<p dir="ltr">PDAC, the most common type of pancreatic cancer, is a highly metastatic cancer that has a low survival rate. It is histologically characterized by a thick desmoplastic stroma. Counterintuitively, PCCs can still manage to survive in such a restrictive environment and even metastasize to distant organs. Over the years, efforts have been made to find out the mechanisms underlying these perplexing behaviors. However, questions about the role of ECM accumulation and enhanced stiffness in PCC dissemination remained unanswered. In this dissertation, we aim to advance the material design for tumor modeling, and propose an explanation for the malignant cell behavior in the PDAC TME. This is achieved through the use of hydrogel-based tumor models that recapitulate the elevated stiffness of the tumor tissue. Specifically, hydrogel stiffness was tuned to mimic the PDAC TME to understand how PCCs and CAFs respond to various substrate stiffnesses temporally. Next, we employ bio-orthogonal click chemistries to create hydrogels with on-demand stiffening capabilities, as well as hyaluronic acid deposition in the hydrogel, to investigate the effect of dynamic change in matrix stiffness and composition on PDAC cells and CAFs. Lastly, by leveraging thiol-norbornene, aldehyde-hydrazide, and tetrazine-norbornene click chemistries, we created a microporous hydrogel system with a conformation that combines both the advantage of 3D cell culture and the non-restricting nature of 2D cell culture. Additionally, the system allows the application of modularized user-defined factors, including, but not limited to stiffness and HA deposition to the system. Stiff gel in 2D facilitated cell spreading of Pa03C in the presence of CAF. Despite being more restrictive on cell spreading, stiff gelatin gel in 3D induced cytokines that promote matrix remodeling and spreading cell morphology can be restored by stiffening with HA. Overall, this dissertation demonstrated that ECM component (i.e., HA), culture dimensionality, and cell-cell interaction play a huge role in cell behavior, and these factors may interact with each other and result in synergistic effects.</p>

No / Functional, degradable polymers were synthesized via the copolymerization of vinyl acetate (VAc) and 2-methylene-1,3-dioxepane (MDO) using a macro-xanthate CTA, poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone), resulting in the formation of amphiphilic block copolymers of poly(NVP)-b-poly(MDO-co-VAc). The behavior of the block copolymers in water was investigated and resulted in the formation of self-assembled nanoparticles containing a hydrophobic core and a hydrophilic corona. The size of the resultant nanoparticles was able to be tuned with variation of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments of the core and corona by changing the incorporation of the macro-CTA as well as the monomer composition in the copolymers, as observed by Dynamic Light Scattering, Static Light Scattering, and Transmission Electron Microscopy analyses. The concept was further applied to a VAc derivative monomer, vinyl bromobutanoate, to incorporate further functionalities such as fluorescent dithiomaleimide groups throughout the polymer backbone using azidation and “click” chemistry as postpolymerization tools to create fluorescently labeled nanoparticles. / University of Warwick, BP, The Royal Society

Cette thèse a pour objectif l’élaboration de nanoparticules hybrides à base de silice par microémulsion inverse. Les nanoparticules de silice constituent une matrice de base permettant de confiner et de protéger des molécules organiques et/ou des nanoparticules métalliques. L’incorporation combinée de différentes entités dans la silice ouvre ainsi de larges perspectives de par l'introduction de nouvelles propriétés liées à la structure hybride. Afin d’élaborer de tels objets, nous avons utilisé des micelles inverses à base d'eau, de Triton X-100, d'hexanol et de cyclohexane comme milieu réactionnel. L’influence des conditions opératoires sur le contrôle de la taille des micelles inverses a d'abord été étudiée. Ces micelles inverses ont ensuite été mises à profit comme nanoréacteurs pour la synthèse de nanoparticules de silice par procédé sol-gel en utilisant les précurseurs alkoxysilanes adéquats. Nous avons regardé dans quelle mesure il était possible de contrôler la taille des nanoparticules de silice en fonction du pourcentage d’eau par rapport au tensioactif. Il a ainsi été possible d’accéder de façon reproductible à des nanoparticules avec de tailles variables, de 30 nm à 200 nm. Nous avons ensuite regardé qu'il était possible d'encapsuler au sein de cette matrice nanométrique des fluorophores et des nanoparticules d’or et d’argent de façon contrôlée. En vue d’assurer une bonne stabilisation colloïdale en solution, ces nanoparticules hybrides ont été fonctionnalisées d'une part par ajout d'un silane fonctionnel et d'autre part par click chemistry. Nous avons ainsi pu montrer qu’il est possible d’effectuer dans un même milieu micellaire l’ensemble des processus de fabrication de la nanoparticule hybride, de la matrice de silice à sa fonctionnalisation en passant par l’incorporation d’entités fonctionnelles. Cette méthode de synthèse séquentielle nous a ainsi permis de supprimer les étapes de purification et de redispersion qui peuvent s’avérer problématiques dans les procédés classiques. L’ensemble de ce travail a été mis à profit pour la conception d’un agent antibactérien à base de nanoparticules argent/silice capables d’empêcher la prolifération bactérienne grâce au relargage progressif des ions argent. Les tests effectués en solution comme sur le coton et le polyéthylène téréphtalate imprégnés montrent effectivement un caractère antibactérien certain de ces systèmes. / This thesis aims at developing hybrid nanoparticles based on silica by reverse microemulsion. The silica nanoparticles are the basic matrix containing and protecting organic molecules and/or metallic nanoparticles. The combined incorporation of different entities within the silica opens wide prospects for the introduction of new properties related to the hybrid structure. To develop such objects, we used reverse micelles based on water, Triton X-100, hexanol and cyclohexan as reaction medium. The influence of operating conditions on the control of the size of reverse micelles was first studied. These micelles were then set to be used as nanoreactors for the synthesis of silica nanoparticles by sol-gel using suitable alkoxysilanes precursors. We monitored how it was possible to control the size of silica nanoparticles based on the water to surfactant ratio. It was thus possible to prepare in a reproducible way nanoparticles with sizes varying from 30 nm to 200 nm. We then investigated the possibility to encapsulate, in this nanoscaled matrix, fluorophores and nanoparticles of gold and silver in a controlled manner. To ensure a good colloidal stability in solution, these hybrid nanoparticles were, on the one hand, modified by adding a functional silane and, on the other hand, by click chemistry. We have thus shown that it is possible to perform, in a same micellar media, all of manufacturing process of the hybrid nanoparticle, from the silica matrix to its functionalization passing by the incorporation of functional entities. This method of sequential synthesis allowed us to bypass the purification and redispersion steps that can be problematic in the conventional methods. All this work has been extended to the design of an antibacterial agent based of silver/silica nanoparticles, capable of preventing bacterial growth through the gradual release of silver ions. Tests conducted in solution on the impregnated cotton and polyethylene terephtalate indeed show an interesting antibacterial character of these systems.

De acordo com a Organização Mundial de Saúde (World Health Organization - WHO), aproximadamente 40 milhões de pessoas ao redor do mundo estão infectadas com HIV/AIDS. Atualmente, a epidemia tem sido controlada em grande parte do mundo ocidental, porém, projeções sugerem que, até o fim desta década, o número de incidência da doença poderá duplicar. Apesar das significantes melhoras na morbidade e mortalidade de pacientes infectados pelo HIV, o rápido surgimento de cepas resistentes aos agentes anti-HIV, além dos efeitos adversos e o alto custo de fármacos de última geração, torna-se necessário o continuo desenvolvimento de novas classes de agentes anti-HIV. A transcrição e multiplicação do RNA viral são dependentes das interações seqüência-específica entre duas proteínas reguladoras virais essenciais, Tat e Rev, com seus respectivos sítios no RNA, TAR e RRE. Durante a última década, os aminoglicosídeos foram introduzidos como ligantes universais do RNA, sendo capazes de se ligar ao TAR e ao RRE. A literatura apresenta diversos aminoglicosídeos que são capazes de se ligar ao TAR e inibir a interação Tat-TAR bem como, inibir competitivamente a ligação da proteína Rev ao RRE, como, por exemplo, a neomicina e tobramicina. Considerando a importância dos aminoglicosídeos e análogos nucleosídicos, conhecidamente eficazes na terapia antirretroviral, o trabalho foi direcionado para a síntese de conjugados de aminociclitol, 2- desoxi-estreptramina, e adenosina, bem como, dímeros de adenosina via estratégia de click chemistry por reação de cicloadição azido-alcino catalisada por Cu(I) (CuAAC). Para a síntese destes produtos, o precursor adenosina foi convertido no derivado 5\'-azido-5\'- desoxi-adenosina, o qual foi condensado com diversos diinos terminais comerciais, contendo diferentes grupos espaçantes, com a finalidade de explorar suas influências nas propriedades eletrônicas e estéricas nos conjugados de interesse frente à atividade anti-HIV. Os derivados alcinos presentes na posição C-5\' de adenosina, via grupo triazol, foram empregados para a síntese dos monômeros nucleosídeo-aminociclitóis, assim como, na síntese de dímeros nucleosíde0-aminociclitóis, via reação de cicloadição 1,3-dipolar, na presença de CuSO4, quantidade catalítica, e ascorbato de sódio, para geração in situ de Cu(I). Adicionalmente, alguns dos compostos, na concentração de 1mM, foram testados empregando o ensaio de ELISA para detecção da presença de proteína viral p24 em linhagem células H9 e avaliação de sua atividade antirretroviral. De acordo com o ensaio biológico, um dos compostos preparados apresentou, proporcionalmente ao crescimento da linhagem H9 (HIV) controle, atividade de inibição de formação da proteína viral p24 similar ao composto padrão zidovudina (AZT). Além disso, outros dois compostos também apresentaram um resultado relevante uma vez que suas atividades foram similares ao composto padrão lamivudina (3TC). Estes resultados sugerem que a presença de uma cadeia metilênica mais extensa, como cadeia lateral ou grupo espaçante, pode influenciar positivamente a atividade biológica por efeito hidrofóbico ou estérico. Por fim, os ensaios de viabilidade celular demonstraram que os compostos testados não foram citotóxicos nas condições testadas. / According to World Health Organization - WHO about 40 million of people are infected with HIV/AIDS. Currently, the epidemic has been controlled largely in the western world, since, projections suggest that, until this decade end, the disease incidence could increase. Despite significant improvements in morbidity and mortality of HIV-patients, quick emergence of resistant strains to anti-HIV agents, in addition to adverse effects and high cost of recent drugs, becomes necessary the ongoing development of new classes of HIV agents. Transcription and translation of the viral RNA are dependent of sequence-specific interactions among two essential viral regulatory proteins, Tat and Rev, and their corresponding TAR and RRE sites in HIV-1 RNA. Over the past decade, aminoglycosides were established as universal RNA linkers, being able to link to TAR and RRE. The literature reports several aminoglycosides that bind to TAR and inhibit Tat-TAR interaction, as well as, competitively inhibit the bind between Rev protein and RRE, such as: neomycin and tobramycin. Considering the importance of nucleosides analogs, effective in antiretroviral therapy, and aminoglycosides, the work was driven to the synthesis of aminocyclitol, 2- deoxy-streptamine, conjugated to the adenosine, as well as, conjugated dimers of adenosine by molecular duplication via click chemistry strategy involving copper-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC). For the synthesis of these products, the starting material adenosine was converted to 5\'-azide-5\'-deoxy-adenosine, which was conjugated with several commercials terminal dialkynes containing different intercalating groups in order to explore the influences of the steric and electronic properties of conjugates towards anti-HIV activity. Alkynes derivated at C-5\' position of adenosine, via triazole group, were used in the synthesis of nucleoside-linked aminocyclitols, as well as, nucleoside conjugated dimers by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction under microwave-assisted conditions (MW), using the catalytic system CuSO4/sodium ascorbate for the in situ generation of Cu(I). Additionally, several compounds, at concentration of 1mM, were tested in vitro by ELISA for detection of p24 protein in H9 cells to antiretroviral evaluation. According with the biologic assay, one of the compounds showed inhibition of p24 protein production similar to zidovudine (AZT), when compared to H9 cells line growth control, Furthermore, two compounds also showed important activities similar to lamivudine (3TC). These results suggest that the presence of a longer methylenic chain, as side chain or intercalating groups, could influence positively in the biologic activity due to hydrophobic or steric effects. Ultimately, the cell viability assays showed that compounds were not cytotoxic in the tested conditions.

La contamination des surfaces par des bactéries et l’émergence de souches résistantes aux antimicrobiens sont des problèmes très préoccupants dans différents domaines tel que les domaines hospitalier et alimentaire. Cette contamination commence par l’adhésion de bactéries pathogènes sur une surface jusqu’à la formation de biofilms. Ces derniers contribuent à l’émergence de résistances de certaines souches bactériennes aux traitements conventionnels. Pour répondre à ces problèmes de contamination des surfaces, ces travaux de thèse portent sur le développement de nouveaux matériaux antibactériens à base de fibres de pâte à papier. Nous nous sommes intéressés, dans une première partie, à l’élaboration d’un papier antibactérien par le greffage, via un lien triazine, de deux composés d’huiles essentielles, le thymol et le carvacrol, connus pour leurs activités antibactériennes. L’évaluation microbiologique des matériaux élaborés, sur les deux souches bactériennes testées, E.coli et S.aureus, a montré un effet bactériostatique. Ces matériaux bloquent donc la croissance bactérienne empêchant ainsi la formation des biofilms. Une synergie entre le thymol et le carvacrol lorsqu’ils sont greffés sur les fibres de pâte à papier a également été montré. Dans une deuxième partie, notre étude s’est focalisée sur l’élaboration d’un papier antibactérien qui n’acquière son activité qu’après greffage et formation du motif actif « aryl-1,2,3-triazole ». Le greffage est réalisé par une réaction de « Click Chemistry », la cycloaddition de Huisguen catalysée par le cuivre I. Les tests antibactériens révèlent l’importance du substituant de l’aryle, l’influence du temps de contact et la pertinence d’utiliser des mélanges de matériaux. L’activité antibactérienne observée sur les fibres de la pâte thermomécanique est meilleure dans les deux parties. Les différents résultats obtenus sont décrits dans ce manuscrit. / The contamination of surfaces by bacteria and the emergence of antimicrobial resistant strains are very worrying problems in different areas such as hospital and food. This contamination begins with the adhesion of pathogenic bacteria on a surface until the formation of biofilms. These biofilms contribute to the emergence of resistances of certain bacterial strains to conventional treatments. To answer these problems of surface contamination, this thesis work focuses on the development of new antibacterial materials based on pulp fibers. In the first part, we focused on the development of an antibacterial paper by grafting, via triazine link, two essential oil compounds, thymol and carvacrol, known for their antibacterial activities. The microbiological evaluation of the developed materials against the two bacterial strains tested, E. coli and S. aureus, showed a bacteriostatic effect. These materials block the bacterial growth thus preventing the biofilms formation. Synergy between thymol and carvacrol grafted onto paper has also been shown. In a second part, our study focused on the development of an antibacterial paper that acquires its activity only after the grafting and formation of "aryl-1,2,3-triazole", the active motif. The grafting is carried out by a reaction of "Click Chemistry", the copper (I)-catalyzed Azide Alkyne Cycloaddition. The antibacterial tests reveal the importance of the aryl substituent, the influence of the contact time and the relevance of using mixtures of materials. The antibacterial activity observed on the thermomechanical pulp fibers is better in both parts. The different results obtained are described in this manuscript.

A la suite des nombreux travaux sur l’inhibition de la glycogène phosphorylase (GP) menés au laboratoire et au travers de diverses collaborations, cette thèse décrit en cinq chapitres suivis d’une partie expérimentale détaillée, les dernières avancées en termes de synthèse et d’évaluation biologique des inhibiteurs du site catalytique de la GP. La chapitre I de ce manuscrit est consacrée à la présentation des diabètes et plus particulièrement du diabète de type II dont le traitement, motivation première de ce projet, repose sur la connaissance des mécanismes complexes régulant la glycémie. Les différents inhibiteurs synthétisés sont classés par famille selon leur structure qui associe un aglycone hétérocyclique, susceptible d’affinité pour le canal β proche du site actif de l’enzyme, avec un motif glycopyranosidique, ou glycopyranosylidène dans le cas des motifs spiro. Le chapitre II est consacré aux inhibiteurs spiro-bicycliques tels que les glucopyranosylidène-spiro-1,4,2-oxathiazoles et les glucopyranosylidène-spiro-isoxazolines. Le chapitre III décrit la synthèse de C- et N-glycosyles hétérocycles, principalement des glycopyranosyl-1,2,3-triazoles. Enfin le chapitre IV décrit la fonctionnalisation de 5-halogéno-1,2,3-triazoles 4-substitués par couplages pallado-catalysés qui ont constitué un développement imprévu mais original des travaux. Pour terminer, le chapitre V décrit l’évaluation des molécules préparées en tant qu’inhibiteurs de la glycogène phosphorylase. Les expériences et résultats d’enzymologie, de cristallographie ainsi que les tests cellulaires in vitro et in vivo sur le rat sont présentés / Following many studies lead on the inhibition of glycogen phosphorylase (GP) in our laboratory an trough several collaborations, this thesis describes in five chapters and a detailed experimental section, the most recent advances in the areas of synthesis and biological evaluation of GP’s catalytic site inhibitors. Chapter I is dedicated to the description of diabetes and especially type 2 diabetes of which treatment, the main goal of this project, requires knowledge of the complex mechanisms that regulates glycemia. Synthesized inhibitors are broken down into families according to their structure which associates an heterocyclic aglycon, prone to binding in the β pocket lining the active site, with a glycopyranoside or glycopyranosylidene moiety in the case of spiro compounds. Chapter II focuses on spiro-bicyclic inhibitors such as glucopyranosilidene-spiro-1,4,2-oxathiazoles and glucopranosylidene-spiro-isoxazolines. Chapter III describes the synthesis of C- and N-glycosyl-heterocycles, mainly glycopyranosyl-1,2,3-triazoles. Finally, chapter IV studies the palladium-mediated cross coupling fonctionalization of 4-substituted-5-halogenated-1,2,3-triazoles that represents an unexpected but interesting development of the project. To conclude, chapter V gathers the evaluation of synthesized molecules as GP inhibitors. Enzymology and crystallography as well as in vitro and in vivo experiments are presented

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Neste trabalho foi realizada a modificação química do poli(cloreto de vinila) (PVC) pela sua reação com azida de sódio, onde alguns dos seus átomos de cloro foram substituídos por azidas. Em seguida o grupo incorporado foi transformado em triazóis por uma reação de cicloadição 1,3 entre o polímero modificado e propiolato de etila, sendo a reação catalisada por iodeto de cobre. Essas reações foram conduzidas sob aquecimento convencional e empregando irradiação de micro-ondas. Inicialmente, a reação incorporou 20% de triazol no PVC, sendo avaliadas as condições reacionais ideais. Essas condições foram usadas para a formação de novos copolímeros com diferentes teores de triazóis incorporados. Os produtos obtidos foram usados para o suporte de paládio que é utilizado como catalisador na reação de Suzuki-Miyaura. Todos os copolímeros foram caracterizados por espectroscopia na região do infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR) / In this work was performed the chemical modification of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) by its reaction with sodium azide, in which some of their chlorine atoms has been replaced with azides. Then the azide group was converted to 1,2,3-triazoles by a 1,3-cycloaddition reaction between the modified polymer and ethyl propiolate, the reaction was catalyzed by copper iodide. These reactions were conducted using conventional heating and microwave irradiation. Initially, the reaction incorporated triazole in 20% of PVC, the optimal reaction conditions was evaluated. These conditions were used for the formation of new copolymers with different amounts of incorporated triazoles. The products obtained were used as a support for palladium, which is used as a catalyst in Suzuki-Miyaura reaction. All copolymers were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Neste trabalho foi realizada a modificação química do poli(cloreto de vinila) (PVC) pela sua reação com azida de sódio, onde alguns dos seus átomos de cloro foram substituídos por azidas. Em seguida o grupo incorporado foi transformado em triazóis por uma reação de cicloadição 1,3 entre o polímero modificado e propiolato de etila, sendo a reação catalisada por iodeto de cobre. Essas reações foram conduzidas sob aquecimento convencional e empregando irradiação de micro-ondas. Inicialmente, a reação incorporou 20% de triazol no PVC, sendo avaliadas as condições reacionais ideais. Essas condições foram usadas para a formação de novos copolímeros com diferentes teores de triazóis incorporados. Os produtos obtidos foram usados para o suporte de paládio que é utilizado como catalisador na reação de Suzuki-Miyaura. Todos os copolímeros foram caracterizados por espectroscopia na região do infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR) / In this work was performed the chemical modification of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) by its reaction with sodium azide, in which some of their chlorine atoms has been replaced with azides. Then the azide group was converted to 1,2,3-triazoles by a 1,3-cycloaddition reaction between the modified polymer and ethyl propiolate, the reaction was catalyzed by copper iodide. These reactions were conducted using conventional heating and microwave irradiation. Initially, the reaction incorporated triazole in 20% of PVC, the optimal reaction conditions was evaluated. These conditions were used for the formation of new copolymers with different amounts of incorporated triazoles. The products obtained were used as a support for palladium, which is used as a catalyst in Suzuki-Miyaura reaction. All copolymers were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR)

De acordo com a Organização Mundial de Saúde (World Health Organization - WHO), aproximadamente 40 milhões de pessoas ao redor do mundo estão infectadas com HIV/AIDS. Atualmente, a epidemia tem sido controlada em grande parte do mundo ocidental, porém, projeções sugerem que, até o fim desta década, o número de incidência da doença poderá duplicar. Apesar das significantes melhoras na morbidade e mortalidade de pacientes infectados pelo HIV, o rápido surgimento de cepas resistentes aos agentes anti-HIV, além dos efeitos adversos e o alto custo de fármacos de última geração, torna-se necessário o continuo desenvolvimento de novas classes de agentes anti-HIV. A transcrição e multiplicação do RNA viral são dependentes das interações seqüência-específica entre duas proteínas reguladoras virais essenciais, Tat e Rev, com seus respectivos sítios no RNA, TAR e RRE. Durante a última década, os aminoglicosídeos foram introduzidos como ligantes universais do RNA, sendo capazes de se ligar ao TAR e ao RRE. A literatura apresenta diversos aminoglicosídeos que são capazes de se ligar ao TAR e inibir a interação Tat-TAR bem como, inibir competitivamente a ligação da proteína Rev ao RRE, como, por exemplo, a neomicina e tobramicina. Considerando a importância dos aminoglicosídeos e análogos nucleosídicos, conhecidamente eficazes na terapia antirretroviral, o trabalho foi direcionado para a síntese de conjugados de aminociclitol, 2- desoxi-estreptramina, e adenosina, bem como, dímeros de adenosina via estratégia de click chemistry por reação de cicloadição azido-alcino catalisada por Cu(I) (CuAAC). Para a síntese destes produtos, o precursor adenosina foi convertido no derivado 5\'-azido-5\'- desoxi-adenosina, o qual foi condensado com diversos diinos terminais comerciais, contendo diferentes grupos espaçantes, com a finalidade de explorar suas influências nas propriedades eletrônicas e estéricas nos conjugados de interesse frente à atividade anti-HIV. Os derivados alcinos presentes na posição C-5\' de adenosina, via grupo triazol, foram empregados para a síntese dos monômeros nucleosídeo-aminociclitóis, assim como, na síntese de dímeros nucleosíde0-aminociclitóis, via reação de cicloadição 1,3-dipolar, na presença de CuSO4, quantidade catalítica, e ascorbato de sódio, para geração in situ de Cu(I). Adicionalmente, alguns dos compostos, na concentração de 1mM, foram testados empregando o ensaio de ELISA para detecção da presença de proteína viral p24 em linhagem células H9 e avaliação de sua atividade antirretroviral. De acordo com o ensaio biológico, um dos compostos preparados apresentou, proporcionalmente ao crescimento da linhagem H9 (HIV) controle, atividade de inibição de formação da proteína viral p24 similar ao composto padrão zidovudina (AZT). Além disso, outros dois compostos também apresentaram um resultado relevante uma vez que suas atividades foram similares ao composto padrão lamivudina (3TC). Estes resultados sugerem que a presença de uma cadeia metilênica mais extensa, como cadeia lateral ou grupo espaçante, pode influenciar positivamente a atividade biológica por efeito hidrofóbico ou estérico. Por fim, os ensaios de viabilidade celular demonstraram que os compostos testados não foram citotóxicos nas condições testadas. / According to World Health Organization - WHO about 40 million of people are infected with HIV/AIDS. Currently, the epidemic has been controlled largely in the western world, since, projections suggest that, until this decade end, the disease incidence could increase. Despite significant improvements in morbidity and mortality of HIV-patients, quick emergence of resistant strains to anti-HIV agents, in addition to adverse effects and high cost of recent drugs, becomes necessary the ongoing development of new classes of HIV agents. Transcription and translation of the viral RNA are dependent of sequence-specific interactions among two essential viral regulatory proteins, Tat and Rev, and their corresponding TAR and RRE sites in HIV-1 RNA. Over the past decade, aminoglycosides were established as universal RNA linkers, being able to link to TAR and RRE. The literature reports several aminoglycosides that bind to TAR and inhibit Tat-TAR interaction, as well as, competitively inhibit the bind between Rev protein and RRE, such as: neomycin and tobramycin. Considering the importance of nucleosides analogs, effective in antiretroviral therapy, and aminoglycosides, the work was driven to the synthesis of aminocyclitol, 2- deoxy-streptamine, conjugated to the adenosine, as well as, conjugated dimers of adenosine by molecular duplication via click chemistry strategy involving copper-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC). For the synthesis of these products, the starting material adenosine was converted to 5\'-azide-5\'-deoxy-adenosine, which was conjugated with several commercials terminal dialkynes containing different intercalating groups in order to explore the influences of the steric and electronic properties of conjugates towards anti-HIV activity. Alkynes derivated at C-5\' position of adenosine, via triazole group, were used in the synthesis of nucleoside-linked aminocyclitols, as well as, nucleoside conjugated dimers by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction under microwave-assisted conditions (MW), using the catalytic system CuSO4/sodium ascorbate for the in situ generation of Cu(I). Additionally, several compounds, at concentration of 1mM, were tested in vitro by ELISA for detection of p24 protein in H9 cells to antiretroviral evaluation. According with the biologic assay, one of the compounds showed inhibition of p24 protein production similar to zidovudine (AZT), when compared to H9 cells line growth control, Furthermore, two compounds also showed important activities similar to lamivudine (3TC). These results suggest that the presence of a longer methylenic chain, as side chain or intercalating groups, could influence positively in the biologic activity due to hydrophobic or steric effects. Ultimately, the cell viability assays showed that compounds were not cytotoxic in the tested conditions.

L’utilisation de semi-conducteurs organiques dans les dispositifs électroniques offre d’intéressantes perspectives. En effet, ils permettent d’alléger le poids de ces dispositifs en plus de diminuer grandement le coût de leur fabrication. Cependant, une des principales problématiques associées à ces semi-conducteurs organiques est leur procédé de fabrication qui requiert des solvants organiques toxiques et de multiples étapes de synthèse. Dans ce travail, un nouveau procédé de synthèse respectueux de l’environnement a été mis au point. Une seule étape était nécessaire à la préparation des semi-conducteurs, en utilisant la réaction de polycondensation entre une diamine et un dialdéhyde. Cette réaction a été réalisée à température ambiante, dans un solvant vert, l’éthanol, et sans utilisation de catalyseurs, minimisant ainsi la consommation énergétique et utilisant un milieu réactionnel de source renouvelable et peu toxique. Après leur dopage, ces polymères ont présentés des propriétés de conduction comparables à celles des principaux semi-conducteurs organiques. La deuxième partie de cette thèse a été consacrée à l’étude de l’utilisation du papier comme support pour les dispositifs d’électronique organique; s’affranchissant ainsi de l’utilisation de substrats généralement non biodégradables et/ou de sources non renouvelables (plastique ou verre). Deux stratégies ont été utilisées à cette fin. La première consistait en un dépôt direct des polymères semi-conducteurs à la surface de filaments de cellulose. La deuxième est basée sur la création d’un lien covalent entre les semi-conducteurs et la pâte Kraft, en utilisant la réaction de cycloaddition 1,3-dipolaire de Huisgen catalysée par le cuivre (CuAAc). / The use of organic semiconductors in electronic devices offers interesting prospects. Indeed, they make it possible to lighten the weight of these devices in addition to greatly reducing the cost of their manufacture. However, one of the main problems associated with these organic semiconductors is their manufacturing process, which requires toxic organic solvents and multiple synthesis steps. In this work, a new environmentally friendly synthesis process has been developed. A single step was necessary for the preparation of the semiconductors, using the polycondensation reaction between a diamine and a dialdehyde.This reaction was carried out at room temperature in ethanol, a green solvent and without the use of catalysts, thus minimizing energy consumption and using a reaction medium from a renewable and low-toxicity source. After their doping, these polymers exhibited conduction properties comparable to those observed for conventional organic semiconductors.The second part of this thesis was devoted to the study of the use of paper as a support for organic electronics devices; hus avoiding the use of generally non-biodegradable and/or non-renewable substrates (plastic or glass). Two strategies have been used to this end. The first consisted of a direct deposit of the semiconducting polymers to the surface of cellulose filaments.The second is based on the creation of a covalent bond between the semiconductors and the Kraft pulp, using the copper-catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction (CuAAc).