This dissertation focuses on the occlusion of 'other' voices within the discourse of colonialism and slavery. The work juxtaposes four texts from the seventeenth and twentiethcenturies, respectively, as a way of examining the continued weight of past history on our postcolonial present. The theoretical framework is drawn from postcolonial and postmodern literary theory with an emphasis on the problematics of speaking for the 'other' in twentiethcentury literary revisions.

Nanook of the North is a classic 1922 film by director Robert Flaherty, and despite its age and through its significance to popular culture has remained relevant. But whom does this film represent? The film represents avanishing culture that has been completely constructed and manipulated by Flaherty, a taxidermy that live in the space called ‘North’. Through the construction of props and costumes in Nanook of the North the western white (European) male justified their place in society by creating a primitive other. The question becomes how did Flaherty create justification for social status? Why did Flaherty do this? Finally what was occurring, spatially and temporally, to allow a film like this to be so successful? These questions are answered by exploring the ‘what’s there?’, ‘why there?’, ‘why then’, and ‘why care’ of Flaherty’s Nanook of the North. / October 2015

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This thesis presents a comparative criminological examination of two South Asian Muslim communities in Britain and Pakistan. The work evaluates existing data regarding South Asian Muslims and crime highlighting the fact that this remains a largely under-researched field in contemporary British criminology. The study was framed by the following objectives: • To examine issues of offending and victimization amongst South Asian Muslim communities in Britain and Pakistan; • To examine the way Islamic criminal law (al-'uqūbāt) is understood and the impact of such understanding(s) on crime and social control among the sample; • To explore the nature of Islamophobia and its impact on South Asian Muslims in Britain and Pakistan; • To draw constructive policy-orientated conclusions in relation to offending and victimization experienced by South Asian Muslims. Issues of offending and victimisation are explored via essentially qualitative primary research within two sample communities, one in Pakistan (Sharifabad) and one in England (Haslingden). More specifically the study adopted an ethnographic methodology utilising diverse data gathering techniques which included anonymous semi-structured interviews with residents and officials; questionnaires; life histories, photographic data and diary keeping strategies. The research enabled the assessment of offending and victimisation by South Asian Muslims at an individual, community and global level, providing detailed evaluation of the social reality for South Asian Muslims and crime. The research was guided by a critical race theory (CRT) perspective which helps contextualise the experiences of South Asian Muslims within an historical framework. Particular policies, legislation and attitudes during British colonial rule in India are evaluated to assess how far they have been traced into the post-colonial social terrain. In sum, this work not only provides a comprehensive evaluation of key studies in this field but represents an essential contribution to our understanding of the complexities of crime and victimisation as experienced by South Asian Muslims.

This thesis examines the relationship between utopianism and nationalism in New Zealand literature between 1817 and 1973. My research utilises the definition of both the utopia and the nation as “imagined” or “imaginary” communities (to use Benedict Anderson and Phillip Wegner’s terms), in demonstrating how they function as interdependent concepts in colonial New Zealand literature. Specifically, my research focuses on how a dominant discourse of Pākehā nationalism is influenced by the desires of colonial settlement. There is an identifiable tradition in which New Zealand is imagined as a utopian space with an ambivalence towards modernity. The settler nation is defined subjectively by different authors, retaining, however, a tradition of excluding groups which are not compatible with the authors’ utopian projections. This exclusion may be based on race, gender, class, political views or other categorisations. I view this tradition as a dialectic of changing desires and utopian visions, based on changing historical contexts, but always engaged with the central attempt to speculate the possibilities that New Zealand holds as a utopia for Anglocentric settlement. The thesis is divided into four chapters, each based on the comparison of two texts from a certain period. The first chapter compares two texts of early nineteenth century British settlement, J.L. Nicholas’ Narrative of Voyage to New Zealand (1817) and E.J. Wakefield’s Adventure in New Zealand (1845). The second chapter examines Samuel Butler’s Erewhon (1872) and Julius Vogel’s Anno Domini 2000 (1889). The third chapter focuses on Robin Hyde’s Wednesday’s Children (1936) and John Mulgan’s Man Alone (1939). My final chapter argues that the end of this mode of writing is signalled by Smith’s Dream (1971 rev. 1973) by C.K. Stead and Intensive Care (1970) by Janet Frame, which demonstrate a changing approach to the tradition. After this point, other postcolonial voices emerge and the attempted homogeneity of settler utopianism is disrupted.

The central aim of this research is to develop a method and theoreti cal approach to subj ectivity which avoids renroducing the race and get-ic' r - specific assumptions manifest in ortho& c psychology. Thc. iosophical underpinnings of acathnic psvology are criticdly examined for what they offer in theorisiAlg F.;lbjectivity. It is argued that contanxrary psychology assumes a pa.. ticular subj ect, the unitary rational individual, which is historically rooted in particular schools of Western çhiosoçhy. The consequences of psychological approaches to the subject, in terms of both the practices enplcyed and the knowledges produced are illustrated Iy the maimer in which psychology has produced racist knowledges about Black people, using the example of 'intelligence' testing. Black American psychology is critically examined as an attanpt to apply psychology without reproducing racist knowledge. It is argued that Black American endeavours have generally fallen short of providing any radical alternative bj. somewhat uncritically, failing to question basic assumptions and continuing to rely on traditional psychological research methods and procedures. The manner in which psychologists of colonialisn have anplcyed another paradign, psychoanalytic theory, in their study of colonial subjects is critically reviewed. I argue that Fanon' s work contains elanents of the necessary basis for developing a psychology more appropriate to Third World needs and contexts. Marxist theoretical work on ideology and consciousness is then discussed because, like psychoanalysis, it transcends some of orthodox psychology' s limitations. Althusser' s theory is discussed as one attanpt to synthesise aspects of Marxist theory and psychoanalysis in accounting for the constitution of the individual as an ideological subj ect, while Gramsci' s concept of heganory is discussed as a means of overcoming the problan of structuralisn on the one hand and culturalisn on the other. The rost-structuralist work of Foucault and recent developnents in linguistic and psychoanalytic theory are then introduced. In Part II, an alternative research paradign is introduced as nerging fran the principles derived in the course of the critiques developed in Part I. This involved using the practice of consciousness-raising as a research paradign. I have drawn on the anti-colonial and Pan Africanist discourses and philoso*iies that have anerged in the colonial and neocolonial epoch, through the work of African and Caribbean intellectuals, for analysis. Fran this basis I have developed a technique of discourse analysis which enables incorpration of collective history in the analysis of subj ectivity. I have applied this analysis to material fran consciousness-raising sessions with Black women of West African and Caribbean origin resident in London, drawing on various other sources of information (cultural events, films, poetry and fiction) in order to do this. Subjectivity is theorised as the rositions that individuals take up in discourses. I look particularly at the Black British rosition, and argue that contradiction plays a particular role in the production of subjectivity. Limitations of discourse analysis in theorising subjectivity are then discussed. Psychodynamic theory is then enplcjed to develop an understanding of some of the intrapsychic processes in subjectification. The ways in which social differences manifest in social relations and their role in the process of subjectification is also examined. Throughout, the role of sower is highlighted, using the cxncepts of hegemony and subjugation. The construction of subjectivity through difference is examined with particular reference to racialised subjectivity. Finally the extent to which the questions posed have been answered is reviewed and assessed.

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