It is very critical to understand what makes a work team to behave intelligently as individual competencies often don’t convert into the collective competence. Theoretically it has been observed and underlined by many scholars that a group might have a mind of its own which is different from its constituents. Past theories related to this have taken two opposite positions one led by Le Bon emphasizing the compromised capacity of collectives in terms of loss of rationality and the second one led by Durkhiem who has seen the collectives as super-organism. But systematic investigation of phenomena of collective intelligence has not been undertaken in the context of human groups. We took to investigate this problem, starting with theoretical analysis and critical review of literature toward understanding relevant issues and aspects. We primarily reviewed the literature in team innovativeness, learning, team cognition, emotion, structure, process, effectiveness, individual intelligence and collective intelligence. Based upon the understanding thus derived we developed the constructs of collective intelligence, cognitive intelligence, social capital,, and emotional intelligence of teams, and a theoretical model outlining their interrelationships. Four specific objectives set for this research included: 1. To develop a theoretical framework for understanding collective intelligence and relate it to social capital, cognitive intelligence and emotional intelligence 2. To compare the collective intelligence, social capital, cognitive intelligence and emotional intelligence of teams in terms of organizational type, age of the team, gender composition and team function 3. To develop aggregate and segregate structural models to validate the construct of collective intelligence 4. To explore the applicability of structural model in practical setting through qualitative case studies The data was collected from 297 teams. This data was used for scale validation through item analysis and reliability assessment. Measures of four constructs were analyzed for sub-factors identification using principal components analysis. The main analysis included a comparison of collective intelligence, social capital, cognitive intelligence and emotional intelligence across various categories followed by generation of aggregate and segregate structural models for different categories of teams, using the partial least squares (PLS) method of structural equation modeling. Partial least squares analysis supported the proposed theoretical model. For overall structural model results indicated satisfactory internal consistency (reliability), and convergent and discriminant validities (construct validity) of the measures used. All the model estimates of outer as well as inner models showed high significance level indicating the stability of estimates. Finally the R-square values indicating total variance explained, of each latent dependent variable were substantial (i.e. more than 0.30) suggested adequate predictiveness of the model. All these findings indicated that the proposed model of factor structure of team collective intelligence was based upon robust measures and had high predictiveness. For triangulation and assessment of applicability of model case studies were conducted with two teams from two different organizations. The main contributions of this research lie in the development, validation and demonstration of applicability of a model of general ability (collective intelligence) of work teams.

The metabolic expense of producing and operating neural tissue required for adaptive behaviour is considered a significant selective force in brain evolution. In primates, brain size correlates positively with group size, presumably owing to the greater cognitive demands of complex social relationships in large societies. Social complexity in eusocial insects is also associated with large groups, as well as collective intelligence and division of labour among sterile workers. However, superorganism phenotypes may lower cognitive demands on behaviourally specialized workers resulting in selection for decreased brain size and/or energetic costs of brain metabolism. To test this hypothesis, we compared brain investment patterns and cytochrome oxidase (COX) activity, a proxy for ATP usage, in two ant species contrasting in social organization. Socially complex Oecophylla smaragdina workers had larger brain size and relative investment in the mushroom bodies (MBs)-higher order sensory processing compartments-than the more socially basic Formica subsericea workers. Oecophylla smaragdina workers, however, had reduced COX activity in the MBs. Our results suggest that as in primates, ant group size is associated with large brain size. The elevated costs of investment in metabolically expensive brain tissue in the socially complex O. smaragdina, however, appear to be offset by decreased energetic costs.

The purpose of this study was to explore the codependencies of the social and technical structures that yield Wikipedia the website and Wikipedia the community. In doing so, the research investigated the implications of such a sociotechnical system for the maintenance of the project and the emergence of collective intelligence. Using a theoretical framework informed by digital media studies, science and technology studies, and the political economy of communication, this study examined the material and ideological conditions in which Wikipedia has developed. The study's guiding research questions addressed the nature of Wikipedia's sociotechnical system and potential for collective intelligence, as well as the historical development of the project's technical infrastructure and the state of its technology-assisted collaboration. A mainly qualitative multi-method research approach was employed, including document analysis, semi-structured interviewing, and social network analysis. A plethora of documents were carefully selected and examined to explore how and why decisions were made, policies implemented, and technologies adopted on the site. Additionally, 45 interviews were conducted with members of Wikipedia's technical community to understand the relationships between social and technical aspects of the project and the motivations of programmers who contribute automated tools. Finally, social network measures and visualizations were used to interrogate notions of collaboration and make more transparent the centrality of technology to the content creation process. The study revealed that Wikipedia's technical development has been shaped by the dueling ideologies of the open-source software movement and postindustrial capitalism. Its sociotechnical system features the complex collaboration of human contributors, automated programs, social bureaucracy, and technical protocol, each of which conditions the existence and meaning of the others. In addition, the activity on Wikipedia fits established models of collective intelligence and suggests the emergence of a cyberculture, or culturally informed shared intelligence, unique to the digital media context. Software robots (bots) are central actors in this system and are explored in detail throughout this research.

京都大学 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(医学) / 乙第13440号 / 論医博第2239号 / 新制||医||1054(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 黒田 知宏, 教授 松田 道行, 教授 長船 健二 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Communication technologies have allowed us to exchange information in social networks to create collective output. I have been interested in how people create collective output and what we need to do for performance and an organization’s survival. Thus, my research’s objective is to use network experiments to understand the effect of communication technology affordances on organization performance and the sustainability of online communities. To fulfill this objective, I examine (1) the effect of centralized communication network on organization adaptability when the environment changes, (2) the effect of sharing filters in social networks on the frequency distribution of shared events, and (3) the effect of audience size on individual participation in a synchronous online community. With the findings from the studies, I aim to extend our knowledge about the implementation of communication technologies in our workplace and society.

Cognition shapes how we perceive and react to our environment. Throughout my Master of Science, I have studied two major fields of animal cognition. My thesis first reports on the cognitive aspects of animal navigation in home ranging and seasonal migration, then I explore the development of group expertise through extensive experience with collective decision-making. The key contributions of the first manuscript (Chapter 2) are a condensed yet detailed summary of the behaviours involved in individual and collective animal movement, followed by research ideas to fill the gaps of the current literature. The key contribution of the second manuscript (Chapter 3) is developing an experiment to study group expertise, a topic that currently lacks controlled experiments, via testing the effect of experience on collective decision-making. This thesis expands the existing knowledge on animal movement and collective decision-making. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / Cognition is the process of attaining, processing, and using information. Perception, learning, and memory are the main cognitive processes that are responsible for how we understand the world around us. In my thesis, I first review the cognitive processes involved in short-distance and long-distance animal movements. Secondly, I examine how a specific type of cognition, collective decision-making, improves with experience. Together, I reflect on various pillars of animal cognition, discuss my contributions to the field, and suggest further research ideas.

<p>Abstract</p><p>Title: Wikipedia as a source? Is it accepted in the studies of Media and Communications at Uppsala University? (Wikipedia som källa? Är det accepterat vid studier i ämnet medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap vid Uppsala universitet?)</p><p>Number of pages: 38 (39 including enclosures)</p><p>Author: Susanna Salomon</p><p>Tutor: Else Nygren</p><p>Course: Media and Communication Studies C</p><p>Period: Autumn 2007</p><p>University: Division of Media and Communication, Department of Information Science, Uppsala University</p><p>Purpose/ Aim: The purpose is to study whether or not the Internet encyclopedia Wikipedia is an accepted source when a student writes a paper in Media and Communications at Uppsala University</p><p>Material/ Method: Qualitative research method based on interviews with teachers and on litterature.</p><p>Main results: The study shows that there is no common view within the faculty whether or not Wikipedia could be used as a source when writing a paper in Media and Communications. Some accept it, others do not. The results show that the teachers of this subject at Uppsala University have not yet decided upon how to adjust to the new large information bank wich is Wikipedia.</p><p>Keywords: Wikipedia, Uppsala University, sources, reliability, objectivity, collective intelligence, the Internet</p>

In this paper, we look at a media controversy that took effect at the release of the third game of the Mass Effect videogame series. The fans hated the ending of the game and demanded the publisher change it, which later happened. The fans have thus been given a certain amount of power and influence that wasn't too standard. The first part of the paper deals with videogame theory - we talk about the expressive power of videogames and how it can influence people. With the help of Henry Jenkins and Pierre Lévy we then showcase several media theories which attempt to explain the relationship between the fans, authors and content. Central to this paper is a qualitative research of chosen internet forum posts where we have attempted to learn the reasons for the fans' outrage. In the summary, we summarize what we have learned so far and attempt to put it all together.

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar e explorar uma metodologia na área de Trabalho Cooperativo Apoiado por Computador (Computer Supported Cooperative Work – CSCW), que aborda processos colaborativos unindo indivíduos, assim como grupos, para que possam trabalhar em conjunto visando metas comuns, estando fisicamente ou não no mesmo local, atuando de forma síncrona ou assíncrona. A metodologia proposta procura reunir o conhecimento de várias pessoas sobre determinados temas, por meio de um sistema de comunicação em rede de computadores, transformando o grupo de indivíduos em uma única voz, sendo o sistema o Interlocutor do grupo. O Sistema Interlocutor funciona em rede e depende de três módulos: o Interrogador que é a comunicação com o meio externo, o Colaborador que é o canal para participação dos membros do grupo, e o Servidor que controla o funcionamento de todo o aplicativo. A metodologia Interlocutor é inspirada em conceitos extraídos de várias áreas tais como Inteligência Coletiva, método Delphi, estrutura de Comitês, Sistemas de Apoio à Decisão (Group Decision Support System - GDSS), Grupos de Trabalho (Groupware) entre outros. Esta metodologia pode ser empregada em situações críticas, que demandam respostas rápidas e precisas, ou mesmo em contextos planejados nos quais se deseja estudar alternativas detalhadamente. Na presente tese são apresentados três possíveis cenários de aplicação da metodologia proposta, bem como possíveis configurações para futuros estudos mais apurados. São apresentados ainda os resultados dos testes efetuados em um desses cenários que validaram a metodologia. Em conclusão, a metodologia Interlocutor é uma forma para a criação e o funcionamento de sistemas capazes de obter resultados de Inteligência Coletiva. / The present research aims to identify and to explore a methodology in the area of Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), encompassing cooperative processes that joint individuals, as well as groups, in a way that they can work seeking common goals together, being or not physically in the same place, acting synchronously or asynchronously. The proposed methodology searches to gather the several people's knowledge on certain themes, through a communication system in net of computers, transforming the individuals' group in a single voice, being the system the Interlocutor of the group. The Interlocutor System works in net and it depends on three modules: the Interrogator that it is the communication with the external middle, the Collaborator that it is the channel for participation of the members of the group, and the Servant that controls the operation of the whole application. The Interlocutor Methodology is inspired in extracted concepts of several such areas as, among others, Collective Intelligence, method Delphi, structure of Committees, Group Decision Support System (GDSS), Groupware. This methodology can be used in critical situations, that demand quick and necessary answers, or even in planned contexts in which it is wanted to study alternatives in full details. The present thesis presents three possible sceneries of application of the proposed methodology, as well as possible configurations for futures approaches. It is also presented the results of the tests made in one of these sceneries that validated the methodology. In conclusion, the Interlocutor Methodology is a form for the creation and the operation of systems capable to obtain results of Collective Intelligence.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:23:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Carlos Junqueira.pdf: 2902739 bytes, checksum: 4ec1e0e7a07c0af257870a0ee896add3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-11 / This study investigates the impact of processes of co-creation in organizations in general. Based on a multidisciplinary approach, case studies were carried out in four companies in order to investigate different levels of awareness and maturity concerning organizational processes. The focus was on two of the basic concepts that involve co-creation, i.e., self-organization and collective intelligence. A general survey presents the theoretical framework of the state of the art in research in self-organization and collective intelligence. It identifies the intersections and common characteristics between these concepts with reference to authors such as Humberto Maturana, Edgar Morin, Pierre Lévy, Manuel Castells, Lucia Santaella, Edward Hutchins, and Venkat Ramaswamy. The aim of the case studies was to find evidence for the awareness of processes of self-organization and the impact of collective intelligence in organizations. The result of this study shows that the importance of co-creation is only beginning to be acknowledged in organizations. It was found that there is still a lack of methodology and metrics. In particular, maturity curves are not yet being used, as they should. More specific studies to develop a methodology and tools for the interpretation of adherence in collaborative processes are needed / O objeto de estudo desta pesquisa é o impacto dos novos processos de cocriação nas organizações em geral. Baseado numa abordagem transdisciplinar, o trabalho apresenta estudos de caso em quatro organizações específicas que possuem processos em níveis diferenciados de conscientização e maturidade no entendimento de dois dos conceitos básicos que envolvem a cocriação, os quais são a auto-organização e a inteligência coletiva. A demonstração da evidência destes conceitos com os estudos de caso é realizada através do levantamento do referencial teórico em estado da arte dos conceitos e da identificação de intersecções de características comuns entre estes conceitos e sua evidenciação nos processos das organizações analisadas. Os trabalhos que dão sustentação a este estudo são de autores de referência como Humberto Maturana, Edgar Morin, Pierre Lévy, Manuel Castells, Lucia Santaella, Edward Hutchins e Venkat Ramaswamy. O resultado deste trabalho foi a constatação que a utilização de processos de cocriação nas organizações ainda é incipiente e carente de metodologias e métricas, sendo necessários estudos mais específicos para a elaboração de uma metodologia com ferramentas para a interpretação de aderência em processos colaborativos baseada em curvas de maturidade