The character of woven textiles is dependent on both the materials and the loom technology used. While digitally-controlled jacquard looms are a major development in weaving technology, they have mostly been used in developing representational and pictorial weaving. Such three-dimensional weaving as exists, utilises materials in predictably similar ways. Here, through systematic experimentation, three shrinking and two resisting yarns have been combined in multi-layer weaves in order to explore their potential for form-generating behaviour. Three-dimensional form occurs when the shrinking yarn/s place the resisting yarn/s under tension. To relieve this tension, the resisting yarn moves within the weave, creating waves or folds. The resulting form is highly sensitive to variation, demonstrating emergent behaviour, and identifying the woven textile as a complex system. Demonstrating the variety of form possible from a limited number of materials, the results represent a small body of work aiming to re-form weaving. The exploration of synergistic material combinations is therefore shown to be an exercise of value to fields from art textiles through to industry. It demonstrates that there is great development potential in woven textiles. Understanding the behaviour of materials is fundamental to furthering form-based weaving.

Magister Scientiae - MSc (Pharmaceutical Chemistry) / The rapid increase in access to new antiretrovirals (ARVs) worldwide and, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, coupled with the well-documented problem of poor quality ARVs in developing countries has underscored the need for quality assessment of these medicines. South Africa has the worst human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic profile in the world; consequently, it has rolled out the world's largest antiretroviral ARV programme. With increasing market penetration of generic medicine in South Africa and especially ARVs, there is a call for stringent quality control mechanisms following the marketing approval (post-market quality control) of these medications. Unfortunately, evidence suggests that the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommendations for this aspect of quality assurance is not met by most Medicine Regulatory Authorities. In South Africa and many other countries this is attributed to a lack of physical and financial resources to enforce effective post-marketing surveillance (PMS) of all pharmaceuticals available in the country.

Nous nous sommes intéressés à la problématique d’organisation des tournées de soins à domicile dans le cadre de structures de maintien à domicile comme par exemple les service d’Hospitalisation À Domicile ou les Services de Soins Infirmiers À Domicile. Les soins sont prodigués au domicile des patients par un ou deux soignants d’un type défini, comme médecin ou infirmier par exemple pendant une période de disponibilité du patient. Le patient est caractérisé par un niveau de dépendance et peut exprimer une préférence pour être soigné par un soignant plutôt qu’un autre. L’objectif est de construire les tournées des soignants en rendant visite à tous les patients tout en minimisant la longueur (ou durée) des tournées, en équilibrant les tournées suivant le niveau de dépendance des patients et en favorisant la préférence des patients. Après avoir réalisé un état de l’art des problèmes d’organisation de tournées de soins à domicile, nous proposons deux modélisations mathématiques de notre problème sous la forme d’un multiple Traveling Salesman Problem avec fenêtres de temps (m-TSPTW) auquel s’ajoute des contraintes spécifiques comme la synchronisation d’activités ou la prise en compte de types de ressource et des critères de performance propres au problème (équilibrage et préférence). Nous avons ensuite proposé des méthodes approchées basées sur des couplages métaheuristique - modèle de simulation testées sur des instances de la littérature d’un problème proche du nôtre et des instances adaptées à notre problème. Pour terminer, nous abordons trois perspectives de recherche :- la réorganisation des tournées suite à l’absence d’un soignant,- la prise en compte de temps de transport stochastique,- la localisation de structures de maintien à domicile et l’impact sur la construction des tournées. / We are interested in a routing problem within the context of home health care. The cares are provided by one or two caregivers with the required type at the patient’s home during the patients’ availability. A type is doctor or nurse for instance. Each patient is characterized by a dependency level and may give a preference for a caregiver. The goal is to construct the tour for each caregiver visiting all patients, minimizing the length of the tours, balancing the workload of the caregivers and maximizing the satisfaction of the patients. We present a state of the art of the home health care problem. Then we propose two mathematical models of our problem based on the multiple Traveling Salesman Problem with Time Windows (m-TSPTW) with specific constraints like the activities’s synchronization or ressources’ type. The performance criteria are specific of our problem : workload balancing and patients’ satisfaction. We then propose approached methods based on combination between Metaheuristics and simulation model. This méthods have been tested on dataset from the literature and dataset adapted to our problem. We conclude with three research perspectives :- the reorganization of the tours when a caregiver is not available,- the integration of stochastic transport time,- the location of home support structure and its impact on the routes’ construction.

Os movimentos de massa são fenômenos naturais que fazem parte dos processos de dinâmica superficial que modelam a superfície terrestre. Quando ocorrem em áreas ocupadas, podem provocar perdas econômicas, impactos sociais e, em casos extremos, perda de vidas humanas. O estabelecimento de medidas preventivas para mitigar estes danos demanda a identificação das áreas mais propensas a esses fenômenos. Partindo deste contexto, o objetivo desta dissertação foi desenvolver uma proposta metodológica para mapear a suscetibilidade a escorregamentos no município de Porto Alegre-RS, com o emprego de ferramentas de geoprocessamento. As variáveis utilizadas foram: declividade, geologia, distância de lineamentos, acúmulo de fluxo, uso do solo e cobertura vegetal, as quais foram processadas no software Idrisi. Após a padronização das variáveis por meio da aplicação de funções fuzzy e pela atribuição direta de notas, definiu-se a importância de cada uma na predisposição do terreno a escorregamentos com base na consulta a especialistas, com o apoio da técnica denominada processo analítico hierárquico. A integração das variáveis foi realizada por meio de combinação linear ponderada, estabelecendo-se dois cenários de suscetibilidade a escorregamentos: o primeiro com a suscetibilidade natural e o segundo com a suscetibilidade induzida. Os resultados indicam que as áreas mais suscetíveis a escorregamentos situam-se, principalmente, nos morros da Crista de Porto Alegre e nos morros isolados no sul do município. O restante do município apresenta, de maneira geral, baixa suscetibilidade. A validação dos resultados obteve uma exatidão geral de 95% e 94% respectivamente para os Cenários 1 e 2. As áreas abaixo da curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) foram respectivamente de 0,960 e 0,966, o que indica que as variáveis e os pesos foram adequados e que ambos os cenários são robustos. Assim, constata-se que as ferramentas de geoprocessamento são úteis no mapeamento da suscetibilidade a escorregamentos, pois tornam ágil o mapeamento e sua atualização, e dão mais clareza e transparência ao processo de avaliação da suscetibilidade. Além disso, o método proposto permite reduzir os esforços nas etapas iniciais da gestão de riscos, possibilitando ao gestor priorizar os mapeamentos mais detalhados nas áreas com maior suscetibilidade. Isso demonstra que as rotinas de apoio à decisão, como as utilizadas neste trabalho, podem ser incorporadas em estudos de suscetibilidade, provendo importantes informações para o planejamento urbano dos municípios. / Mass movements are natural phenomena that are part of the surface dynamic processes that shape the Earth’s surface. When they occur in urban areas, can cause economic losses, social impacts and, in extreme cases, losses of human lives. The implementation of preventive measures to mitigate those damages requires the identification of the areas prone to these events. Therefore, the aim of this dissertation was to develop a methodological approach to map landslide susceptibility at the municipality of Porto Alegre-RS, with the use of geoprocessing tools. The variables used were: slope, geology, distance from lineaments, flow accumulation and land use, which were processed in the Idrisi software. After the standardization of the variables through the application of fuzzy functions and the direct assignment of notes, the importance of each one on the predisposition of landslides was defined, based on the opinion of experts, with the support of the technique entitled analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The integration of the variables was based on weighted linear combination, resulting in two scenarios: the first with the natural susceptibility and the second with the induced susceptibility. The results indicate that the most susceptible areas to landslide are located in the hills of the Crista de Porto Alegre and in the isolated hills located at the south of the municipality. The remaining area has, in general, low susceptibility. The validation of the results obtained an overall accuracy of 95% and 94%, respectively for Scenarios 1 and 2. The areas under the ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve were respectively 0.960 and 0.966, indicating that the variables and weights were adequate and both scenarios are robust. Thus, it is noted that geoprocessing tools are useful to map the landslide susceptibility, since they make the mapping process and its updates agile, and give more clarity and transparency to the susceptibility assessment process. In addition, the proposed method reduces efforts in the early stages of risk management, enabling the manager to prioritize the most susceptible areas for detailed mappings. This demonstrates that decision support routines, such as those used in this dissertation, can be incorporated into susceptibility studies, providing important information for the urban planning.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis that affects humans and animals, and it is caused by dimorphic melanized fungi belonging to the genus Sporothrix. Sporotrichosis is mainly acquired by traumatic implantation of the fungus into the dermis through scratches inflicted by domestic animals or by handling plants. This study approaches: a) the in vitro susceptibility of Sporothrix schenckii complex species to photodynamic inactivation using methylene blue as a photosensitizer and laser as the light source; b) the combination of amphotericin B plus posaconazole in a murine model of systemic infection by S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii sensu stricto, seeking to enhance the treatment of disseminated sporotrichosis; c) the interference of fungal melanin in the in vitro susceptibility of S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii sensu stricto to amphotericin B and itraconazole. In the photodynamic therapy study we have applied methylene blue as a photosensitizing agent and Light emitting diode (InGaAlP) against Sporothrix schenckii complex species in an in vitro assay. The viability of the conidia was determined through the counting of colony forming units. The activity of amphotericin B and posaconazole alone or in combination was evaluated by using a microdilution checkerboard method. For the in vivo study, OF-1 mice were intravenously (i.v.) infected with a lethal inoculum of 2 x 107 CFU/animal. Two strains of S. brasiliensis and two of S. schenckii were tested. Animals received amphotericin i.v. at suboptimal dose i.e., 0.3 mg/kg, in combination with oral posaconazole at 2.5 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg BID. Results were compared with their respective monotherapies and efficacy was evaluated by prolongation of survival and reduction of tissue burden in spleen and liver. In the study of the interference of melanin in the susceptibility of S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii sensu stricto, yeast cells were cultivated in minimal medium with or without L-DOPA in order to induce the production of melanin. Microdilution and time-kill methods were used to determine the antifungal activity against yeast cells with different amounts of melanin. The laser light (InGaAlP) together with a methylene blue photosensitizer were able to significantly reduce the growth of all the tested Sporothrix strains. In vitro data demonstrated a synergistic effect of the combination and although posaconazole alone was effective against sporotrichosis, efficacy was increased when combined with amphotericin B. The maximum efficacy of the combinations was obtained with posaconazole 5 mg/kg. The killing assay showed that melanization protected isolates within the Sporothrix schenckii complex from amphotericin B, particularly in the lower concentrations tested. The conclusions of the present study are: a) the in vitro inhibition of Sporothrix spp. isolates by laser light deserves in vivo experimental and clinical studies since it may be a promising treatment for cutaneous and subcutaneous sporotrichosis; b) posaconazole in combination with suboptimal doses of amphotericin B could be an option in the treatment of disseminated sporotrichosis especially when itraconazole or amphotericin B at optimal doses are contraindicated; c) combination studies of amphotericin B with inhibitors of melanin are required in order to avoid this effect. / A esporotricose é uma micose subcutânea que afeta homens e animais, e é causada por fungos dimórficos melanizados pertencentes ao gênero Sporothrix. Pode ser principalmente adquirida por implantação traumática do fungo na derme através da arranhadura de animais domésticos ou manipulação de plantas contaminadas. O presente estudo investigou: a) a suscetibilidade in vitro de espécies do Complexo Sporothrix schenckii à inativação fotodinâmica; b) a combinação de anfotericina B e posaconazol em modelo murino de infecção sistêmica por S. brasiliensis e S. schenckii stricto sensu, buscando melhorar o tratamento da esporotricosse disseminada; c) a interferência da melanina fúngica na suscetibilidade in vitro de S. brasiliensis e S. schenckii stricto sensu à anfotericina B e itraconazol. No estudo da terapia fotodinâmica foi aplicado azul de metileno como fotossensibilizador e emissão de luz diiodo (InGaAlP) frente espécies do complexo Sporothrix schenckii em ensaio in vitro. A viabilidade dos conídios foi determinada através de contagem de unidades formadoras de colônia (UFC). A atividade da anfotericina B e posaconazol sozinhos ou combinados foi avaliada segundo a técnica de microdiluição em caldo e técnica de checkerboard. No estudo in vivo, camundongos OF-1 foram infectados com um inóculo de 2 x 107 UFC/animal. Foram utilizadas duas cepas de S. brasiliensis e duas cepas de S. schenckii. Os animais receberam doses de 0.3 mg/kg de anfotericina B em combinação com 2.5 mg/kg e 5 mg/kg de posaconazol. Os resultados foram comparados com as respectivas monoterapias e a eficácia foi avaliada através do prolongamento da sobrevivência e redução da carga fúngica no fígado e baço. No estudo da interferência da melanina na suscetibilidade de S. brasiliensis e S. schenckii stricto sensu à anfotericina B e itraconazol, células leveduriformes foram cultivadas em meio mínimo com e sem L-DOPA. Métodos de microdiluição e tempo de morte foram utilizados para determinar a atividade dos antifúngicos frente às células com diferentes quantidades de melanina. A luz laser (InGaAlP) em conjunto com o azul de metileno foram capazes de reduzir significativamente o crescimento de todas as cepas de Sporothrix testadas. Os dados in vitro demonstraram um efeito sinérgico da combinação de posaconazol e anfotericina B, e, apesar de o posaconazol 5 mg/kg sozinho apresentar eficácia contra a esporotricose, teve sua eficiência aumentada quando combinado com anfotericina B 0,3 mg/kg. A técnica de tempo de morte mostrou que a melanização protegeu os isolados do complexo Sporothrix schenckii da anfotericina B, particularmente na concentração mais baixa testada. Desta forma, as conclusões do presente estudo são: a) a inibição fotodinâmica in vitro de isolados de Sporothrix merece estudos experimentais e clínicos, uma vez que pode ser um tratamento promissor para a esporotricose cutânea e subcutânea; b) o posaconazol em combinação com dose baixa de anfotericina B pode ser uma opção para o tratamento de esporotricose disseminada, especialmente quando itraconazol e anfotericina B são contraindicados; c) estudos de combinação de anfotericina B com inibidores de melanina são necessários a fim de evitar o efeito protetor da melanina contra as defesas do organismo e contra antifúngicos.

Tesis voorgelê volgens die vereistes van die M.Ed. vir die Fakulteit van Onderwys en Sosiale Wetenskappe te Kaapse Skiereiland Universiteit van Tegnologie, 2012 / Onderwys moet gesien word as ‘n sosialiseringsproses en leer in groepe as ‘n primêre leerbeginsel. Leerders moet deur interaksie hul sosiale, akademiese en geletterdheids-vaardighede verbeter. Die navorsing het gepoog om antwoorde te verkry op die volgende vrae: In watter mate word groepwerk tans in die Intermediêre Fase-multigraadklas toegepas? Wat is die faktore wat groepwerk as ‘n onderrigstrategie vir geletterdheid in die Intermediêre Fase-multigraadklas ondersteun of verhinder? Wat is die effektiwiteit van ’n intervensieprogram om opvoeders te ondersteun in groepwerk as onderrigstrategie? Hierdie navorsing wil bydra tot die implementering van geskikte groeponderrigstrategieë om goeie beplanning en organisasie in die multigraadklas te verseker. Dit wil opvoeders bemagtig om deur groepwerk multigraadklasse in die Intermediêre Fase effektief te onderrig, om sodoende verbetering in leerders se leer te bewerkstellig. Daar moet ook ‘n bewusmaking by die beleidmakers geskep word wat betref die uitdagings wat multigraad-onderwys inhou vir opvoeders. Die navorser het met dié navorsing bepaal hoe groepwerk as ‘n onderrigstrategie in multigraadklasse in die Intermediêre Fase geïmplementeer kan word. Daar is egter in multigraadklasse waargeneem dat leerders nie oor die nodige vaardighede beskik om in groepe te werk en verantwoordelikheid vir hul eie leer en die van ander te aanvaar nie. Die opvoeders in die multigraadklasse is ook onkundig wat betref gepaste klaskamer-organisasie, beplanning, groeperingstegnieke en groepaktiwiteite vir die implementering van groepwerk. Die ontwerpgebaseerde navorsingsmetode is in die navorsing gebruik. Dié navorsings-metode bestaan uit drie fases, naamlik: voorlopige navorsingsfase, prototipe-fase en die assesseringsfase. <p></p> ABSTRACT Education should be seen as a socializing process and learning in groups as a primary principle of learning. Through interaction learners must improve their social, academic and literacy skills. The research endeavoured to find answers to the following questions: To what extent is group work currently applied in the Intermediate Phase multi-grade class? What are the factors enhancing or hindering group work as an educational strategy for literacy in the Intermediate Phase multi-grade class? How effective is an intervention programme in supporting educators in group work as an educational strategy? This research aims at contributing to implementing suitable group work strategies to ensure good planning and organization in the multi-grade class. It wants to empower educators in the Intermediate Phase to teach multi-grade classes effectively through group work, and in so doing bring about improvement in the way learners learn. Policy makers should also be made aware of the challenges facing educators of multi-grade education. With this research the researcher determined how group work as an educational strategy can be implemented in multi-grade classes in the Intermediary Phase. It was, however, found that in multi-grade classes learners do not have the necessary skills to work in groups and take responsibility for their own learning and that of others. The educators in multi-grade classes are also ignorant concerning suitable classroom organization, planning, grouping techniques and group activities in implementing group work. The design based research method was used in this research. The research method consists of three phases, namely: preliminary research phase, prototyping phase and assessment phase.

Thesis (DTech (Education))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2008. / Multi-grade teaching is a worldwide phenomenon. Meeting the basic needs of rural people in developing countries is a major challenge to achieve the Millennium Development Goals of the Education for All programmes. Situation analyses carried out by Little (1995, 2001, 2003, 2004 and 2005), Juvane (2005), Taylor and Mulhalll (1997) and Atchoarena and Gasperini (2003) indicate that multi-grade schools are common in impoverished, low population settlements such as remote areas and small villages. Researchers like Berry (2001), Pratt (1986) and Bryk (1994) report evidence that multi-grade schools can be positive places for learners and teachers. Observations done by Rao (2004), McGinn (1996) and McEwan and Benveniste (2001) show that successful models of multi-grade teaching already exist. Examples of addressing the isolation of multi-grade settings are found in Finland and Greece, where ICT is utilized to address this challenge. The "active" pedagogy which researchers like Little (1995, 2003 and 2005), Juvane (2005), Miller (1999) and McEwan and Benveniste (2001) promote for multigrade schools expects teachers to guide activities to be completed, and allows for free activities, which require application of the knowledge gained. It also involves creative exploration and application of regional-specific knowledge and relies upon learners to acquire and construct knowledge for themselves, guided by the teacher. Atchoarena and Gasperini (2005:6) believe in an integrated learning concept which bases its focus on the notion that effective learning is not limited to the classroom, but that, through use of community resources the curricula can "come alive."The "active" pedagogy and the expected participation of communities in the teaching and learning process should not only be for the benefit of the multi-grade class but should also be applicable to teaching and learning in mono-grade classes. This contributes to Bingham's (1995:6) view that a natural community of learners is inclusive of experiences outside school boundaries in the larger world. According to the Ministerial Committee on Rural Education (2005:12), South Africa's first ten years of democracy, are after 1994, characterized by an overwhelming commitment to equality, to treat everyone in the same way no matter what his or her differences are. Hence, the management and funding of rural schools are similar to the principles and formulas of those of urban schools. So too, curriculum and pedagogies of rural schooling are planned to be the same as those found in rural settings. Emerging Voices (2205:12) and Joubert (2005:3) agree that rural education has to provide the means to enable generations to break out of the recurring cycle of unskilled labour and resultant poverty. State education must deliver learners who are able to read, write and are numerate and furthermore deliver trained teachers for the multigrade Irural school system. In the literacy reviewed, it is clear that curricula, learning materials, teacher education and assessment are necessary components of an integrated strategy for learning and teaching in multi-grade settings. Surrounding these strategies is the need for national policies for curriculums, materials, teacher education and assessment that recognize, legitimate and support learners and teachers in multi-grade settings. The researcher identified two interventions, which addressed the above mentioned multi-grade phenomenon in South Africa, namely the Kgatelopele project of the Limpopo Education Department launched in 2000 and the Multi-grade Rural School Intervention (MGRSI) in the Western Cape Province launched in 2001. Both these interventions focused on the needs of multi-grade schools, and ways to address those needs. The MGRSI was structured according to a logic model, which provided the objectives of the intervention and the strategy, which it intended to follow in order to reach the stated outcomes. This study provided the opportunity to do a case study, which revealed the successes and the challenges of the intervention implemented from 2001 to 2006.

Os movimentos de massa são fenômenos naturais que fazem parte dos processos de dinâmica superficial que modelam a superfície terrestre. Quando ocorrem em áreas ocupadas, podem provocar perdas econômicas, impactos sociais e, em casos extremos, perda de vidas humanas. O estabelecimento de medidas preventivas para mitigar estes danos demanda a identificação das áreas mais propensas a esses fenômenos. Partindo deste contexto, o objetivo desta dissertação foi desenvolver uma proposta metodológica para mapear a suscetibilidade a escorregamentos no município de Porto Alegre-RS, com o emprego de ferramentas de geoprocessamento. As variáveis utilizadas foram: declividade, geologia, distância de lineamentos, acúmulo de fluxo, uso do solo e cobertura vegetal, as quais foram processadas no software Idrisi. Após a padronização das variáveis por meio da aplicação de funções fuzzy e pela atribuição direta de notas, definiu-se a importância de cada uma na predisposição do terreno a escorregamentos com base na consulta a especialistas, com o apoio da técnica denominada processo analítico hierárquico. A integração das variáveis foi realizada por meio de combinação linear ponderada, estabelecendo-se dois cenários de suscetibilidade a escorregamentos: o primeiro com a suscetibilidade natural e o segundo com a suscetibilidade induzida. Os resultados indicam que as áreas mais suscetíveis a escorregamentos situam-se, principalmente, nos morros da Crista de Porto Alegre e nos morros isolados no sul do município. O restante do município apresenta, de maneira geral, baixa suscetibilidade. A validação dos resultados obteve uma exatidão geral de 95% e 94% respectivamente para os Cenários 1 e 2. As áreas abaixo da curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) foram respectivamente de 0,960 e 0,966, o que indica que as variáveis e os pesos foram adequados e que ambos os cenários são robustos. Assim, constata-se que as ferramentas de geoprocessamento são úteis no mapeamento da suscetibilidade a escorregamentos, pois tornam ágil o mapeamento e sua atualização, e dão mais clareza e transparência ao processo de avaliação da suscetibilidade. Além disso, o método proposto permite reduzir os esforços nas etapas iniciais da gestão de riscos, possibilitando ao gestor priorizar os mapeamentos mais detalhados nas áreas com maior suscetibilidade. Isso demonstra que as rotinas de apoio à decisão, como as utilizadas neste trabalho, podem ser incorporadas em estudos de suscetibilidade, provendo importantes informações para o planejamento urbano dos municípios. / Mass movements are natural phenomena that are part of the surface dynamic processes that shape the Earth’s surface. When they occur in urban areas, can cause economic losses, social impacts and, in extreme cases, losses of human lives. The implementation of preventive measures to mitigate those damages requires the identification of the areas prone to these events. Therefore, the aim of this dissertation was to develop a methodological approach to map landslide susceptibility at the municipality of Porto Alegre-RS, with the use of geoprocessing tools. The variables used were: slope, geology, distance from lineaments, flow accumulation and land use, which were processed in the Idrisi software. After the standardization of the variables through the application of fuzzy functions and the direct assignment of notes, the importance of each one on the predisposition of landslides was defined, based on the opinion of experts, with the support of the technique entitled analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The integration of the variables was based on weighted linear combination, resulting in two scenarios: the first with the natural susceptibility and the second with the induced susceptibility. The results indicate that the most susceptible areas to landslide are located in the hills of the Crista de Porto Alegre and in the isolated hills located at the south of the municipality. The remaining area has, in general, low susceptibility. The validation of the results obtained an overall accuracy of 95% and 94%, respectively for Scenarios 1 and 2. The areas under the ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve were respectively 0.960 and 0.966, indicating that the variables and weights were adequate and both scenarios are robust. Thus, it is noted that geoprocessing tools are useful to map the landslide susceptibility, since they make the mapping process and its updates agile, and give more clarity and transparency to the susceptibility assessment process. In addition, the proposed method reduces efforts in the early stages of risk management, enabling the manager to prioritize the most susceptible areas for detailed mappings. This demonstrates that decision support routines, such as those used in this dissertation, can be incorporated into susceptibility studies, providing important information for the urban planning.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Neste trabalho, consideramos combinaÃÃes afins de vetores de um espaÃo vetorial com especiais aplicaÃÃes no ensino mÃdio atravÃs da mÃdia aritmÃtica ponderada e da desigualdade de Jensen. Verificamos caracterÃsticas de transformaÃÃes lineares de conjuntos especÃficos nos espaÃos vetoriais como conjuntos convexos e variedades afins, atravÃs do nÃcleo e da imagem das transformaÃÃes. Estabelecemos relaÃÃes entre transformaÃÃes afins, combinaÃÃes afins e transformaÃÃes lineares. Discutimos a dimensÃo do hiperplano relacionando-o como variedade afim. Vemos que todo subespaÃo vetorial de Rn com dimensÃo n - 1 Ã um hiperplano, assim como o nÃcleo de um funcional linear. / In this paper, we consider combinations of related vectors of a vector space with special applications in high school through the weighted arithmetic mean and the Jensen inequality. We observed characteristics of specific sets of linear transformations in the vector spaces as convex sets and related varieties through the core and image transformations. Established relations between affine transformations, combinations thereof and linear transformations. We discuss the size of the hyperplane relating it as affine variety. We see that all of Rn vector subspace with dimension n - 1 is a hyperplane, as the core of a linear functional.

Os movimentos de massa são fenômenos naturais que fazem parte dos processos de dinâmica superficial que modelam a superfície terrestre. Quando ocorrem em áreas ocupadas, podem provocar perdas econômicas, impactos sociais e, em casos extremos, perda de vidas humanas. O estabelecimento de medidas preventivas para mitigar estes danos demanda a identificação das áreas mais propensas a esses fenômenos. Partindo deste contexto, o objetivo desta dissertação foi desenvolver uma proposta metodológica para mapear a suscetibilidade a escorregamentos no município de Porto Alegre-RS, com o emprego de ferramentas de geoprocessamento. As variáveis utilizadas foram: declividade, geologia, distância de lineamentos, acúmulo de fluxo, uso do solo e cobertura vegetal, as quais foram processadas no software Idrisi. Após a padronização das variáveis por meio da aplicação de funções fuzzy e pela atribuição direta de notas, definiu-se a importância de cada uma na predisposição do terreno a escorregamentos com base na consulta a especialistas, com o apoio da técnica denominada processo analítico hierárquico. A integração das variáveis foi realizada por meio de combinação linear ponderada, estabelecendo-se dois cenários de suscetibilidade a escorregamentos: o primeiro com a suscetibilidade natural e o segundo com a suscetibilidade induzida. Os resultados indicam que as áreas mais suscetíveis a escorregamentos situam-se, principalmente, nos morros da Crista de Porto Alegre e nos morros isolados no sul do município. O restante do município apresenta, de maneira geral, baixa suscetibilidade. A validação dos resultados obteve uma exatidão geral de 95% e 94% respectivamente para os Cenários 1 e 2. As áreas abaixo da curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) foram respectivamente de 0,960 e 0,966, o que indica que as variáveis e os pesos foram adequados e que ambos os cenários são robustos. Assim, constata-se que as ferramentas de geoprocessamento são úteis no mapeamento da suscetibilidade a escorregamentos, pois tornam ágil o mapeamento e sua atualização, e dão mais clareza e transparência ao processo de avaliação da suscetibilidade. Além disso, o método proposto permite reduzir os esforços nas etapas iniciais da gestão de riscos, possibilitando ao gestor priorizar os mapeamentos mais detalhados nas áreas com maior suscetibilidade. Isso demonstra que as rotinas de apoio à decisão, como as utilizadas neste trabalho, podem ser incorporadas em estudos de suscetibilidade, provendo importantes informações para o planejamento urbano dos municípios. / Mass movements are natural phenomena that are part of the surface dynamic processes that shape the Earth’s surface. When they occur in urban areas, can cause economic losses, social impacts and, in extreme cases, losses of human lives. The implementation of preventive measures to mitigate those damages requires the identification of the areas prone to these events. Therefore, the aim of this dissertation was to develop a methodological approach to map landslide susceptibility at the municipality of Porto Alegre-RS, with the use of geoprocessing tools. The variables used were: slope, geology, distance from lineaments, flow accumulation and land use, which were processed in the Idrisi software. After the standardization of the variables through the application of fuzzy functions and the direct assignment of notes, the importance of each one on the predisposition of landslides was defined, based on the opinion of experts, with the support of the technique entitled analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The integration of the variables was based on weighted linear combination, resulting in two scenarios: the first with the natural susceptibility and the second with the induced susceptibility. The results indicate that the most susceptible areas to landslide are located in the hills of the Crista de Porto Alegre and in the isolated hills located at the south of the municipality. The remaining area has, in general, low susceptibility. The validation of the results obtained an overall accuracy of 95% and 94%, respectively for Scenarios 1 and 2. The areas under the ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve were respectively 0.960 and 0.966, indicating that the variables and weights were adequate and both scenarios are robust. Thus, it is noted that geoprocessing tools are useful to map the landslide susceptibility, since they make the mapping process and its updates agile, and give more clarity and transparency to the susceptibility assessment process. In addition, the proposed method reduces efforts in the early stages of risk management, enabling the manager to prioritize the most susceptible areas for detailed mappings. This demonstrates that decision support routines, such as those used in this dissertation, can be incorporated into susceptibility studies, providing important information for the urban planning.