• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 37
  • 30
  • 8
  • 3
  • 3
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 99
  • 99
  • 42
  • 41
  • 13
  • 9
  • 8
  • 8
  • 8
  • 8
  • 8
  • 8
  • 8
  • 8
  • 8
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

Produção e caracterização de fibras eletrofiadas de acetato de celulose com propriedades funcionais obtidas pela incorporação de lignina e óleo essencial de citronela / Production and characterization of cellulose acetate electrospun fibers with functional properties obtained by incorporation of lignin and citronella essential oil

Silveira, João Vinícios Wirbitzki da, 1984- 26 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Edison Bittencourt / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T07:04:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silveira_JoaoViniciosWirbitzkida_D.pdf: 3154844 bytes, checksum: 064bd0e9ae7640e3a64b1773bfa6cbe2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A técnica de eletrofiação tem sido foco de muitas pesquisas na última década. O uso do acetato de celulose na produção de fibras nas escalas micro e nanométrica provou ser adequado, uma vez que é possível produzir fibras continuamente com diâmetros extremamente pequenos. Neste trabalho, as fibras de acetato de celulose foram produzidas pela técnica de eletrofiação com distribuição de tamanho de diâmetros inferiores a 1 ?m. Foram empregados dois diferentes sistemas de solventes baseados em uma mistura de acetona/água e acetona/N,N-dimetil-acetamida. Para criar diferentes funcionalidades para essas fibras, compostos naturais - lignina organosolv (Alcell) e óleo essencial de citronela - foram incorporados ao acetato de celulose. Para a caracterização das soluções foram empregadas medições de viscosidade, condutividade elétrica e tensão superficial. As fibras foram visualizadas com o auxílio das microscopias eletrônicas de varredura (MEV) e de transmissão (MET). Os ensaios físicos e mecânicos avaliados se concentram na medição do ângulo de contato com a água (WCA) e o uso de ensaio de tração mecânica. As análises térmicas dos materiais foram realizadas empregando-se calorimetria diferencial exploratória (DSC) e análise termogravimétrica (TG). As matérias-primas foram analisadas com intuito de justificar os comportamentos observados nas fibras. A estrutura química da lignina foi estudada: distribuição de massa molar, quantidade de grupos fenólicos e o teor de umidade. O óleo essencial de citronela foi identificado pela de cromatografia gasosa (CG). O primeiro esforço foi a produção de fibras baseadas em acetato de celulose e lignina. A inserção de lignina no acetato de celulose atuou como uma gente plastificante, devido às elevadas compatibilidades química e estrutural. O uso de lignina organosolv aumentou a hidrofobicidade das fibras, mantendo-se as propriedades mecânicas similares às das fibras de acetato de celulose puras. Além disso, a presença de grupos fenólicos na superfície da fibra pode aumentar a compatibilidade entre as fibras e uma matriz polimérica hidrofóbica, como a resina fenol-formaldeído. As fibras também foram submetidas a um processo de regeneração para a remoção dos grupos acetil da estrutura de celulose. A metodologia mais adequada foi a reação com a fase vapor do hidróxido de amônio. Isso promoveu a produção de uma estrutura baseada em celulose e lignina. Um segundo estudo analisou a incorporação do óleo essencial de citronela (Cymbopogon nardus) nas fibras de acetato de celulose. O processo de obtenção das fibras foi estudado e as fibras foram analisadas de acordo com a presença de óleo nas estruturas e as alterações físicas causadas pela presença de óleo no sistema hidrofóbico-hidrofóbico. Este produto pode ser empregado em embalagens ativas, repelentes de insetos e aplicações médicas (scaffolds, curativos, etc.) ou combinado com diferentes compostos ou outro óleo essencial / Abstract: The electrospinning technique has been focus of many researches in the last decade. The use of cellulose acetate in the production of fibers at micro and nanoscales proved to be adequate, once it is possible to produce continuously fibers with extremely small diameters. Cellulose acetate fibers were produced by electrospinning technique with diameter size distribution below 1 ?m. There were employed two different solvent systems based on a mixture of acetone/water and acetone/N,N-dimethylacetamide. In order to create different functionalities to those fibers, natural compounds - lignin and citronella essential oil - were incorporated to the polymer. The solutions were characterized to measure the properties of viscosity, electrical conductivity, and surface tension. The fibers were visualized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Physical and mechanical analysis were led to measure the water contact angle (WCA) and the mechanical tensile strength test. Thermal analysis by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG) were also employed. The raw materials were also submitted to analysis in order to help to understand the behavior of the fibers. Chemical structure of the lignin was studied: molar mass distribution, phenolic groups composition, and humidity. Gas chromatography (GC) was utilized to identify citronella essential oil composition. The first effort was the production of a bi-component fiber based on cellulose acetate and lignin. The insertion of lignin into the cellulose acetate acted as a plasticizer agent, due to their high chemical and structural compatibilities. The use of organosolv lignin, a residue from a biorefinery facility, increased the hydrophobicity of the fibers and maintained the similar mechanical properties compared to the pure cellulose acetate nanofibers. Also, the presence of phenolic groups on the fiber surface can increase the compatibility between fibers and an hydrophobic polymeric matrix such as phenol-formaldehyde resin. The fibers were submitted to a regeneration process to remove the acetyl groups from the cellulose structure. The adequate methodology was the ammonium hydroxide vapor phase reaction. It allowed the production of a structure based on cellulose and lignin. The second study analyzed the incorporation of citronella essential oil (Cymbopogon nardus) into the cellulose acetate electrospun fibers. The process to obtain the fibers was studied and the fibers were analyzed according to the presence of oil in the structures and the physical changes promoted by the presence of the oil in the hydrophobic-hydrophobic system. This product can be employed in active packaging, insect repellency and medical applications (scaffolds, bandages, etc.) by itself or on combination with different compounds or other essential oil / Doutorado / Engenharia Química / Doutor em Engenharia Química
42

Preparação e caracterização de compósitos de acetato de celulose e nanocristais de celulose / Preparation and characterization of cellulose nanocrystals/cellulose acetate composites

Leite, Liliane Samara Ferreira, 1988- 27 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Maria do Carmo Gonçalves / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T15:15:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leite_LilianeSamaraFerreira_M.pdf: 4562587 bytes, checksum: 0ee5828360fc15cbd08b98c4070e5bd3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Nesse trabalho, nanocristais de celulose (CNC) foram obtidos por hidrólise de fibras de algodão, utilizando-se três diferentes ácidos: ácido sulfúrico, clorídrico e fosfórico. Micrografias obtidas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM) e transmissão (TEM) confirmaram que as condições de hidrólise empregadas foram adequadas para isolar seus nanocristais. No entanto, foi também possível observar a presença de uma pequena fração de fibras não totalmente hidrolisadas em todas as amostras analisadas. Imagens de microscopia óptica por luz polarizada (PLM) revelaram que o processo de secagem por liofilização dos CNC conduz à formação de aglomerados com dimensões micrométricas. Modificações químicas nas superfícies dos CNC, empregando-se ácido acético e cloreto de hexanoíla, foram conduzidas com o objetivo de diminuir o seu caráter hidrofílico. As modificações foram confirmadas por espectroscopia na região do infravermelho e por imagens de PLM das suspensões dos CNC. Compósitos de acetato de celulose (CA), reforçados com CNC, foram preparados por extrusão, utilizando-se dois procedimentos para a incorporação da carga na matriz: mistura direta e masterbatch, sendo esse último conduzido na tentativa de evitar a etapa de liofilização, onde ocorre a formação de aglomerados de nanocristais. Ensaios mecânicos mostraram que não houve aumento significativo nas propriedades mecânicas para os compósitos preparados por mistura direta. Entretanto, compósitos preparados por masterbatch apresentaram aumento no módulo de Young em torno de 5% e 14%, para composições contendo 10 e 15 % nanocristais em massa, respectivamente. Esses resultados evidenciam a importância das condições de hidrólise para obtenção das nanopartículas, como também da escolha do método de preparação do compósito de forma a promover a menor formação de aglomerados e melhor dispersão da carga na matriz / Abstract: In this work, cotton fiber cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) were obtained by acid hydrolysis using three different acids: sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and phosphoric acid. Scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron micrographs confirmed that the acid hydrolysis conditions used were efficient to isolate their nanocrystals. However, in all samples analyzed, it was possible to observe the presence of some partially hydrolyzed fibers. Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM) showed that the freeze-drying process led to the formation of small CNC agglomerates with micron dimensions. CNC surface functionalization was carried out with the purpose of reducing the hydrophilic character, by using acetic acid and hexanoyl chloride. Chemical modifications at the surface were confirmed by infrared spectroscopy and the hydrophilic character decrease was confirmed by PLM images of the functionalized CNC. Cellulose acetate composites, reinforced with CNC, were obtained by melt extrusion using two techniques for the introduction of reinforcing agent: direct mixing and masterbatch. The latter were carried out prevent CNC agglomeration formation due to the freeze-drying process. Mechanical tests showed that there was no significant increase in of the composites prepared by direct mixing mechanical properties. However, composites prepared from masterbatch showed a 5% and 14% increase in Young's modulus for 10 and 15 wt% CNC content, respectively. These results show the importance of the hydrolysis conditions on the nanoparticle synthesis, as well as the choice of an appropriate reinforcing agent load method so as to avoid agglomeration and increase load dispersion in the matrix / Mestrado / Mestra em Química
43

Degradation von historischem Celluloseacetat: Auswirkungen äußerer Einflüsse am Beispiel der Gläsernen Figuren sowie Vorschläge zu deren Erhaltung

Kemper, Benjamin 15 March 2021 (has links)
Im 20. Jahrhundert haben sich Kunststoffe zu einem unverzichtbaren Material für eine moderne Gesellschaft entwickelt. Durch ihre vielfältigen Eigenschaften sind sie in jeden erdenklichen Einsatzbereich vorgedrungen und zu einem Teil der Menschheitsgeschichte geworden. Museen und andere Institutionen haben sich zur Aufgabe gemacht, diese Geschichte zu bewahren, zu erforschen und zu zeigen. Sie werden jedoch vor die Herausforderung gestellt, dass Kunststoffe in ihren Sammlungen im Vergleich mit Materialien wie Stein, Holz oder Metall deutlich schneller altern. Oft ist noch nicht viel über die Alterungsprozesse bekannt und es fehlt daher häufig an konkreten Handlungsanweisungen, um Objekte aus Kunststoff langfristig bewahren zu können. An dieser Stelle setzt die vorliegende Dissertation an. Diese befasst sich mit den Auswirkungen äußerer Einflüsse auf die Degradation eines der ersten und bekanntesten Kunststoffe und erarbeitet Empfehlungen zu dessen langfristiger Bewahrung. Gegenstand der Untersuchungen und Analysen ist der Kunststoff Celluloseacetat der Gläsernen Figuren des Deutschen Hygiene-Museums Dresden. Die Gläsernen Figuren sind dreidimensionale und lebensgroße Modelle des menschlichen und einiger tierischer Körper und haben sich im 20. Jahrhundert zu Ikonen ihrer Zeit entwickelt. Das transparente Celluloseacetat hat die Entwicklung dieser Objekte erst möglich gemacht und trägt maßgeblich zu deren Erscheinung und Erfolg bei. Celluloseacetat schrumpft jedoch mit zunehmendem Alter, wird brüchig, verfärbt sich und sondert Essigsäure ab. Darunter leiden das Erscheinungsbild sowie andere Materialien der Gläsernen Figuren. Durch intensive Begutachtungen sowie Messungen an diversen Gläsernen Figuren kann ein Einfluss der relativen Luftfeuchtigkeit auf die Degradation des Celluloseacetats bewiesen werden. Daher werden Modellversuche mit originalem Celluloseacetat durchgeführt und eine umfangreiche Analytik an diesem vorgenommen. Zur Analyse des Additivgehaltes wird eigens eine Ultraschallextraktionsmethode entwickelt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen einen sehr großen Einfluss der relativen Luftfeuchtigkeit auf das Celluloseacetat. Sowohl der Substitutionsgrad, Polymerisationsgrad als auch der Additivgehalt werden von einer höheren relativen Luftfeuchtigkeit negativ beeinflusst. Diese trägt des Weiteren zur Entstehung von Essigsäure bei. Der alleinige Einfluss der Essigsäure auf die Degradation des Celluloseacetats wird ebenfalls analysiert. Dieser ist geringer als angenommen und kommt vermutlich erst durch die Kombination mit der relativen Luftfeuchtigkeit zum Tragen. Aus den Ergebnissen werden Zusammenhänge sowie ein wahrscheinlicher Alterungsmechanismus abgeleitet. Ergänzt um eine theoretische Betrachtung, werden konkrete Empfehlungen zur langfristigen Erhaltung des Celluloseacetats und somit der Gläsernen Figuren ausgesprochen. Es wird eine Temperatur von 15 °C sowie eine relative Luftfeuchtigkeit von 30 % empfohlen. Dadurch können Additivmigration, Essigsäurefreisetzung und Depolymerisation signifikant reduziert und Auswirkungen auf andere Materialien vermieden werden. Die konkreten Empfehlungen werden dem Deutschen Hygiene-Museum Dresden als Teil eines Konzeptes zur präventiven Konservierung vorgeschlagen.:Inhaltsverzeichnis Kurzfassung Abstract Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung und Zielstellung 2 Theoretische Grundlagen 2.1 Polymere 2.1.1 Begriffe und Nomenklatur 2.1.2 Klassifizierung 2.1.3 Additive 2.1.4 Alterung 2.2 Celluloseacetat 2.2.1 Geschichte, Herstellung und Verwendung 2.2.2 Degradation und Konservierung 2.2.3 Künstliche Alterung 2.2.4 Analytik 2.3 Gläserne Figuren 2.3.1 Gläserner Mann 1935 2.3.2 Gläserne Frau 1935 2.3.3 Gläserner Mann 1962 2.3.4 Gläserne Kuh 1983 3 Materialien 3.1 Celluloseacetat und Celluloseacetatbutyrat 3.2 Chemikalien 4 Methoden 4.1 Charakterisierung von Celluloseacetat und Celluloseacetatbutyrat 4.2 Entwicklung einer Ultraschallextraktionsmethode für Additive 4.3 Bestimmung von Degradationsprodukten 4.3.1 Qualifizierung austretender Flüssigkeiten aus dem Celluloseacetat 4.3.1.1 Wassernachweis mit Cobaltchloridpapier 4.3.1.2 Bestimmung des pH-Wertes mit pH-Papier 4.3.1.3 Qualitative Bestimmung durch GCMS 4.3.2 Messung der Essigsäurekonzentration in der Luft 4.4 Künstliche Alterung von Celluloseacetat 4.4.1 Variation der relativen Luftfeuchtigkeit 4.4.2 Variation der Essigsäurekonzentration in der Luft 4.5 Charakterisierung von künstlich gealtertem Celluloseacetat 4.5.1 Bestimmung des Farbabstandes und des Helligkeitsunterschiedes 4.5.2 Bestimmung der Masse 4.5.3 Bestimmung des Additivgehaltes 4.5.3.1 Extraktion der Additive 4.5.3.2 Quantifizierung der Additive 4.5.3.3 GCMS Parameter 4.5.4 Bestimmung des Substitutionsgrades 4.5.4.1 Derivatisierung von Celluloseacetat 4.5.4.2 GCMS-Bestimmung des Substitutionsgrades 4.5.5 Bestimmung des Polymerisationsgrades 4.6 Analyse des Originalmaterials ausgewählter Gläserner Figuren 5 Ergebnisse und Diskussion 5.1 Charakterisierung von Celluloseacetat und Celluloseacetatbutyrat 5.2 Ultraschallextraktion von Additiven 5.3 Bestimmung von Degradationsprodukten 5.3.1 Beobachtungen 5.3.2 Austretende Flüssigkeit 5.3.3 Essigsäurekonzentration 5.4 Charakterisierung von künstlich gealtertem Celluloseacetat 5.4.1 Optische Veränderungen 5.4.2 Farbabstand und Helligkeitsunterschied 5.4.3 Masse 5.4.4 Additivgehalt 5.4.5 Substitutionsgrad 5.4.6 Polymerisationsgrad 5.5 Analyse des Originalmaterials ausgewählter Gläserner Figuren 5.6 Schlussfolgerungen zur Degradation und zum Alterungsmechanismus 5.7 Praktische Anwendung der erzielten Ergebnisse 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick Danksagungen Institutionen Publikationen Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Eigenständigkeitserklärung
44

High Resolution 3D Printing with Cellulose Acetate

Heyman, Nils January 2020 (has links)
In this project, an additive manufacturing technique called Direct Ink Writing has been used to 3D print structures from polymer solutions containing cellulose acetate. Cellulose acetate is a synthetic compound derived from plants. The intended application involves protein separation filters for medical purposes. The printing has been performed in a lab environment with focus on high resolution, with less than 10 micrometers in fibre size. Glass capillaries with an inner diameter of 3-10 micrometers were used as nozzles. Three-dimensional structures with a height of 100 micrometers and a fibre thickness of 2 micrometers were made. The results indicates that cellulose acetate is a promising polymer for Direct Ink Writing in high resolution. Improvements are needed in the ink design and/or the technical construction of the printer to avoid clogging of the nozzle.
45

Blends of Biodegradable Thermoplastics With Lignin Esters

Ghosh, Indrajit 09 July 1998 (has links)
Thermoplastic blends of several biodegradable polymers with lignin (L) and lignin esters were prepared by solvent casting and melt processing. Among the biodegradable thermoplastics were cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), poly-hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHBV), and a starch-caprolactone blend (SCL). Lignin esters included acetate (LA), butyrate (LB), hexanoate (LH), and laurate (LL). Blend characteristics were analyzed in terms of thermal and mechanical properties. The results indicate widely different levels of interaction between two polymer constituents. Melt blended samples of CAB/LA and CAB/LB were compatible on a 15-30 nm scale when probed by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, and the glass transition temperatures of the blends followed Fox equation, whereas those of CAB/LH and CAB/LL showed distinct broad transitions on the same scale. Melt blending produced well dispersed phases whereas large phase separation evolved out of solvent castings. Crystallinity and melting points of PHB and PHBV were affected by the incorporation of lignin component, revealing some interaction between the blend constituents. Blends of SCL with L and LB revealed significant effect on crystallinity and melting temperatures of poly-caprolactone component, revealing polymer-polymer interaction between SCL and lignin components. An increased degree of crystallinity was observed in the case of higher-Tg L compared to lower Tg LB. Improvememt in modulus (and in some cases strength also) was observed in almost all blends types due to the glassy reinforcing behavior of lignin. / Master of Science
46

Lyocell Fiber-Reinforced Cellulose Ester Composites-Manufacturing Considerations and Properties

Ghosh, Indrajit 23 September 1999 (has links)
Biodegradable thermoplastic composites were prepared using high modulus lyocell fibers and cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB). Two reinforcement fiber types: fabric and continuous fiber tow were used. Fabric had advantages of uniform alignment and easier processing, but lacked the use as a unidirectional reinforcement and a continuous method of matrix application. Three different matrix application methods were screened for both fiber types. Matrix application by suspension of particles in water was not feasible because of particle sizes > 15 &micro m. The other disadvantages were high moisture absorption during matrix application and void formation during consolidation. Melt processing technique using alternating sandwich structure of fabrics and CAB films produced composites with impressive appearance, low void contents and low moisture absorption. However, SEM results revealed interfacial failure and extensive fiber pull out. Relatively larger fiber and matrix regions were present on the scale of 10<sup>-3</sup>m. Solution prepregging technique using methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) as a solvent for CAB and continuous fibers as reinforcement produced composites with uniform matrix distribution, high tensile strengths and high modulus, and even wetting of fibers by CAB. A maximum tensile modulus of 21.5 GPa and a maximum strength of 251.7 MPa were achieved for a continuous fiber reinforced composites at a volume fraction of 66.5% compared to 0.8 GPa and 76 MPa for the matrix, respectively. Void contents and water absorption were relatively high compared to comparable carbon fiber composites. / Master of Science
47

An Investigation of Low Biofouling Copper-charged Membranes

Asapu, Sunitha 22 September 2014 (has links)
No description available.
48

Biocompósitos a partir de celulose de linter: filmes de acetatos de celulose/celulose e quitosana/celulose / Biocomposites from linters cellulose: cellulose acetate/cellulose and chitosan/cellulose films

Morgado, Daniella Lury 11 December 2009 (has links)
O presente trabalho visou o estudo da modificação química da celulose de linter (obtida de fonte de rápido crescimento e considerada a celulose de maior pureza isolada de fontes vegetais) através da sua derivatização em meio homogêneo, buscando-se a obtenção de materiais com características bem definidas e via um método que apresente boa reprodutibilidade. Dentre os derivados de celulose, os acetatos têm importância industrial significativa. No presente trabalho, acetatos de celulose obtidos no sistema de solvente cloreto de lítio/dimetilacetamida (LiCl/DMAc), com diferentes graus de substituição (GS) foram caracterizados através de 1H NMR, espectroscopia na região do infravermelho, viscosimetria e análises térmicas (DSC e TG). Através de métodos quantitativos aplicados às curvas termogravimétricas pode-se obter parâmetros cinéticos relacionados à decomposição térmica como a energia de ativação (Ea). Os resultados para os acetatos mostraram que conforme o GS aumenta, aumenta o grau de substituição de C2 e C3, e observa-se também aumenta Ea. Acetatos de celulose com diferentes GS foram utilizados para a obtenção de filmes a partir do mesmo sistema de solvente. Visando à obtenção de biocompósitos, filmes de acetatos de celulose com diferentes porcentagens de celulose foram preparados. Nestes filmes, os acetatos são considerados como matriz e a celulose como reforço, se tendo como pressuposto que as cadeias de celulose formarão agregados em solução, os quais serão mantidos nos filmes, atuando então como reforço. Este pressuposto é baseado em resultados de trabalhos anteriores, assim como estudos reológicos feitos no presente trabalho, que mostram que as cadeias de celulose se agregam, mesmo a baixas concentrações. Estes materiais foram caracterizados via difração de raios X, análises térmicas (DSC, TG e DMTA), cromatografia de exclusão por tamanho (SEC), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), solvatocromismo, dentre outras. A eliminação dos solventes após a obtenção dos filmes é um fator importante a ser considerado, e os resultados mostraram que o processo escolhido não leva a presença residual dos solventes utilizados. As imagens de MEV indicaram que fibras de celulose nos filmes de biocompósitos no geral não são visíveis em escala microscópica. Este resultado é promissor, pois sugere que as fibras de celulose podem estar presentes em escala nanométrica, já que para alguns filmes a ação como reforço foi observada, através da melhora em algumas propriedades. Ainda, a rugosidade dos filmes de biocompósitos foi alterada com a presença de celulose conforme mostram os resultados de AFM. Os resultados de DMTA indicaram que uma baixa porcentagem de celulose (5% de celulose) no filme de acetato de celulose com GS 0,8, foi suficiente para a ação como reforço ser observada, sugerindo que cadeias de celulose interagiram preferencialmente entre si, gerando estruturas supramoleculares de cadeias agregadas quando ainda no meio solvente (LiCl/DMAc), as quais permaneceram na preparação dos filmes. No entanto, para o filme obtido a partir de um GS maior (GS 1,5), o efeito de reforço da celulose nos filmes de biocompósitos ocorre apenas para a maior proporção de celulose (15% de celulose). Os resultados de ensaio à tração mostraram que dependendo da aplicação, ou seja, a necessidade de filmes mais resistentes à tração e maior rigidez, estes podem ser empregados. Adicionalmente, filmes de celulose e quitosana foram preparados no sistema de solvente NaOHaq./tiouréia. Nestes filmes, considera-se a quitosana como matriz e a celulose como agente de reforço. Acredita-se que as cadeias de celulose prefiram interagir entre si, gerando \"domínios\" de cadeias de celulose. Por este motivo, o termo biocompósito foi empregado também para estes filmes. Estes materiais foram caracterizados via difração de raios X, análises térmicas (DSC, TG e DMTA), biodegradação, sorção de umidade, microscopia de força atômica (AFM), dentre outras. Os resultados de difração de raios X mostram que o sistema de solvente não altera significativamente a cristalinidade dos filmes, comparativamente aos materiais de partida. As análises térmicas empregadas (TG e DSC) mostraram que a estabilidade térmica é alterada devido a presença dos dois polissacarídeos nos filmes de biocompósitos. O estudo de biodegradação dos filmes de biocompósitos em solo simulado mostrou que a velocidade de biodegradação está relacionada à proporção das regiões não cristalinas, que são mais acessíveis à água e aos microrganismos, isto é, quanto maior o valor de índice de cristalinidade, menor será a velocidade de biodegradação. Importante ressaltar que o comportamento destes filmes em relação à biodegradação está também relacionado com a morfologia apresentada pelos filmes. A análise de AFM mostrou que o aumento da proporção de quitosana nos filmes de biocompósitos leva a maiores valores de rugosidade. Os resultados obtidos para os filmes de quitosana, celulose e biocompósitos (quitosana/celulose), assim como para os filmes de acetato de celulose, celulose e biocompósitos (acetato de celulose/celulose) se mostraram promissores. / This work was aimed at studying the chemical modification of linters cellulose extracted from a source of rapid growth and considered the most pure cellulose from vegetable sources. Derivatization was carried out in a homogeneous medium to obtain materials with well-defined properties via a reproducible method. Here cellulose acetate was obtained with various degrees of substitution (DS) using the lithium chloride/dimethylacetamide system (LiCl/DMAc), being characterized with 1H NMR, infrared spectroscopy, viscometry measurements and thermal analysis (DSC and TG). The thermogravimetric curves were analyzed quantitatively, which allowed the determination of kinetics parameters for the thermal decomposition, including the activation energy (Ea). Ea and the substitution at C2 and C3 increased with increasing DS. Cellulose acetates with distinct DS were obtained in the form of films using the solvents mentioned above. Furthermore, biocomposite films were prepared with different contents of cellulose, in which the acetates were considered as matrices and the cellulose was the loading material. It is assumed that the cellulose chains form aggregates in solution, which will be preserved in the films, thus acting as reinforcement. This hypothesis was based on previous work and confirmed here with rheological data. We show that the cellulose chains are aggregated even at low concentrations. These films were characterized using X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis (DSC, TG and DMTA), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy. No residual solvent was present after film preparation. The SEM images indicated that the cellulose fibers in the biocomposite films are not visible at the microscopy scale, thus suggesting the presence of cellulose nanofibers. This is promising due to the possible enhancement in the mechanical properties, which was actually observed with a threshold percentage of only 5% of cellulose with DS 0.8. The cellulose chains apparently interacted among each other, generating supramolecular structures with aggregated chains in the LiCl/DMAc solvent. The film roughness investigated with AFM was altered by the presence of cellulose in the composite film. For the film obtained with cellulose acetate with GS 1.5, the effects from cellulose as reinforcement were only observed with higher content of cellulose (15%). According to the stress-strain tests, the films may be employed in applications requiring rigid, mechanically resistant materials. Cellulose/chitosan films were also prepared using NaOHaq./thiourea as solvent, in which chitosan served as the matrix. As in the biocomposite with cellulose acetate, the cellulose chains formed domains. The films were characterized using X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis (DSC, TG and DMTA), biodegradation tests, humidity sorption isotherms and AFM. The solvent did not affect the crystallinity of the sample, according to the XRD data. Through thermal analysis, it was inferred that the thermal stability was affected by the presence of chitosan in the biocomposite films. The study of biocomposite film degradation in a simulated soil showed that the rate of biodegradation is associated with the crystalline regions of the sample, which are more accessible to the water and the microorganisms. In other words, the higher the crystallinity the lower the biodegradation rate is. It is worth mentioning that the biodegradability also depends on the film morphology. The analysis of AFM images indicated that the film roughness increased with the content of chitosan. The results obtained with the films made with chitosan, cellulose and biocomposites (chitosan/cellulose), as well as for the films from cellulose acetate and cellulose acetate/cellulose, are promising.
49

Biocompósitos a partir de celulose de linter: filmes de acetatos de celulose/celulose e quitosana/celulose / Biocomposites from linters cellulose: cellulose acetate/cellulose and chitosan/cellulose films

Daniella Lury Morgado 11 December 2009 (has links)
O presente trabalho visou o estudo da modificação química da celulose de linter (obtida de fonte de rápido crescimento e considerada a celulose de maior pureza isolada de fontes vegetais) através da sua derivatização em meio homogêneo, buscando-se a obtenção de materiais com características bem definidas e via um método que apresente boa reprodutibilidade. Dentre os derivados de celulose, os acetatos têm importância industrial significativa. No presente trabalho, acetatos de celulose obtidos no sistema de solvente cloreto de lítio/dimetilacetamida (LiCl/DMAc), com diferentes graus de substituição (GS) foram caracterizados através de 1H NMR, espectroscopia na região do infravermelho, viscosimetria e análises térmicas (DSC e TG). Através de métodos quantitativos aplicados às curvas termogravimétricas pode-se obter parâmetros cinéticos relacionados à decomposição térmica como a energia de ativação (Ea). Os resultados para os acetatos mostraram que conforme o GS aumenta, aumenta o grau de substituição de C2 e C3, e observa-se também aumenta Ea. Acetatos de celulose com diferentes GS foram utilizados para a obtenção de filmes a partir do mesmo sistema de solvente. Visando à obtenção de biocompósitos, filmes de acetatos de celulose com diferentes porcentagens de celulose foram preparados. Nestes filmes, os acetatos são considerados como matriz e a celulose como reforço, se tendo como pressuposto que as cadeias de celulose formarão agregados em solução, os quais serão mantidos nos filmes, atuando então como reforço. Este pressuposto é baseado em resultados de trabalhos anteriores, assim como estudos reológicos feitos no presente trabalho, que mostram que as cadeias de celulose se agregam, mesmo a baixas concentrações. Estes materiais foram caracterizados via difração de raios X, análises térmicas (DSC, TG e DMTA), cromatografia de exclusão por tamanho (SEC), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), solvatocromismo, dentre outras. A eliminação dos solventes após a obtenção dos filmes é um fator importante a ser considerado, e os resultados mostraram que o processo escolhido não leva a presença residual dos solventes utilizados. As imagens de MEV indicaram que fibras de celulose nos filmes de biocompósitos no geral não são visíveis em escala microscópica. Este resultado é promissor, pois sugere que as fibras de celulose podem estar presentes em escala nanométrica, já que para alguns filmes a ação como reforço foi observada, através da melhora em algumas propriedades. Ainda, a rugosidade dos filmes de biocompósitos foi alterada com a presença de celulose conforme mostram os resultados de AFM. Os resultados de DMTA indicaram que uma baixa porcentagem de celulose (5% de celulose) no filme de acetato de celulose com GS 0,8, foi suficiente para a ação como reforço ser observada, sugerindo que cadeias de celulose interagiram preferencialmente entre si, gerando estruturas supramoleculares de cadeias agregadas quando ainda no meio solvente (LiCl/DMAc), as quais permaneceram na preparação dos filmes. No entanto, para o filme obtido a partir de um GS maior (GS 1,5), o efeito de reforço da celulose nos filmes de biocompósitos ocorre apenas para a maior proporção de celulose (15% de celulose). Os resultados de ensaio à tração mostraram que dependendo da aplicação, ou seja, a necessidade de filmes mais resistentes à tração e maior rigidez, estes podem ser empregados. Adicionalmente, filmes de celulose e quitosana foram preparados no sistema de solvente NaOHaq./tiouréia. Nestes filmes, considera-se a quitosana como matriz e a celulose como agente de reforço. Acredita-se que as cadeias de celulose prefiram interagir entre si, gerando \"domínios\" de cadeias de celulose. Por este motivo, o termo biocompósito foi empregado também para estes filmes. Estes materiais foram caracterizados via difração de raios X, análises térmicas (DSC, TG e DMTA), biodegradação, sorção de umidade, microscopia de força atômica (AFM), dentre outras. Os resultados de difração de raios X mostram que o sistema de solvente não altera significativamente a cristalinidade dos filmes, comparativamente aos materiais de partida. As análises térmicas empregadas (TG e DSC) mostraram que a estabilidade térmica é alterada devido a presença dos dois polissacarídeos nos filmes de biocompósitos. O estudo de biodegradação dos filmes de biocompósitos em solo simulado mostrou que a velocidade de biodegradação está relacionada à proporção das regiões não cristalinas, que são mais acessíveis à água e aos microrganismos, isto é, quanto maior o valor de índice de cristalinidade, menor será a velocidade de biodegradação. Importante ressaltar que o comportamento destes filmes em relação à biodegradação está também relacionado com a morfologia apresentada pelos filmes. A análise de AFM mostrou que o aumento da proporção de quitosana nos filmes de biocompósitos leva a maiores valores de rugosidade. Os resultados obtidos para os filmes de quitosana, celulose e biocompósitos (quitosana/celulose), assim como para os filmes de acetato de celulose, celulose e biocompósitos (acetato de celulose/celulose) se mostraram promissores. / This work was aimed at studying the chemical modification of linters cellulose extracted from a source of rapid growth and considered the most pure cellulose from vegetable sources. Derivatization was carried out in a homogeneous medium to obtain materials with well-defined properties via a reproducible method. Here cellulose acetate was obtained with various degrees of substitution (DS) using the lithium chloride/dimethylacetamide system (LiCl/DMAc), being characterized with 1H NMR, infrared spectroscopy, viscometry measurements and thermal analysis (DSC and TG). The thermogravimetric curves were analyzed quantitatively, which allowed the determination of kinetics parameters for the thermal decomposition, including the activation energy (Ea). Ea and the substitution at C2 and C3 increased with increasing DS. Cellulose acetates with distinct DS were obtained in the form of films using the solvents mentioned above. Furthermore, biocomposite films were prepared with different contents of cellulose, in which the acetates were considered as matrices and the cellulose was the loading material. It is assumed that the cellulose chains form aggregates in solution, which will be preserved in the films, thus acting as reinforcement. This hypothesis was based on previous work and confirmed here with rheological data. We show that the cellulose chains are aggregated even at low concentrations. These films were characterized using X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis (DSC, TG and DMTA), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy. No residual solvent was present after film preparation. The SEM images indicated that the cellulose fibers in the biocomposite films are not visible at the microscopy scale, thus suggesting the presence of cellulose nanofibers. This is promising due to the possible enhancement in the mechanical properties, which was actually observed with a threshold percentage of only 5% of cellulose with DS 0.8. The cellulose chains apparently interacted among each other, generating supramolecular structures with aggregated chains in the LiCl/DMAc solvent. The film roughness investigated with AFM was altered by the presence of cellulose in the composite film. For the film obtained with cellulose acetate with GS 1.5, the effects from cellulose as reinforcement were only observed with higher content of cellulose (15%). According to the stress-strain tests, the films may be employed in applications requiring rigid, mechanically resistant materials. Cellulose/chitosan films were also prepared using NaOHaq./thiourea as solvent, in which chitosan served as the matrix. As in the biocomposite with cellulose acetate, the cellulose chains formed domains. The films were characterized using X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis (DSC, TG and DMTA), biodegradation tests, humidity sorption isotherms and AFM. The solvent did not affect the crystallinity of the sample, according to the XRD data. Through thermal analysis, it was inferred that the thermal stability was affected by the presence of chitosan in the biocomposite films. The study of biocomposite film degradation in a simulated soil showed that the rate of biodegradation is associated with the crystalline regions of the sample, which are more accessible to the water and the microorganisms. In other words, the higher the crystallinity the lower the biodegradation rate is. It is worth mentioning that the biodegradability also depends on the film morphology. The analysis of AFM images indicated that the film roughness increased with the content of chitosan. The results obtained with the films made with chitosan, cellulose and biocomposites (chitosan/cellulose), as well as for the films from cellulose acetate and cellulose acetate/cellulose, are promising.
50

Development of a cellulose acetate hollow-fine-fibre membrane

Tawari, Akram 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScEng (Process Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The goal of this study is to produce cellulose acetate (CA) hollow-fine-fibre membranes with good water flux performance in the 95 – 96% salt retention range for brackish water desalination from first principles. First, the acceptable range of fibre dimensions was determined by means of a collapse pressure calculation using the elastic buckling pressure equation (thin shell assumption). Second, the pressure drop across the fibre wall in the hollow-fine fibre was determined by using the Hagen-Poiseuille equation, in order to determine how this would affect the chosen fibre dimensions. It was determined that the acceptable range of fibre dimensions was 222 – 247 m, and the wall thickness was 50 m. Fibres with these dimensions exhibited a high resistance to brackish water operating pressure of 20 – 25 bar, without collapse. The pressure drop calculations of these dimensions showed a sufficiently low pressure drop across the fibres. A dry-wet spinning technique was used for the preparation of the hollow-fine-fibre membranes. Hollow-fine fibres were spun using CA dissolved in a suitable solvent and non-solvent mixture comprising acetone and formamide. The effects of the dope composition and spinning parameters such as solvent to non-solvent ratio, bore fluid ratio, take-up speed, dope extrusion rate and heat treatment on the membrane morphology and performance were investigated. The spun fibres showed a good morphological structure, with no macrovoids (sponge-like structure), which is favourable for reverse osmosis (RO) applications. The hollow-fine-fibre membranes showed a good brackish water desalination performance within brackish water operating conditions. Statistical analysis was used to generate a fabrication formulation for producing cellulose acetate hollow-fine-fibre membrane for brackish water desalination with improved salt retention and flux. A three-level three-factor factorial was used to the study of the effect of spinning parameters (solvent to non-solvent ratio, bore fluid ratio and air gap distance). A regression equation was successfully established and was used to predictably produce membranes with good performance within the limits of the factors studied. RO performance of these hollow-fine-fibre membranes was good: The salt retention ranged from 96 to 98% and the permeate flux ranged from 60 to 46 L/m2.d (2 000 ppm, NaCl, 20 bar, 24 oC). / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie het ten doel gehad om selluloseasetaat holveselmembrane vanaf eerste beginsels vir brakwaterontsouting te ontwikkel. Die ontsoutingsvlakke van die membrane moet tussen 95 en 96% lê met ’n aanvaarbare waterproduksievermoë. Aanvaarbare deursneë vir die holvesels is eerstens bepaal deur platval-berekeninge met behulp van die inmekaarvouvergelyking uit te voer (dunwand aanname). Hierna is drukval oor die wand van die holvesel met behulp van die Hagen-Poiseuille vergelyking bepaal ten einde vas te stel hoe dit die gekose dimensies sal beïnvloed. Daar is vasgestel dat vesel deursneë tussen 222 en 247 um met ’n 50 um wand aanvaarbaar is. Vesels met hierdie dimensies het ’n hoë weerstand teen inval getoon by brakwater opereringsdrukke tussen 20 en 25 bar. ’n Droë-nat spintegniek is in die voorbereiding van die holveselmembrane gebruik. Holvesel membrane is met ’n selluloseasetaat stroop gespin wat uit ’n oplosmiddel (asetoon) en nieoplossmiddel (formamied) bestaan het. Die effek van die spinstroop samestelling en spinparameters soos die oplosmiddel tot nieoplosmiddel verhouding, lumen-vloeistof verhouding, opneemspoed, spinstroop ekstrusie tempo en hittebehandeling op membraan morfologie en werkverrigting is ondersoek. Die gespinde vesels toon ’n sponsagtige struktuur sonder die teenwoordigheid van enige mikroleemtes wat voordelig is vir tru-osmose toepassings. Die holvesel membrane het aanvaarbare brakwater ontsoutings werkverrigting. Statistiese analise is gebruik in die generasie van produksieformulasies vir die produksie van brakwater ontsoutingsmembrane met verbeterde retensie en vloed. ’n Drie-vlak driefaktoriaal ontwerp is tydens die studie gebruik om die effek van spinparameters (oplosmiddel tot nie-oplosmiddel verhouding, lumen vloeistof verhouding, en lug-gaping) te ondersoek. ’n Regressie vergelyking is suksesvol daargestel en gebruik om voorspelbaar membrane met goeie werkverrigting binne die limiete van die studie te produseer. Die tru-osmose werkverrigting van die membrane was goed: die sout retensie het tussen 96 en 98% gelê en die permeaatvloed tussen 60 en 46 L/m2.d (2 000 ppm NaCl, 20 bar, 24oC).

Page generated in 0.0648 seconds