land, die voordele van fiskale
desentralisasie ondermyn. Politieke volwassenheid en stabiliteit is van die
voorvereistes waaraan 'n staatsbestel moet voldoen om desentralisasie suksesvol toe
te pas. Gelukkig skiet Botswana in die opsig geensins tekort nie, inteendeel, dit is juis
hierdie eienskap wat hom van die meeste - indien nie alle ander - Afrikalande
onderskei.
Heelwat oorweging is geskenk aan die bepalende faktore rondom desentralisasie.
Botswana se gevestigde gesentraliseerde ekonomiese beplanning- en bestuurstelsel is
gei'dentifiseer as die belangrikste teenproduktiewe struikelblok wat die finansiele
desentralisasieproses ontspoor. Kenmerkend van 'n sentralistiese institusionele
raamwerk is 'n oorgereguleerde plaaslike openbare sektor wat nie die skep van eie
inisiatief en ondernemende bestuur bevorder of ag op die belangrikheid daarvan
slaan nie. Tweede in belangrikheid is 'n onstabiele, ad hoc finansiele
oordragmeganisme waarop daar nie peil getrek kan word nie en wat pogings om
gei'ntegreerde finansiele bestuurspraktyke en strategiese fiskale beplanning op
munisipale vlak te vestig, belemmer. Die derde hindernis is die owerhede se
onwilligheid om te besef dat daar geen pasklare benadering bestaan wat by al die
uiteenlopende tipes (in terme van grootte en ligging, plattelands tot stedelik) plaaslike
besture verantwoordelik bestedingspraktyke sal vestig nie. Laastens is 'n wydlopende
gebrek aan stabiele en lewenskragtige, eie inkomstebronne, sowel as onvoldoende
kapasiteit om reeds beskikbare, interne belastinginkomste doeltreffend aan te wend,
nadelig vir plaaslike regering. Pogings om te verseker dat 'n eie plaaslike raad so 'n
groot as moontlike toekenning uit die staatskas ontvang, veroorsaak dat aanliggende
rade dan nie hulle regmatige deel ontvang nie. Plaaslike rade se oormatige
afhanklikheid van die sentrale regering vir finansiele oorlewing, ondermyn die
legitimiteit van plaaslike politici. Laasgenoemde soek gewoon te maklik die oplossing
vir 'n plaaslike probleem by die sentrale regering, eerder as om dit self aan te durf
Die tesis sluit met aanbevelings oor 'n herontwerpte institusionele raamwerk wat kan
lei tot sinvoller finansiele tussenregeringsoordragte, taakgedrewe uitgawes en die
skepping van eie, interne belastingbron.
Dit is van kritieke belang dat die regering van Botswana 'n stewige beleidsraamwerk
ontwikkel en dan konsensus daaroor verkry tussen die politici en burokrasie. Die
integrasie en ko-ordinasie van hierdie hervormings kan slegs geskied indien dit
gepaard gaan met lewenskragtige kapasiteitsontwikkeling op plaaslike bestuursvlak.
Die sentrale regering sal egter eweneens eie kundigheid moet ontwikkel om die proses
te monitor, want die desentralisasieproses sal aanvanklik vanaf die middelpunt
geskied en geleidelik uitkring. Dit sal buigsaamheid en begrip verg omdat
desentralisasie in wese voortdurende oorgang impliseer.
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