Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Suicide is a truly philosophical problem. Judging whether life is or not worth living amounts to answering the fundamental question of philosophy. In Africa, suicide is not uncommon as evidenced by the Botswana experience. Suicide acts are the forefront of the daily existence even today. Suicide is felt in different areas of Botswana and while the study draws heavily on Africa especially Botswana, reference is also made to countries outside Africa. Hence, suicide in this thesis is not addressed in a restrictive manner. But its manifestation in essence is assessed in a general mode. This implies that the escalation of suicide is viewed from the sociological, psychological and philosophical implications. Although it is not easy to accept and live with suicide, people are beginning to accommodate it as an inevitable concept. However, the family and friends of a person who has committed suicide still feels ashamed, humiliated and sometimes guilty. The aim of this assignment is to analyse and evaluate the moral argument for and against suicide and to focus on the moral implications of committing suicide. While agreeing that individuals' autonomy are personal, the writer tries to suggest a way out of this self-destruction (suicide) which is just a means to an end and not an end in itself. The writer in the concluding chapter tries to explore the pros and cons of suicide, and comes up with the conclusion that the right to live should be given attention than the right to die, at least to preserve its generations which all creatures strive for. Areas of focus: • The concept of Suicide • The nature and incidence of Suicide. • Arguments in favour of Suicide • Arguments against Suicide • The Suicide I Euthanasia Debate / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Selfmoord is 'n ware filosofiese probleem. Om te oordeel of 'n lewe die moeite werd is om gelewe te word, vereis 'n antwoord op 'n fundamentele vraag van filosofie. In Afrika is selfmoord nie ongewoon nie, soos gesien in die geval van Botswana. Selfmoord kom baie algemeen daar voor. Selfmoord word aangetref in verskeie areas in Botswana, en, alhoewel die studie fokus op Afrika - en spesifiek Botswana, word daar ook verwys na lande buite Afrika. Maar die manifestasie daarvan word in essensie en in die algemeen aangespreek. Dit beteken dat die toename in selfmoord in terme van die verskynsel se sosiologiese, sielkundige en filosofiese implikasies aangespreek word. Alhoewel dit nie maklik is on selfmoord te aanvaar en mee saam te leef nie, begin mense dit aanvaar as 'n onvermydelike verskynsel. Maar die familie van 'n persoon wat selfmoord gepleeg het voel steeds skaam, verneder en soms skuldig. Die doel van hierdie werkstuk is om die argumente vir en teen selfmoord te analiseer, te evalueer, en om te fokus op die morele implikasies van selfmoord. Alhoewel die outeur saamstem dat individue outonoom is, word sterk teen die morele aanvaarbaarheid van selfmoord geargumenteer. In die gevolgtrekking ondersoek die outeur die voordele en nadele van selfmoord en eindig met die bevinding dat die reg tot lewe meer aandag behoort te kry as die sg. reg om te sterf. Areas waarop gefokus word: • Die konsep "selfmoord" as sodanig • Die aard van selfmoord en (hoe algemeen dit voorkom.) • Argumente ten gunste van selfmoord • Argumente teen selfmoord • Die selfmoord -genadedood debat

Thesis (MA )--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this thesis is to assess the impact of HIV and AIDS on democratic consolidation in two democracies in Southern Africa: Botswana and South Africa. Mattes (2003), Barnett and Whiteside (2006) and others warned that in states with high HIV infection levels, the negative impact of the pandemic - especially in terms of socio-economic conditions, budgetary pressures and a loss of human capital in the state and the economy - was potentially so great that it may affect democracy detrimentally. In contrast, some scholars, particularly Anthony Butler (2005a) and Alex de Waal (2006), contended that although the pandemic had negative effects, democracies might survive it and that in some specific ways, democratic consolidation might even benefit from the its consequences. For instance, they argued that in South Africa, the civil society response to the government’s controversial HIV and AIDS policy deepened the institutional framework of democracy. The methodology for the above comparative analysis is based on the application of a minimalist multivariate model which, following the thinking of Bratton and Van de Walle (1997) consists of both institutional and socio-economic factors. Factors are selected for their relevance to democratic consolidation, as argued by scholars such as Linz and Stepan (1996), Przeworski, Alvarez, Cheibub and Limongi (1996), Bratton and Van de Walle (1997) and Leftwich (2000). The chosen factors are the system of government (the relationship between the branches of government); the electoral system; political rights and civil liberties; economic indicators (affluence, economic growth and the reduction of inequality); human development (as measured by the United Nations Development Program) and civil society. This is a descriptive, qualitative, desktop study, using secondary literature in books, as well as articles. There is no empirical component, such as fieldwork, surveys or questionnaires. As stated below, such methodology may be used for further elaboration and refining of the findings of this desktop-based comparative analysis. The main finding is that currently, despite the cost and human implications of the disease, there are no indications that it is directly threatening to destroy the democracies of Botswana or South Africa. This finding differs from the more negative expectations of the scholars mentioned above. It is suggested that the increasing provision and effectiveness of antiretroviral treatment (ART) enables these democracies and their economies to avoid some of the ravages of the disease that seemed inevitable a few years ago. Furthermore, it is suggested that the comparative affluence of the two states in question shields them from some negative effects of HIV and AIDS and that this may be different in poorer Southern African states. This is an issue for further research. Such research should go beyond desktop research to include fieldwork and questionnaires. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie tesis is om die impak van MIV en VIGS op demokratiese konsolidering in twee Suider-Afrikaanse demokrasieë, Botswana en Suid-Afrika, vas te stel. Mattes (2003), Barnett en Whiteside (2006) en ander het gewaarsku dat die negatiewe uitwerking van die pandemie - veral in terme van sosio-ekonomiese toestande, begrotingsdruk en ’n verlies aan menslike hulpbronne in die staat en ekonomie - potensieel so groot is dat dit demokrasie nadelig sou beïnvloed. In teenstelling hiermee het ander akademici, soos Anthony Butler (2005a) en Alex de Waal (2006), geredeneer dat demokrasieë die pandemie mag oorleef ten spyte van die negatiewe effekte wat dit wel het en dat demokrasieë selfs op sekere wyses by die gevolge daarvan mag baatvind. Byvoorbeeld, het hulle geargumenteer, in Suid-Afrika het die burgerlike samelewing se reaksie op die Mbeki-regering se kontroversiële MIV en VIGSbeleid die institusionele raamwerk van demokrasie verdiep. Die metodologie vir hierdie vergelykende analise is gebaseer op die toepassing van ’n minimalistiese multiveranderlike model. Soos gepostuleer deur Bratton en Van de Walle (1997), wat beide institusionele en sosio-ekonomiese faktore insluit. Faktore is gekies op grond van hulle relevansie tot demokratiese konsolidering (volgens vakkundiges soos Linz en Stepan (1996), Przeworski, Alvarez, Cheibub en Limongi (1996), Bratton en Van de Walle (1997) en Leftwich (2000), asook vir dié se moontlike relevansie tot demokrasieë wat spesifiek deur MIV en VIGS geaffekteer word. Die gekose faktore is die regeringstelsel (die verhouding tussen die uitvoerende, wetgewende en regsprekende gesag), die verkiesingstelsel, politieke regte en burgerlike vryhede, ekonomiese aanwysers (welvaart; ekonomiese groei en die vermindering van ongelykheid), menslike ontwikkeling (soos gemeet deur die Verenigde Nasies se Ontwikkelingsprogram) en die burgerlike samelewing. Hierdie tesis is ’n literatuurstudie van ’n beskrywende, kwalitatiewe aard. Daar is gebruik gemaak van sekondêre literatuur in boeke, asook van artikels. Daar is geen empiriese komponent soos veldwerk en meningspeilings nie. Soos hieronder beklemtoon word, kan empiriese metodes in toekomstige studies gebruik word om op die bevindinge wat hierdie navorsing opgelewer het, uit te brei en dit te verfyn. Die hoofbevinding is dat daar tans, ten spyte van die finansiële en menslike koste van MIV en VIGS, geen aanduiding is dat die siekte ‘n direkte bedreiging inhou vir die voortbestaan van demokrasie in Botswana en Suid-Afrika nie. Hierdie bevinding verskil van die meer negatiewe verwagtinge hierbo uitgespreek. Dit word voorgestel dat die toenemende voorsiening en effektiwiteit van antiretrovirale behandeling hierdie demokrasieë en hulle ekonomieë daartoe in staat stel om gedeeltelik die verwoesting van hierdie pandemie te vermy, iets wat enkele jare gelede nog as onvermydelik beskou is. Verder word die voorstel gemaak dat die impak van die pandemie op armer Suider-Afrikaanse state vergelyk behoort te word met die bevindinge wat hier aangebied word. Sulke toekomstige navorsing behoort nie net literatuurstudie in te sluit nie, maar ook veldwerk en meningsopnames.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / Background: Preceptorship refers to a teaching and learning approach through which a well experienced clinician is contracted to provide clinical teaching, supervision, role‐modeling of professional and clinical practice skills and assessment of students in a clinical setting. This approach often involves three groups of people, namely: faculty, students, and clinicians (preceptors). The preceptor in this study refers to a registered nurse who supervises and conducts clinical assessment of students in a clinical area, while at the same time is responsible for patient care. The focus of this study was to explore preceptors’ opinions regarding the implementation of preceptorship in the diploma in the nursing curriculum diploma in the nursing curriculum in Botswana. Emphasis was placed on seeking information on how preceptorship is implemented, the strengths and challenges regarding its implementation and suggestions as to how it should be strengthened to contribute positively towards teaching and learning of students. Methodology: A mixed cross‐sectional descriptive design, using a survey was used. . The design was adopted because of its ability to provide a broad understanding of the concept under study by allowing participants to share their experiences and opinions about a specified situation. Both the qualitative and quantitative data were collected simultaneously. A standardized self‐developed structured questionnaire using both closed ended and few open ended questions and consisting of scaled self‐report items and checklists was used to collect data from forty‐four (44) preceptors and three (3) third year level coordinators from the three (3) health training institutions. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS, while the qualitative data were analyzed for frequency of common themes. Descriptive statistics in the form of frequency tables and charts, as well as measures of central tendencies, were used in the analysis of quantitative data. Results: The findings revealed that preceptorship program was not well coordinated as there were no preceptorship manuals to guide the implementation of preceptorship program. On the positive side, however, preceptors felt comfortable and competent to supervise and assess students, despite the fact that most of them had not received preceptorship training or orientation. With regard to preceptor support, it was evident that there was need for major support in regard to improved communication between preceptor and faculty, improved support by the health facility manager and the need for strengthening preceptor training and orientation. The majority of the respondents have recommended for preceptorship orientation /training targeted at addressing some of the following topics: Student and preceptor roles, curriculum requirements, clinical teaching and assessment skills, leadership skills and how to access resources from the health training institutions. A significant number of preceptors felt that it was important to receive feedback about students’ progress from faculty and to receive feedback from students regarding their experiences in the clinical internship sites. Lastly, preceptors also felt that there was need for introducing incentives into the preceptorship program Conclusion The key areas that emerged from the study indicated an uncoordinated and unstructured preceptorship program in the diploma nursing curriculum. Preceptor support is limited as evidenced by report of lack of training or orientation of preceptors to their preceptorship role. To ensure sustainability of preceptorship program there is need to improve the following areas: preceptorship training and orientation, and preceptorship support by both the health training institution and the health facility managers. Key words: Preceptors, preceptorship, orientation, socialization, student assessment, and faculty support, clinical teaching, mentor, clinical supervisor.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Today, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has become the principle source of foreign capital in many developing countries and has been used to stimulate the local economy - thereby creating economic growth and employment. Although vast amounts of FDI into Africa have been limited to investments in highly profitable natural resources' like petroleum and mining, many African countries now actively seek FDI as a means of obtaining capital, creating export opportunities and generating management skills and technology. These African countries are encouraging foreign investment into their economies by providing policy and business facilitation frameworks and economic determinants that should attract foreign investors. These frameworks and determinants (or criteria) include access to natural resources, markets and domestic efficiencies; as well as tax and other incentives; reduced trade regulation and policies; agreements with respect to FDI; foreign equity ownership and relaxed exchange controls; political stability and sound economic policies; a good quality of life for the local population; improved technological capabilities and environmental conservation. By addressing the above criteria, host countries hope to attract foreign investors and thereby "spur development - within a national context." This study project aims to show, how foreign direct investment friendly Botswana and Tunisia are, in terms of the above criteria. While both countries are highly rated as progressive, democratic, stable and competitive African nations, an investigation of their foreign investment friendliness will show what these two countries offer, on a comparative basis. Botswana, in Southern Africa, has had a stable democratic existence since independence in 1966. Botswana has successfully utilised its mineral wealth, in particular the income generated from diamond mining, not only to grow the economy (at an average annual GNP growth rate of over 6% for the last decade), but also to improve social and physical infrastructure. Although highly rated by some investors, Botswana still faces the challenge of broadening its narrow economic basis, namely mining! In contrast to Botswana, Tunisia in North Africa, followed a socialist economic system until the 1980's. Since then, Tunisia has opened up with a programme of gradual economic liberalisation. Although Tunisia has a high external debt and the Tunisian government still plays an active role in the domestic economy, Tunisia has successfully diversified its economy into important agricultural, mining, energy, tourism and manufacturing sectors. While both Botswana and Tunisia have created FDI friendly environments with several similarities, the investment decision will generally depend on what the investment and investor requires. This includes the determination of: required and available natural resources, available markets, labour skills requirements and it is these differences between Botswana and Tunisia (as well as other differences in their FDI friendliness) that will determine if they succeed in attracting Foreign Direct Investment. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Direkte buitelandse beleggings is vandag 'n belangrike bron van buitelandse kapitaal in baie ontwikkelende lande en speel ook 'n belangrike rol om die plaaslike ekonomie te stimuleer, ekonomiese groei te bevorder en werksgeleenthede te skep. Alhoewel baie buitelandse beleggings in Afrika beperk is tot winsgewende natuurlike hulpbronne soos olie en mynwese, is baie Afrika lande aktief besig om direkte buitelandse beleggings te bekom wat daartoe kan bydra om nuwe uitvoer markte te skep en nuwe bestuursvaardighede en tegnologie te genereer. Afrika lande moedig buitelandse beleggings aan deur beleid te formuleer en besigheidsraamwerke en ekonomiese determinante te aanvaar wat buitelandse beleggings lok. Dié raamwerk en determinante (of kriteria) sluit in: die beskikbaarheid van natuurlike hulpbronne, plaaslike en buitelandse markte, plaaslike kundigheid, belasting- en beleggingsaansporings, stroombelynde handelsregulasies en - beleide, ooreenkomste met betrekking tot buitelandse direkte beleggings en buitelandse kapitale eiendom, verslapping van valutabeheer, politieke bestendigheid, stabiele ekonomiese beleide, verbeterde lewenskwaliteit vir die plaaslike bevolking, verbeterde tegnologiese vermoëns en omgewingsbewaring. Deur die bogenoemde kriteria te aanvaar hoop gaslande om buitelandse beleggers te lok wat ontwikkeling binne 'n nasionale konteks kan bevorder. Die studie projek ondersoek die mate waarin Botswana en Tunisië 'beleggingsvriendelik' is vir buitelandse beleggers in terme van die bogenoemde kriteria. Alhoewel hierdie twee lande beskryf word as vooruitstrewende, demokratiese, stabiele en mededingende Afrika lande; sal 'n ondersoek na hul buitelandse beleggingsbeleide dui hoe hierdie lande vaar op 'n vergelykende grondslag. Botswana, in suidelike Afrika, het 'n stabiele demokrasie wat sedert sy onafhanklikheid in 1966·bestaan. Dié land het sy minerale rykdom baie goed benut, veral inkomste uit diamante. Dit het nie net ekonomiese groei bevorder nie (met 'n jaar-op-jaar Bruto Nasionale Produk (BNP) per kapita groei van meer as 6% vir die laaste dekade), maar ook tot die bevordering van sosiale en fisiese infrastrukture gelei. Alhoewel Botswana hoog aangeskrewe is by beleggers, staan die land steeds voor die uitdaging om hulle beperkte ekonomiese basis uit te brei. In vergelyking met Botswana het Tunisië, in noord Afrika, 'n sosialistiese ekonomiese stelsel gevolg tot laat in die 1980's. Sedertdien het Tunisië 'n program van geleidelike ekonomiese liberalisering gevolg. Alhoewel Tunisië redelike mate van buitelandse skuld het, speel die regering steeds 'n sentrale rol in die plaaslike ekonomie. Tunisië het verder daarin geslaag om sy ekonomie te diversifiseer in sektore soos landbou, mynbou, energie, toerisme en produksie. Beide Botswana en Tunisië het 'n beleggingsvriendelike omgewing geskep. Die besluit om te belê sal egter tot 'n groot mate afhang van die tipe belegging en die belegger se vereistes. Dit sluit in die beskikbaarheid van natuurlike hulpbronne, beskikbare markte, aarbeidsvaardigheid, ens. Die verskille tussen Botswana en Tunisië se buitelandse direkte beleggingsvriendelikheid in vergelyking met die bogenoemde kriteria sal bepaal of hierdie twee lande buitelandse beleggings sal lok.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study project was aimed at analysing the factors that account for the difference and intensity with regard to the attraction of FDI inflows by developing countries and the benefits brought about by this FDI. It is believed that economic growth can only be achieved where there are no barriers to trade. Trade liberalisation forms the central part of the structural adjustment programmes advocated by the international financial institutions, the World Bank and IMF. The theory of comparative advantage lies at the heart of trade. There is a strong belief that countries will benefit more when specialising in producing goods and services in which they are efficient, those that they can produce at lower costs than other countries. However, researchers like Madeley, (2000:50) argue that the benefits of free trade can only be realised if trade takes place between countries at equal levels of economic development. This is true when one takes into account the fact that developing countries are not well equipped to cope with more developed countries and when looking at the intensity of trade in both cases, With trade liberalisation and competitive global economy, the developing countries are forced to turn to multinationals because there is hope that through them they can benefit from global trade and be able to compete for the limited resources. It is only through the attraction of foreign direct investment or by influencing the location decisions of multinationals that countries can achieve sustainable economic growth. This is so because globalisation and trade liberalisation have concentrated the power of trade in the hands of the multinationals. Multinationals have advantages in global trade because they possess distinct / superior assets which enable them to compete well in the global market. These assets include efficient production processes and continuous process improvements, the ability to eliminate unnecessary process steps, they enjoy economies of scale because of mass production and standardisation, they possess managerial and marketing skills and they can obtain less expensive financial resources because of their credit worthiness. The use of advanced technology by multinationals gives them the power and advantage in the sense that they can achieve high levels of quality in terms of consistency in production and timeliness. Multinationals have built strong relationships with suppliers, banks and other organisations in different fields, world wide. It is, however, noted that developing countries continue to face problems and challenges with regard to the attraction and maintenance of foreign direct investment because these multinationals favour countries where they are sure that their investments will get sustainable future returns. It is, however, imperative that developing countries position themselves advantageously when competing for FDI. In light of this, some developing countries have opted to enhance their fitness and abilities through the promotion of regional integration and cooperation among themselves and neighbouring countries, for purposes of complementing each othe~'s weaknesses and working together towards achieving common goals. The factors which contribute to the attraction of foreign direct investment include: • Rigorous basic education system plus provision of appropriate education. • Size of the economy and the market. • Cost and quality of local inputs. • Governance, political stability and stable macroeconomic policy. • Infrastructure (telecommunication, roads and the internet). When analysing Botswana, it was noted that the country relies heavily on the mining sector as the major source of foreign direct investment and economic growth. The country needs to diversify the industrial base away from mining. The government needs to pay attention to the factors which deter FDI investment in Botswana. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studieprojek het ten doel die ontleding van die faktore wat verantwoordelik is vir die verskil en intensiteit in die aanlok van invloeie van buitelandse direkte belegging (BDB) deur ontwikkelende lande en die voordele wat deur hierdie BDB teweeggebring word. Daar word beweer dat ekonomiese groei net bewerkstellig kan word wanneer handel nie belemmer word nie. Die liberalisering van handel maak die kern uit van die strukturele aanpassingsprogramme wat deur die internasionale finansiële instansies, die Wêreldbank en IMF, voorgestaan word. Die teorie van vergelykende voordeel is die kern van handel. Daar word geglo dat lande meer sal baat indien hulle spesialiseer in die produksie van goedere en dienste waarin hulle bedrewe is en wat hulle teen laer koste as ander lande kan produseer. Navorsers soos Madeley, (2000:50) beweer egter dat die voordele van vryhandel net verwesenlik kan word indien handel plaasvind tussen lande met dieselfde vlak van ekonomiese ontwikkeling. Dit is wel die geval wanneer 'n mens die feit in ag neem dat ontwikkelende lande nie goed toegerus is om met meer ontwikkelde lande mee te ding nie en wanneer 'n mens na die intensiteit van handel in albei gevalle kyk. Met die liberalisering van handel en mededingende wêreldekonomie word ontwikkelende lande genoop om hulle tot multinasionale maatskappye te wend in die hoop dat hulle sodoende voordeel kan trek uit internasionale handel en om die beperkte hulpbronne kan meeding. Slegs deur buitelandse direkte belegging te lok of deur die besluite oor die ligging van multinasionale maatskappye te beïnvloed kan lande volhoubare ekonomiese groei bewerkstellig. Dit is so omdat globalisering en die liberalisering van handel die handelsmag in die hande van die multinasionale maatskappye geplaas het. Multinasionale maatskappye geniet voordele in wêreldhandel omdat hulle bepaalde / superieure bates het wat hulle in staat stel om mededingend te wees in die wêreldmark. Hierdie bates sluit in doeltreffende produksieprosesse en deurlopende prosesverbeteringe, die vermoë om onnodige prosesstappe uit te skakel, die feit dat hulle skaalbesparings geniet danksy massaproduksie en standaardisering, bestuurs- en bemarkingsvaardighede besit, en goedkoper finansiële hulpbronne kan bekom danksy hul kredietwaardigheid. Multinasionale maatskappye se gebruik van gevordere tegnologie verleen aan hulle die mag en voordeel in dié opsig dat hulle hoë vlakke van gehalte in terme van konsekwentheid van produksie asook tydigheid kan bereik. Multinasionale maatskappye het sterk verhoudings met verskaffers, banke en ander organisasies op ander gebiede wêreldwyd opgebou. Ontwikkelende lande staan egter steeds voor probleme en uitdagings rakende die aanlok en behoud van buitelandse direkte belegging, aangesien hierdie multinasionale maatskappye ten gunste is van lande waar hulle seker is hulle beleggings volhoubare toekomstige opbrengste sal oplewer. Dit is egter noodsaaklik dat ontwikkelende lande hulself voordelig posisioneer wanneer hulle om BDB meeding. In die lig hiervan het sekere ontwikkelde land besluit om hul geskiktheid en· vermoë te verbeter deur die bevordering van gebiedsintegrasie en samewerking tussen hulle en buurlande met die doel om mekaar se swakhede aan te vul en saam te werk om gemeenskaplike doelwitte te bereik. Die faktore wat bydra tot die lok van buitelandse direkte belegging is onder meer: • 'n Streng basiese onderwysstelsel plus voorsiening vir behoorlike opvoeding. • Die grootte van die ekonomie en die mark. • Koste en gehalte van plaaslike insette. • Regering, politieke stabiliteit en stabiele makro-ekonomiese beleid. • Infrastruktuur (telekommunikasie, paaie en die internet). Met die ontleding van Botswana is daarop gelet dat die land baie afhanklik is van die mynbousektor as die belangrikste bron van buitelandse direkte belegging en ekonomiese groei. Die land moet die nywerheidsbasis weg van mynbou diversifiseer. Die regering moet aandag gee aan die faktore wat BDB in Botswana verhinder.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: While every Botswana national can claim to be a citizen legally within the framework of the modern nation-state, some (minority groups in the main) are perceived by others (among the majority Tswana groups especially), as less authentic nationals or citizens. There is a hierarchy of citizenship fostered by political, economic, social and cultural inequalities, such that it makes some individuals and groups much more able to claim and articulate their rights than others. Ethnic identities seem stronger than ‘national identities’ as they work at the very macro level and on an immediate and daily basis. Thus the multicultural and linguistic diversity of Taung compels us to view every group as heterogeneously unique and important in its own ways, since students become marginalised as a result of individual circumstances, by being members of historically oppressed social groups. The main aim of this study was to explore visual art as a learning platform to negotiate social and cultural meanings and inform understandings of self. A qualitative approach towards the study was considered the most suitable way for conducting the research. An interpretive analysis was used to gain insight into how students made sense of their experiences and the significance of art as a platform to negotiate stigmas and stereotypes in class and school. Using the case study drawn from Taung Junior Secondary School comprising of twelve students from different ethnic groups, two major themes of difference and discrimination were identified. The sub-theme discussed under difference includes sub themes race, ethnicity and nationality, and language; while stereotyping and stigma, feelings of discomfort and feeling outcast, and Othering and marginalisation were discussed under the theme discrimination. My study revealed that art can be an especially effective catalyst for developing a critical awareness of issues of race, immigration, difference, and privilege. Art practices can become a platform for the negotiation and construction of meaning and lobby for removing the historic inequalities and injustices created by a stratified society. For this reason, it is important to understand culture and cultural diversity because culture provides beliefs, values, and the patterns that give meaning and structure to life. It enables individuals within the multiple social groups of which they are a part to function effectively in their social and cultural environments, which are constantly changing. Groups try to maintain social hierarchies and individuals maintain their position within such hierarchies by excluding others, to deny difference and try and enforce homogeneity and reproduce current social relations. As such if forces such as, differences in race, culture, gender, language, and religion are well understood, the students will engage in the process of identifying ways to manage them to shape their own educational practices. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Terwyl elke Botswana burger wetlik aanspraak kan maak op burgerskap binne die raamwerk van die moderne volkstaat, word sommige (hoofsaaklik minderheidsgroepe) deur ander (veral Tswana groepe) as minder egte burgers beskou. Daar bestaan ‘n hierargie van burgerskap wat deur politieke, ekonomiese, sosiale en kulturele ongelykhede bevorder word; tot die mate dat sommige individue en groepe meer geredelik hulle regte kan verwoord as ander. Etniese identiteite blyk sterker te wees as ‘nasionale identiteite’ omdat dat dit op makrovlak funksioneer sowel as op ‘n onmiddellike en daaglikse basis. Gevolglik dring die multikulturele en linguistiese diversiteit van Taung ons om elke groep as heterogeen uniek en belangrik op sy eie manier te beskou, aangesien studente gemarginaliseerd raak weens individuele omstandighede, deurdat hulle lede van geskiedkundigonderdrukte sosiale groepe is. Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie was om ondersoek in te stel na die visuele kunste as ‘n leerplatform om oor sosiale en kulturele betekenisse te onderhandel en selfbeskouings toe te lig. Daar is besluit dat ‘n kwalitatiewe benadering tot die studie die mees geskikte manier is om die navorsing uit te voer. ‘n Verklarende analise is gevolg om insig te verkry ten opsigte van hoe studente sin maak uit hulle ervarings en die betekenisvolheid van kuns as ‘n platform om oor stigmas en stereotipes in die klas en skool te onderhandel. Deur van Taung Junior Sekondêre Skool, met twaalf studente van verskillende etniese groepe, as gevallestudie gebruik te maak, is twee hooftemas, nl verskil en diskriminasie, geidentifiseer. Die subtemas wat onder verskil bespreek word, sluit ras, etnisiteit en burgerskap en taal in; terwyl stereotipering en stigma, gevoelens van ongemak en verwerping en ‘Othering’ en marginalisering onder die tema diskriminasie bespreek word. My studie het getoon dat kuns ‘n besonder effektiewe katalisator is vir die ontwikkeling van ‘n kritiese bewustheid ten opsigte van kwessies soos ras, immigrasie, verskil en voorreg. Kunspraktyke kan ‘n platform word vir die onderhandeling en konstruksie van betekenis en selfs druk uitoefen ten opsigte van die opheffing van historiese ongelykhede en ongeregtighede wat deur ‘n gestratifiseerde samelewing geskep is. Dit is vir hierdie rede belangrik om kultuur en kulturele diversiteit te verstaan omdat kultuur die oortuigings, waardes en die patrone voorsien wat betekenis en struktuur aan die lewe gee. Dit gee vir individue binne die verskeie sosiale groepe waarvan hulle deel vorm, die vermoë om effektief in hul sosiale en kulturele omgewings, wat deurlopend verander, te funksioneer. Groepe poog om sosiale hierargië te handhaaf en individue handhaaf op hulle beurt hul posisie binne hierdie hierargië deur ander uit te sluit, verskille te ontken en homogeniteit af te dwing en huidige sosiale verhoudings te herproduseer. Indien daar ‘n goeie begrip is van magte, soos verskille in ras, kultuur, geslag, taal en godsdiens, sal studente betrokke raak by die proses om maniere te identifiseer om dit te bestuur en sodoende hule eie opvoedkundige praktyke te vorm.

Thesis (MScConEcol (Conservation Ecology and Entomology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Previously, conservation activities were mainly focussed upon the establishment of protected areas that safeguarded and shielded the natural world from misuse, often resulting in the forced removal of indigenous communities. In South Africa, the ≠Khomani Bushmen, were one such group forcibly evicted from their homelands. Today, the community has regained access to their ancestral lands in the form of a land claim, settled in 1999, that awarded the community land rights in the form of six farms and land use rights within the now Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park (KTP). This gave them the right to use and manage their property falling within the park together with the conservation authority responsible for the Park, South African National Parks (SANParks). This study aims to improve our understanding of the use of resources by the ≠Khomani Bushmen. By obtaining insight on resource use and how knowledge of this use is transferred and shared, information on how to better involve and integrate the community in management processes is generated. The study identified the most important plants currently used within the ≠Khomani community and assessed this use. Additionally, social network analysis (SNA) was used to investigate how the social network structure depicts the distribution of knowledge which affects the community’s ability to manage their natural plant resources effectively. In an ethnobotanical survey, over 90 individuals were interviewed, using semi-structured interviews, on the farms awarded to the community. In total, 59 plant species from 28 families were found to be in use. Medicinal plants were most frequently cited (60%), with edible plants comprising a further 20%. Data was also collected on social relations surrounding the acquisition, generation and transfer of plant use knowledge. The knowledge networks all depict isolated individuals on the periphery and a few individuals loosely connected to central structures. This study demonstrates that wild plant use remains an important practice for the ≠Khomani people, primarily for medicinal purposes. It serves as baseline data on plant resources being used by the community and adds to our understanding of how traditional knowledge is being transmitted. The insight provided by SNA depicts the current distribution of knowledge and should be used by the community, as supported by network weavers and SANParks, to achieve their joint management goals. Network weaving can potentially counteract ecologically unsustainable practices, promoting collaboration and the transfer of traditional ecological knowledge. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Voorheen was bewaringsaktiwiteite meestal gefokus op die vestiging van beskermde areas wat die natuurlike wêreld beveilig en beskerm het van misbruik wat dikwels die gevolg was van die geforseerde verwydering van inheemse gemeenskappe. In Suid-Afrika was die ≠Khomani Boesman groep een van die sodanige groepe wat op ʼn indrukwekkende manier van hulle tuislande uitgesit is. Vandag het die gemeenskap weer toegang gekry tot die land van hulle voorvaders in die indiening van ʼn grond eis wat in 1999 vasgestel is, en wat die gemeenskap grond regte toegeken het in die vorm van ses plase en grond regtelike gebruik binne die sogenoemde Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park (KTP). Dit het hulle die reg gegee tot die gebruik en bestuur van hulle eiendom wat binne die park val saam met die bewaringsowerhede wat verantwoordelik is vir die Park, Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Parke (SANParks). Die doel van hierdie studie is om ons begrip te verbeter van die gebruik van hulpbronne deur die ≠Khomani Boesman. Met die verkryging van insig oor hulpbron gebruik en hoe die kennis van hierdie gebruik oorgedra en gedeel word, is inligting oor hoe om ʼn beter betrekking en integrering van die gemeenskap in die bestuursprosesse gegenereer. Die studie het die belangrikste plante geïdentifiseer wat tans gebruik word binne die ≠Khomani gemeenskap met die doel om die gebruik van hierdie plante te assesseer. Sosiale netwerkanalise (SNA) is addisioneel gebruik om ondersoek in te stel oor hoe sosiale netwerk struktuur die verspreiding van kennis uitbeeld wat die gemeenskap se vermoë om hulle natuurlike plant hulpbronne effektief te bestuur affekteer. In ʼn etnobotaniese opname, was oor 90 individuele ondervra op die plase wat aan die gemeenskap toegeken was, met die gebruik van semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude. Dit is gevind dat in totaal 59 plant spesies uit 28 families gebruik word. Medisinale plante was meer dikwels aangehaal (60%) met eetbare plante bestaande uit 20%. Data was ook versamel oor sosiale verwantskappe omringende die verkryging, generering en oordra van kennis in die gebruik van plante. Hierdie netwerk van kennis word alles uitgebeeld in geïsoleerde individue op die periferie en ʼn paar individue wat losweg verbonde is tot sentrale strukture. Hierdie studie identifiseer dat die gebruik van wildeplante ʼn belangrike praktyk bly vir die ≠Khomani mense, hoofsaaklik vir medisinale doeleindes. Dit dien as basis inligting van plant hulpbronne wat tans gebruik word deur die gemeenskap en wat by ons begrip gevoeg word oor hoe tradisionele kennis oorgedra word. Die insig wat deur SNA voorsien word beeld die huidige verspreiding van kennis uit, wat deur die gemeenskap gebruik moet word, as ondersteuning van “network weavers” en SANParks om hulle gesamentlike bestuur doelwitte te bereik. “Network weavers” kan potensieel ekologiese onvolhoubare praktyke teenwerk, wat die samewerking en die oordra van tradisionele ekologiese kennis bevorder.

<p>This paper tested the purchasing power parity hypothesis for Botswana and South Africa using cointegration analysis. The data used are the spot exchange rate between the two countries (rand and pula) and their consumer price indices.</p>

<p>Botswana's population and water demand are growing at a high rate particularly in the dry south eastern part of the country. In 1999, a Water Conservation Policy and Strategy framework document was formulated to guide a transition from a supply driven water management approach to water demand management. This study investigated whether there was a disparity between the framework policy and strategy recommendations and their actual implementation.</p>

The study is concerned with the education system of Botswana after independence. This period starts from the 30th September 1966, when Botswana became independent up to the present moment. Since then the education system has undergone many changes. Consequently the focus is on the nature and impact of these changes. The study identifies changes which took place with regard to the Education System of Botswana since independence as far as meeting the minimum requirements of education of developing countries are concerned. The minimum requirements that the education systems of developing countries, must meet are discussed according to the four central components of the education systems, viz. the education system policy, education system administration, structure for teaching and support services. After introducing the problem statement and background in the introductory chapter, the minimum requirements of education systems in developing countries are discussed in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 then deals with a historical perspective on the education system of Botswana before independence, concentrating on the different historical periods associated with educational development up to independence day. The study then discusses the determinants of the education system of Botswana after independence in Chapter 4, focussing on the particular factors influencing the Botswana education system. Finally, Chapter 5 evaluates the level to which the education system policy and education system administration of the education system of Botswana meet the minimum requirements of the education systems of developing countries, while Chapter 6 evaluates the level to which the structure for teaching and support services meet the minimum requirements of the education systems of developing countries. In general, the evaluation indicates that the education system of Botswana has undergone many positive changes and that the Botswana education system compares favourably with the minimum requirements expected of the education systems of developing countries. / Skripsie (MEd (Vergelykende Opvoedkunde))--PU vir CHO, 1997