Orientador: Marina Sangoi de Oliveira Ilha / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T21:41:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gnipper_SergioFrederico_M.pdf: 8224325 bytes, checksum: 04186a60ef4b9f83deeb75fca0ae6c62 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Os sistemas prediais hidráulicos e sanitários (SPHS) vêm comparecendo com relevante frequência em resultados de levantamentos de manifestações patológicas. Em geral, as patologias de maior incidência não envolvem sérios riscos à vida ou à saúde, mas podem causar aborrecimentos e desconforto decorrentes dos sintomas comuns de suas manifestações. Contudo, algumas patologias podem propiciar a propagação de microorganismos potencialmente patogênicos dentro dos próprios componentes, como os causadores de legioneloses e da síndrome respiratória severa aguda. Este quadro mostra a importância de um método adequado para a investigação, supressão e prevenção desse gênero de patologias. Existem métodos formulados para a investigação de patologias construtivas genéricas nas edificações, mas que não incorporam etapas e recursos importantes para a adequada solução de problemas frequentes nos sistemas prediais hidráulicos e sanitários, como a ênfase na sintomatologia e o exame detalhado do projeto para o estabelecimento do diagnóstico, além da priorização das propostas de intervenções corretivas e preventivas. Neste trabalho faz-se uma análise comparativa de alguns desses métodos, estabelecendo um paralelo com o MASP-PDCA, e propõe-se diretrizes para a formulação de um método hierarquizado para investigação de patologias em SPHS a partir de estudo de casos múltiplos de levantamentos patológicos em edifícios localizados no município de Curitiba, além de sugerir meios para a prevenção de patologias freqüentes verificadas nos SPHS, visando a melhoria da qualidade. Com isto, espera-se contribuir para o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta útil tanto para a manutenção do desempenho ao longo da vida útil do edifício como para retroalimentar o processo de projeto / Abstract: Building Plumbing and Drainage Systems are expressively frequent in pathologic manifestation survey results. Most assiduous problems are not generally related to serious life and health risks but use to cause annoyance and discomfort due to their characteristic symptoms. However some of these pathologies may cause propagation of potentially pathogenic microorganisms at those system components, such as legionellosis and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. This situation reveals the importance of an adequate method for investigation, suppression e prevention of these kinds of pathologies. There are methods formulated for general building pathology investigations, but they do not aggregate stages and resources relevant for the solution of frequent problems of building plumbing and drainage systems, such as the emphasis on symptomatology and detailed design analysis in order to set diagnosis as well as to establish priority for corrective and preventive interventions. This work makes a comparative analysis of some of those methods and draws a parallel with PDCA method regarding further proposition of guidelines for the formulation of a hierarchized method for the investigation of building plumbing and drainage system pathologies based upon multiple case studies of buildings at Curitiba City. Moreover it suggests feedback means for the prevention of frequent pathologies of building plumbing and drainage systems in order to improve quality. The aim of this work is to contribute to the development of an useful tool to maintain serviceable lifetime building performance and help design process feedback / Mestrado / Arquitetura e Construção / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

[pt] Assim como qualquer item, uma construção possui uma vida útil que considera o seu nascimento como momento que ela é concebida em projeto, e sua morte como sendo sua demolição final. Durante sua vida uma construção deve passar por manutenções (preventivas, adaptativas e corretivas) que permitem o prolongamento do seu uso, mantendo o seu nível de desempenho dentro do aceitável. Muitas vezes as ações corretivas se dão em períodos curtos de tempo, intervalos abaixo do esperado por seus usuários ou administradores. Obviamente toda intervenção trás consigo um custo financeiro, que cresce dependendo do momento em que ela ocorra dentro da vida da construção. Muito além do custo financeiro, toda atividade causa impacto no meio ambiente, gerando assim um custo ambiental. Determinar o preço ambiental do refazimento de uma obra, em um curto espaço de tempo (menor que o esperado) ilustra o peso deste custo, muitas vezes invisível ou negligenciado, é necessário. A Análise do refazimento de uma obra devido a falhas construtivas que trouxeram uma drástica queda no desempenho no uso do empreendimento demonstrou que o custo ambiental é proporcionalmente muito maior que o custo financeiro esperado. Sabendo que o custo financeiro de correções construtivas ao longo da vida do imóvel cresce em uma progressão geométrica de base 5, permite comparar o quanto o custo ambiental pode desequilibrar a sustentabilidade. Analisando que a intervenção de uma área de 4.200 m quadrados utilizou uma área ambiental de 1.360.000 m quadrados, faz com que os sinais de alerta se acendam demonstrando que a correção de um erro construtivo é muito maior para o meio ambiente que o custo financeiro envolvido. / [en] The world population has been growing at a dizzying rate in recent centuries. And this accelerated population gain brings with it numerous consequences, among them, the need to produce more food, housing and infrastructure. This all leads us to consume more and more natural resources and also increases the generation of waste and waste. The so-called carrying capacity of the planet (condition of sustaining a population), has not evolved in the last centuries in the same index of population growth, that is, humanity is consuming natural resources and generating waste at a speed higher than that which the planet is capable of. produce and absorb. To continue supporting the growing population of the planet, it is necessary to experiment with new technologies, methodologies and processes so that this growth is supported by the tripod of sustainability. The term sustainable development has the most common, and accepted, meaning that points to a tripod of economic growth, environmental preservation and social development. Civil construction is an essential economic sector in the development of any country and society, being responsible for a large fraction of the quality of life of human beings, since they alter the natural environment for better use of space. Understanding the environmental cost of correcting a construction failure is the objective of this work. There are countless studies that point to the financial cost of the so-called rework, but few look at this phenomenon under the environmental lens. The entire life cycle of an enterprise, from its design to its ruin, through its construction and use, causes environmental marks. To correct flaws in works already completed, or in use, there is a need to consume new materials, involving an entire production chain and generating new waste. To produce a certain input that will be used in the correction of a pathology, the following are required: consumption of raw materials to conceive it, energy consumption to manufacture it, waste to produce it, expenses with transportation to take it from the factory to the point of use. All of these steps in the process consume environmental resources. At the other end of the error correction, for the pathology to be eliminated, it must be removed from the site (demolition of a crooked wall, for example) using energy and producing residues from this removal. This waste will be transported to a suitable disposal site, that is, using more energy in this process. In addition, it is still necessary to transform a harmful waste into something less aggressive to the environment. Given the above, the purpose of this research is to understand the size of the impact that a constructive failure can cause to the environment depending on its severity and the moment it is detected. In order to carry out this work, a project was followed up with a short time of use, but which needed major interventions due to the flaws found. With the analysis of the presented pathologies it was possible to measure how much they weighed, and will weigh, to the environment. In addition, analyzing the origin and the correction method implemented will allow to index each of the flaws found environmentally, measuring how much the planet s carrying capacity could have been preserved had these defects not occurred. The useful life of a building can be understood as the time interval from its birth, marked by its design concept, until its death with its demolition and / or disuse. Project useful life (VUP) must be defined by the developer and the project designer. VUP, despite being a temporal measure, has an economic character, being defined as the best relation between global cost versus time to enjoy the good. Preventive maintenance takes place constantly and aims to increase the life of the project, whereas corrective maintenance must occur in a timely manner and correcting failures in points that are already performing below the desired level. Adaptive maintenance has the objective of adjusting the enterprise to receive new technologies, new equipment and to comply with the new legislation The economic character of the useful life of a good is characterized by its global cost, which must be defined as the sum of the cost of acquisition, or construction, of the good and the cost of maintenance throughout its life. The total cost of a construction during its life includes the costs of planning, design, construction, operation, maintenance and demolition. These construction costs represent between 15 percent and 20 percent of the total cost; 80 percent of the amount is spent on operation and maintenance and only 2 percent to 5 percent of the amount is spent on planning and design (conceptual and detailed). The total cost of a construction during its life includes the costs of planning, design, construction, operation, maintenance and demolition. These construction costs represent between 15 percent and 20 percent of the total cost; 80 percent of the amount is spent on operation and maintenance and only 2 percent to 5 percent of the amount is spent on planning and design (conceptual and detailed). The useful life of a building, for example, goes through the useful life of its components such as its foundations, superstructures, hydro-sanitary installations, electrical installations, facades, internal cladding, paintings and waterproofing. Studies show that corrective maintenance costs up to five times more than preventive maintenance. Corrective maintenance is often required in shorter time cycles than initially imagined (and desired) by those responsible for the enterprise. Currently, numerous failures in new construction (or with little use) are verified, such as buildings, bridges, roads, streets and public supply networks, which range from faults of all kinds, from simple to catastrophic. The service life can be extended with preventive, corrective and adaptive maintenance interventions. The extension of useful life is directly impacted on the overall cost of construction. The lowest global cost system is usually not the lowest initial cost nor the longest lasting. Seeking to optimize the cost-benefit ratio is the best option for society. The useful life of a building must be supported by the tripod of socio-environmental importance, cost of implementation and cost of maintenance over the years. When investors seek to save money by building buildings with low quality standards, and with low maintenance ease, they increase the cost of future maintenance. At the other end of the real estate market, users do not carry out preventive maintenance because they consider its cost to be high, often allowing certain components of the project to come close to the level of unacceptable performance and only then carry out the maintenance that has now become corrective, costing financially more than the preventive maintenance previously denied. The Sitter rule, or Law of 5, determines that the relative cost of an intervention grows in a geometric progression of ratio 5 over time in the project and its maintenance. The sooner a problem is perceived, the lower its cost. Sustainability, despite not having a unanimous definition, is a concept that must integrate aspects of social-ecological dimensions, economic factors, and the short, medium and long term advantages. Putting together all the concepts expressed by several authors, sustainability can be defined as the attempt to achieve economic and social growth while preserving the finite resources of the environment. For more than 40 years, humanity s demand for nature has exceeded the planet s replacement capacity. Currently 1.5 Earth planets would be needed to provide the ecological services that were used in the 1980s. Trees are cut faster than they can ripen, more fish are caught than the oceans can replenish and more carbon is emitted than forests and oceans can absorb. The carrying capacity of the planet has been compromised in a way never before experienced by humanity, to meet the current lifestyle of the population. Consumerism is seen as a behavior that leads to an increase in production and, consequently, to economic progress, but this equation is limited by resources that cannot sustain unlimited growth. Finite spaces cannot absorb waste that grows indefinitely. The carrying capacity of a system is obviously influenced by factors such as average income, material expectations and level of technology, that is, energy and material efficiency. There are few systems of indicators that analyze sustainable development in a generic way. The most commonly used indicators globally are as follows: (1) Sustainability Panel, (2) Sustainability Barometer and (3) Ecological Footprint. The indicator called Ecological Footprint has the advantage of being easily visualized, since the Ecological Footprint represents the ecological space necessary to sustain a given system, or community. It is a simple tool that counts the flows of matter and energy that enter and leave an economic system, converting them into areas of land, or water, necessary to sustain such a system. The Ecological Footprint is a method that transforms the consumption of raw materials and the assimilation of waste from an economic system, or from a human population, into an area corresponding to productive land or water. Using this method, it is possible to calculate the area of the ecosystem needed to ensure the eternal survival of a given population or system. Once this equivalent area of the ecosystem has been determined, it is possible to visualize how much it appropriates the carrying capacity of the planet as a whole. In fact, the size of the Footprint can change depending on the new technologies developed, which can be more or less resource-consuming and wastegenerating. The calculation method for measuring the Ecological Footprint, although easily intuitive, is difficult to carry out with regard to data collection.

[ES] Tradicionalmente la conservación y restauración se ha referido principalmente a los edificios monumentales, y no fue hasta hace unas décadas que se amplió incluyendo los edificios residenciales de las ciudades. Por ello, la necesidad de un estudio que nos lleve a un análisis de cuáles son las lesiones más frecuentes y sus causas, mediante un modo metódico y normalizado de intervención en edificios construidos.  Es significativo el interés por el estudio de las lesiones que afectan a los edificios construidos y en concreto a uno de los componentes de su envolvente, como es la fachada. Así como, la predicción de su estado de conservación con el paso del tiempo. Unido a un interés y una necesidad de potenciar dentro de la actividad de la construcción, la intervención en edificios construidos. Lo que se pretende con esta investigación es determinar cuáles son las lesiones que de forma más frecuentes se manifiestan en las fachadas de los barrios de la ciudad de la Valencia objeto de este estudio. Así como el análisis de las causas más frecuentes origen de las mismas. El objetivo es crear una metodología de recogida de datos que nos permita ampliar esta estadística de lesiones, así como determinar los puntos más conflictivos de las envolventes de los edificios, con el fin de poder determinar en futuras investigaciones un protocolo de actuación para evitarlas.  A tener en cuenta, tanto en la redacción de proyectos de intervención en edificios construidos como en el desarrollo proyectos de obra nueva. Con el objetivo de reducir la futura aparición de lesiones, contribuyendo al mismo tiempo a un comportamiento más sostenible del proceso constructivo. / [CA] Tradicionalment la conservació i restauració s'ha referit principalment als edificis monumentals, i no va ser fins fa unes dècades que es va ampliar incloent els edificis residencials de les ciutats. Per això, la necessitat d'un estudi que ens porti a una anàlisi de quines són les lesions més freqüents i les seves causes, mitjançant una manera metòdica i normalitzat d'intervenció en edificis construïts. És significatiu l'interès per l'estudi de les lesions que afecten els edificis construïts i en concret a un dels components del seu envoltant, com és la façana. Així com, la predicció del seu estat de conservació amb el pas del temps. Unit a un interès i una necessitat de potenciar dins de l'activitat de la construcció, la intervenció en edificis construïts. El que es pretén amb aquesta investigació és determinar quines són les lesions que de forma més freqüents es manifesten en les façanes dels barris de la ciutat de la València objecte d'aquest estudi. Així com l'anàlisi de les causes més freqüents origen de les mateixes. L'objectiu és crear una metodologia de recollida de dades que ens permeti ampliar aquesta estadística de lesions, així com determinar els punts més conflictius de les embolcalls dels edificis, per tal de poder determinar en futures investigacions un protocol d'actuació per evitar-les. A tenir en compte, tant en la redacció de projectes d'intervenció en edificis construïts com al desenvolupament de projectes d'obra nova. Amb lóbjectiu de reduir la futura aparició de lesions, contribuint alhora un comportament més sostenible del procés constructiu. / [EN] Traditionally, the conservation and restoration has been referred mainly to the monumental buildings, and it was not until a few decades ago that it was extended to include the residential buildings of the cities. Therefore, the need for a study that leads us to an analysis of which are the most frequent injuries and their causes, by means of a methodical and normalized way of intervention in built buildings. It is significant the interest in the study of the injuries that affect the buildings built and in particular to one of the components of its envelope, such as the façade. As well as, the prediction of its state of conservation with the passage of time. Together with an interest and a need to promote within the construction activity, the intervention in built buildings. What is sought with this research is to determine which are the injuries that are most frequently manifested in the facades of the neighborhoods of the city of Valencia object of this study. As well as the analysis of the most frequent causes of the same. The objective is to create a data collection methodology that allows us to extend this injury statistic, as well as to determine the most conflicting points of the building envelopes, in order to be able to determine in future research an action protocol to avoid them. To take into account, both in the drafting of intervention projects in constructed buildings and in the development of new construction projects. With the aim of reducing the future appearance of injuries and at the same time contributing to a more sustainable behavior of the construction process. / Barelles Vicente, E. (2024). Estudio y análisis de la conservación edilicia de fachadas. Procedimiento para su catalogación. El caso de los barrios de La Pechina, La Zaidia y El Cabañal de Valencia [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/206246