Bibliography: pages 53-56. / The main objective of this paper is to discuss exchange rate policies in Botswana from 1976 to 1994. It is also an attempt to find out how Botswana has responded to exogenous shocks and whether such responses could be used in the future when shocks recur. The paper contends that Botswana's record in responding to shocks has been impressive. This is not to say that previous policy actions in response to shocks would be adequate when shocks occur again. Experience shows that it is difficult to respond to exogenous shocks when they take time to subside.

The occurrence of tick-borne pathogens in dogs on communal land in Botswana was studied using Reverse Line Blot (RLB). Eighty blood samples were collected from dogs that underwent a spay and neuter program in Maun, Botswana. These were sent to the Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, and were stored at the Molecular Laboratory. DNA was extracted from the samples followed by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and the RLB. Six samples were found to be positive for Ehrlichia canis. Two of the samples were positive for a concurrent infection of E. canis and Ehrlichia ruminantium. There was one sample that was positive for the non-pathogenic Ehrlichia sp. Omatjenne. Although six samples were positive for the Babesia/Theileria catch-all probe, none hybridised with any of the species-specific probes. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Veterinary Tropical Diseases / unrestricted

A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF SClENCE, UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND, JOHANNESBURG, FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. / An assemblage of Cretaceous, Diptera, recovered from the sediments of the Orapa Diamond mine, Botswana, is described. The fossil Diptera are placed In the following families: Tipulidae, Empididae, Hybotidae, Bibionidae, and possibly the Mycetophilidae, Rhagionidae and Anisopodidae. A new pulid species, Helius botswanensis (Tipulidae, subfamily Limoniinae), is described; it is the oldest representative of the subfamily. (Abbreviation abstract) / Andrew Chakane 2019

No description available.

Botswana is a water scarce country. Rainfall is highly variable, leading to limited surface and groundwater resources. Due to persistently dry conditions most rivers found in Botswana are ephemeral. The Boteti River sub-Basin is one of the numerous ephemeral river sub-Basins, in Botswana. Key environmental challenges, resulting from human activities, in the sub-Basin are: increased pressure on local resources due to overstocking, overgrazing and over-harvesting; reductions in wildlife numbers; denudation of vegetation and the resultant exposure of the soil to wind erosion. As a major step, to pilot implementation of river basin management in the ephemeral river basins in southern Africa, the Boteti River sub-Basin is one of the key areas identified for study under the Ephemeral River Basins in the Southern African Development Community SADC (ERBSADC) Project. This study was initiated, as part of the ERB-SADC project and its aim is to investigate the socio-economic status of the Boteti River sub-Basin and determine the potential for developing integrated management of water and land resources in the sub- Basin. Its key objectives are to identify and assess types and patterns of water use; to identify and assess key livelihood activities; and to critically assess community participation in water resources management in the sub-Basin. A questionnaire was administered to 293 households, a focus group discussion was held with twelve community representatives of six villages in the sub-Basin, six traditional leaders and five local government officers were interviewed as key informants, and informal discussions were held with three local farmers. Results from the study indicate low livelihood levels based on livestock and arable agriculture, high dependence on natural resources and low participation of communities in water management. The study concludes that a livelihood approach to integrated water resources management can help deal with environmental challenges and enhance community participation. / Environmental Sciences / Thesis (M.A. (Environmental Science))

Botswana is a water scarce country. Rainfall is highly variable, leading to limited surface and groundwater resources. Due to persistently dry conditions most rivers found in Botswana are ephemeral. The Boteti River sub-Basin is one of the numerous ephemeral river sub-Basins, in Botswana. Key environmental challenges, resulting from human activities, in the sub-Basin are: increased pressure on local resources due to overstocking, overgrazing and over-harvesting; reductions in wildlife numbers; denudation of vegetation and the resultant exposure of the soil to wind erosion. As a major step, to pilot implementation of river basin management in the ephemeral river basins in southern Africa, the Boteti River sub-Basin is one of the key areas identified for study under the Ephemeral River Basins in the Southern African Development Community SADC (ERBSADC) Project. This study was initiated, as part of the ERB-SADC project and its aim is to investigate the socio-economic status of the Boteti River sub-Basin and determine the potential for developing integrated management of water and land resources in the sub- Basin. Its key objectives are to identify and assess types and patterns of water use; to identify and assess key livelihood activities; and to critically assess community participation in water resources management in the sub-Basin. A questionnaire was administered to 293 households, a focus group discussion was held with twelve community representatives of six villages in the sub-Basin, six traditional leaders and five local government officers were interviewed as key informants, and informal discussions were held with three local farmers. Results from the study indicate low livelihood levels based on livestock and arable agriculture, high dependence on natural resources and low participation of communities in water management. The study concludes that a livelihood approach to integrated water resources management can help deal with environmental challenges and enhance community participation. / Environmental Sciences / Thesis (M.A. (Environmental Science))

Research studies have revealed that male circumcision (MC) reduces the transmission of HIV infection from infected women to circumcised men by up to 60% (UNAIDS 2007:2), hence the adoption of MC as an HIV-infection prevention strategy by the United Nations (WHO 2007:2). Botswana, a sub-Saharan African (SSA) country, has HIV as a leading health and developmental challenge. The government adopted male circumcision as one of the strategies to combat the infection. Apparently, not all tribes in Botswana practise male circumcision as part of their culture. The purpose of this study was to develop and describe a model for HIV-infection prevention using MC. Three theory-generating research objectives were used to develop the model, namely to explore and describe perceptions of men regarding the use of MC, to develop and describe a model for MC service delivery, and to develop and describe guidelines for service providers to facilitate delivery of MC. A theory-generating research design which is qualitative, exploratory, descriptive, and contextual was used to develop the model in three phases. Phase 1 involved concept identification, concept definition, and concept classification. Data was collected using focus group discussions and individual in-depth interviews among 38 men aged 18-49 years and analysed according to recommendations made by Tesch (1990), as cited in Creswell (2009:186). Four themes emerged in the study, namely perceived effects on values, perceived source and provision of information, perceived knowledge of benefits of male circumcision, and perceived risks of male circumcision. The concept of “culture congruence” was derived from the themes as the main concept for the development of a “culture-congruent MC model for HIV prevention”. Phase 2 involved a description of the structure and the process of the model, by organising the concepts in relation to one another. The model was also evaluated. Phase 3 of the model involved the development of guidelines to support health service providers to provide MC services in a culture-congruent way in preventing HIV infection. Recommendations made were incorporation of transcultural health care instruction in nursing and medicine curricula, research on secondary audiences, such as women, and application of a culture-congruent MC model among diverse cultures. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Micro and small manufacturing enterprises are linked to the reduction of poverty, unemployment, economic revamping and diversification of economic activities that add value. Previously, government policies totally excluded MSEs, in favour of large industries, which for now, in most countries have not been able to meet economic objectives. Realising the contribution advanced by MSEs, countries have come up with attempts to have well-established small industry sectors. Governments in different countries have started to develop strategies and modalities to develop, strengthen, and sustain the sector. In general terms the MSE manufacturing sector is characterised by a number of constraints, for example lack of capital, lowly educated entrepreneurs, non-availability of skills, and technological know-how. As such countries are faced with a daunting task of addressing these constraints to promote the MSE sector. The Botswana government, like other countries, has had policies and initiatives since 1982 to support the sector. This is due to the fact that the country embraces the fact that the sector can be a solution to the growing unemployment and economic diversification, which are the country's long-term objectives. Developing MSEs requires having a more proactive strategy and an enabling environment for the prosperity of the sector despite a number of hurdles associated with their development. All countries have institutions to support their MSEs by advancing financial and non-financial initiatives, embedded in MSE pOlicies or the general industrial policy_ What is important is that any initiative undertaken should be collaborated with the rest of the existing economic system to have a holistic institutional discipline, with the aim of achieving the desired economic objectives. Countries continuously re-shape and re-design their strategies to suit the changing economic environment. It is clear that there is no one and for all strategy universally available to address constraints associated with the MSE manufacturing sector for different countries. Individual countries have got to design their strategies in accordance with their existing economic environment, expected benefits from the sector, and objectives. It is therefore not surprising that the government of Botswana, after several attempts to solely support the MSE manufacturing sector, financially and non- financially for more than twenty years, now acknowledges that it has to collaborate with the private and parastatal organisations to have an effective and efficient support system in place. The government has previously experienced a number of setbacks when solely promoting the sector. In most cases the country's manufacturing MSEs had very short life spans. This resulted in loss of jobs and far much less than expected contribution to the overall economy. The study also highlights strategies that the government of Botswana can consider to avoid having an exodus of MSEs that are not sustainable. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Mikro en klein ondernemings (MKOs) in die vervaardigingsektor word deesdae in verband gebring met die vermindering van armoede, werkloosheid, ekonomiese vernuwing en die diversifikasie van ekonomiese aktiwiteite wat waarde toevoeg. In die verlede het regeringsbeleid MKOs heeltemal uitgesluit ten gunste van groot ondernemings wat tot nou toe nog nie in staat was om in die meeste lande ekonomiese doelwitte te bereik nie. Lande het egter mettertyd besef watter bydrae MKOs kan lewer en het pogings aangewend om gesonde kleinsakesektore te vestig. Regerings in verskillende lande het begin om strategiee en modaliteite te ontwikkel om hierdie sektor te ontwikkel, te versterk en in stand te hou. Die MKO-vervaardigingsektor word oor die algemeen gekenmerk deur 'n aantal beperkinge, byvoorbeeld gebrek aan kapitaal, swak opgeleide entrepreneurs, gebrek aan vaardighede en tegnologiese kennis. Hierdie lande staar die taak in die gesig om aandag aan hierdie beperkinge te skenk ten einde die MKO-sektor te bevorder. Die regering van Botswana, soos ook in ander lande, het sedert 1982 beleid en inisiatiewe ontwikkel om hierdie sektor te bevorder. Dit kan toegeskryf word aan die feit dat hierdie land erken dat die MKO-sektor die oplossing kan bied vir groeiende werkloosheid en ekonomiese diversifikasie wat deel uitmaak van die land se langtermyndoelwitte. 'n Meer proaktiewe strategie en 'n bemagtigende omgewing is nodig om MKOs te ontwikkel vir die welvaart van die sektor, ten spyte van 'n aantal struikelblokke wat met hul ontwikkeling verband hou. Die meeste lande het instellings om hul MKO's te ondersteun deur die aanmoediging van finansiele en nie-finansiele inisiatiewe, vasgelê in MKO-beleid of die algemene nywerheidsbeleid. Wat van belang is, is dat enige inisiatief wat onderneem word, in samewerking met die res van die ekonomiese sektor gedoen word ten einde 'n holisties-institusionele dissipline te ontwikkel sodat die verlangde ekonomiese doelwitte bereik kan word. Lande pas gedurig hul strategiee aan en herontwerp dit om by die veranderende ekonomiese omgewing aan te pas. Dit is duidelik dat daar nie 'n universele strategie bestaan om die beperkinge aan te pak wat met die MKO-vervaardigingsektor in verskillende lande verband hou nie. Individuele lande moet hul strategiee ontwerp ooreenkomstig hul bestaande ekonomiese omgewing, die verwagte voordele van die sektor, en hul doelstellings. Dit is dus nie verrassend dat die regering van Botswana, na verskeie pogings oor 'n tydperk van meer as twintig jaar om op hul eie die MKO-vervaardigingsektor finansieel en niefinansieel te ondersteun, nou erken dat hulle met privaat en semistaatsorganisasies moet saamwerk om 'n doeltreffende en doelmatige ondersteuningstelsel daar te stel. Die regering het voorheen 'n paar terugslae beleef toe hulle die sektor op hul eie wou ondersteun. In die meeste gevalle was die lewensduur van die land se MKOs in die vervaardigingsektor van korte duur. Dit het gelei tot werksverlies en geen of min bydrae tot die algehele ekonomie. Hierdie studie beklemtoon ook die strategiee wat die regering van Botswana kan oorweeg ten einde 'n uittog van MKOs wat nie volhoubaar is nie, te verhoed.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / A database on South African industrial companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange called FIN01 was created by the Graduate School of Business (USB), University of Stellenbosch, to capture the various companies' financial data from 1970 to date. FIN01 database is being updated to capture financial data of listed companies from other African countries. Against the background, the purpose of the study project was to update the University database (FIN01) by creating a database for listed Botswana Stock Exchange companies. The creation of the database required gathering and analysis of information of the various Botswana companies. Before the information from the Annual Reports could be captured into the main database, it was captured into Excel created spreadsheets. This information was captured under the respective workbooks as created for the cash flow statements, income statements and balance sheet items. To conform to the requirements of the FIN 01 database, the Botswana companies were allocated codes. The summarised data was then transferred to the main USB database (FIN01). A thorough analysis on performance of the various companies was then carried out. This was done through trend analysis, common size analysis and ratio analysis. Problems were encountered during the process of data capturing and analysis. These included unavailability of Annual Reports, various different reporting formats and the standard Excel spreadsheets provided. The various companies' inconsistency in reporting was further reflected in the non-reporting of turnover and share prices by most of the listed companies. However, the creation and incorporation of the listed Botswana companies was a success. It is recommended that the project be continued as an ongoing process. The information should be updated on a yearly basis. Companies should be encouraged to continue sending the Annual Reports to the University. The companies should in return get regular feedback on key performance indicators as reflected in the database.

Thesis (MAgricAdmin (Agricultural Economics)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / HIV/AIDS has become a major concern globally as it affects different facets of a country’s economy as well as household economics. This study aimed to determine the impact of the disease on household food security. This was done by investigating the impact of the disease on household livelihoods, agricultural production for subsistence purposes and household consumption patterns. The study followed a case study approach, and Bokaa village in Kgatleng district, Botswana was selected as the study area. Data collection was done with the aid of a semi-structured questionnaire in multiple households as well as by gathering information from secondary sources. The study focused on the concept of food security as a theoretical base for the analysis, which was mainly a cross-case analysis. The analysis of individual cases is not presented in this thesis; nonetheless, individual cases are presented as illustrations and as backup for the synthesis. Furthermore, the analysis of food security only focused on calorie availability and not on nutritional quality. The study revealed that the impact of HIV/AIDS varied according to the status in which the household was before the onset of the disease or the subsequent death. Coping strategies also varied, depending on household status and the level of contribution the sick family member made to the household’s food budget. Inter-household effects and gender differentials have been observed during the time of caring for the sick family member. Inter-household effects have also been observed during times of food shortages. A high dependence on government safety nets has also been observed among these households, which contributed to some extent to lack of livelihood diversification. The results of this study reveal the need for empowering households through training for income-generating skills and practise of small-scale home gardening in a more sustainable way. The need for nutrition education was also revealed, in order that traditional and nutritious options can be included in the household food consumption patterns and not only be regarded as an option when preferred foods such as meat are not available.