Magister Legum - LLM / This study focuses on the assessment of the Implementation of the Integrated Development Planning (lOP) process in Stellenbosch. The relevance of the study is to investigate whether the lOP process has delivered on the objectives of delivering effective and efficient service delivery to the communities who reside in the different towns within the municipal boundaries. The study will investigate against the policy implementation model of the 5-C Protocol plus communication whether service delivery has been conducted. The primary objective has been to generate and develop options for the improvement of the implementation of the lOP in Stellenbosch. The research not only set out to cover whether service delivery was taking place, but also whether the planning and development of the lOP was moving in the right direction. This could mean that the way the lOP was planned probably needed to be revisited. This scenario has been put to different stakeholders in the interviews to gain their perspectives.In order to make the assessment on the implementation of the lOP the study drew on the theoretical perspectives ascribed to the topic under investigation. The theory covered the areas of planning and different models for policy implementation. The 5-C Protocol (context, content, commitment, clients and coalitions, capacity) plus communication was used as the theoretical model to assess the implementation of the lOP in Stellenbosch. The 5 variables plus communication was adopted to assess whether the variables have been applied and accordingly an evaluation made about how the lOP implementation was conducted. Stellenbosch municipality was used as the case study to assess whether the lOP has been successfully implemented according to the 5-C Protocol plus communication and whether this can be used as a model for future reference by other municipalities. An investigation was conducted on how the municipality implemented the lOP; the fieldwork covered the context (political, social, economic and legal context), content (distributive, redistributive and regulatory use of resourcesO, capacity (tangible and intangible resources), clients and coalitions (stakeholder engagement through public and community participation) plus communication. The fieldwork during the study revealed a number of findings. This is discussed under the different variables of the 5-C Protocol. The variable of context has shown that the political scenario which plays itself out in the municipality has a substantial influence on the other contexts of economical, social and legal. The research found that the politics within the municipality has either stunted or contributed to the growth of especially the economical and social sectors within the Municipality in one or other respect. The content variable which focuses on distributive, redistributive and regulatory approaches by the Municipality has been found to be unrealised. The majority of the stakeholders which were engaged with felt that the distribution and redistribution of resources has not been achieved, especially to marginalised communities. Under the capacity variable (tangible and intangible resources) the study found that although the services to communities are continued to be supplied, there remains a specific lack of expertise and vacant posts within specific critical areas of service delivery. Coupled to this the Municipality did not adopt an approach of sourcing assistance from resident institutions and business in Stellenbosch which could assist in alleviating the situation. The clients and coalitions variable found that different stakeholders who were interviewed came from the politicians, officials and communities / NGO I business sectors. The perspectives from the stakeholders in the study have proven to be substantially diverse. In cases where the politicians and officials agreed over an issue the study found the community / NGO or business sector were at odds with this opinion. In other cases the communities would have an opinion while business or NGO's would not readily agree with that specific opinion. The study also found that the other variables (especially communication) played a significant role on the variable of clients and coalitions. The communication variable elicited a major response from the stakeholders from the marginalised communities. The study also found that there was little congruence in this variable (communication) between the officials and politicians on the one side and the other stakeholders on the other side. While the former felt that the Municipality was doing everything within its powers and available resources the communities especially felt that the approach and methodology were not effective and needed to be revisited

No description available.

[pt] Este projeto de pesquisa propõe analisar formas de participação e apropriação da laje, inserida no contexto espacial da favela, e tendo como estudo de caso o bairro da Rocinha, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. A dissertação investiga conceitos que subvertem noções tradicionais de conceituação espacial, e como se dá a autogestão dos moradores no que concerne aspectos relacionados com o uso da laje. No tecido urbano densamente ocupado das favelas, este espaço nas moradias pode funcionar como interface de interseção entre os limites do espaço coletivo e privado. Foram, portanto, investigadas as ações e intervenções dos moradores na laje através de um enfoque na observação de abordagens socioculturais nesse ambiente. Reconhece-se na laje um tipo determinado de apropriação urbana, identificando-a como uma alternativa dos residentes à escassez de espaços públicos livres em favelas. Podemos observar que ela é usada como local de práticas vinculadas a processos de autoconstrução e ao aluguel, evidenciando aspectos relacionados ao valor de uso e de troca da laje. No caso da Rocinha, tanto em seu cotidiano como durante a pandemia de COVID-19, observamos manifestações coletivas na laje associadas à atividades sociais múltiplas. O processo de pesquisa de campo também revelou a laje vislumbrada sob a ótica do morador, como um espaço de projeção de sonho. Tornou-se aparente nestes processos sobretudo um caráter descrito na pesquisa como natureza híbrida. Foram definidas como técnicas de pesquisa: revisão de literatura; pesquisa etnográfica online qualitativa; e pesquisa de campo pela participação em encontros de coletivos. / [en] This research project proposes to analyze forms of participation and appropriation of the slab, inserted in the spatial context of the favela, and having as a case study the Rocinha neighborhood in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The dissertation investigates concepts that subvert traditional notions of spatial conceptualization, and how the residents self-management occurs regarding aspects related to the use of the slab. In the densely occupied urban fabric of the slums, this space in the dwellings can function as an interface of intersection between the limits of collective and private space. Therefore, the actions and interventions of slum dwellers are investigated through a focus on the observation of sociocultural approaches in this environment. A particular type of urban appropriation is recognized in the slab, identifying it as an alternative of residents to the scarcity of free public spaces in slums. We can observe that it is used as a place for practices linked to self-construction and renting processes, showing aspects related to the use and exchange value of the slab. In the case of Rocinha, both in its daily life and during the pandemic of COVID-19, we observed collective manifestations on the slab associated with multiple social activities. The field research process also revealed the slab glimpsed from the perspective of the inhabitant, as a space of dream projection. It became apparent in these processes above all a character described in the research as hybrid nature. The research techniques defined were: literature review; qualitative online ethnographic research; and field research through participation in collective meetings.

In this thesis I investigate the impact of donor organizations on NGOs’ efforts to foster local community participation in environmental projects, by analyzing how conditions on project funding affect a sample of South African NGOs. Numerous NGOs take environmental justice as a key tenet of their work. Yet, promoting environmental justice is not an easy task to perform. Aside from cultural, political and social contingencies peculiar to specific contexts, there are external constraints that can help or hinder NGOs’ efforts, among which resource-dependency dynamics stand out as particularly relevant. In fact, donors hold power over NGOs, who must stick to specific conditions to secure their support. My aim is to understand what conditions and what type of donors facilitate or hinder community participation —a basic condition for achieving environmental justice— in environmental projects, where hindrances are exemplified by the presence of NGOization dynamics. I analyze donors’ guiding principles, eligibility criteria and monitoring and evaluation standards, delving into the provisions of five different funders that financially support local environmental projects in South Africa, classified according to their core values and organizational settings. Data are collected, coded, and analyzed with the help of NVIVO through a content analysis of calls for grants, project proposals, project reports, and semi-structured interviews to donors and NGO professionals. In this study, I argue that donor organizations can facilitate community participation and avoid NGOization dynamics by acknowledging the existence of unequal power relations between them and the NGOs they fund and by taking measures to respond to NGOs demands. This study highlights the importance of long-term engagement and a relationship based on trust between donors and NGOs as key to creating alternative funding models that help secure the goals that local communities define. Moreover, this study also claims that donors’ upward accountability has a weight in determining conditions on funds and eligibility criteria, and that many of the donors’ virtuous practices originate from their independence from upward accountability measures.

No description available.

No description available.

The purpose of the study was to explore the experiences of the school community with regard to the outcomes of a school improvement program (SIP) on the effectiveness of Sidama Zone schools. It was primarily a qualitative study, which explored the experiences of the school community with regard to the outcomes of the SIP. Four schools were purposefully selected. The data were collected by means of interviews, focus-group discussions, observations and relevant documents, and analyzed focusing on thematic categories. The findings indicated that in schools where there existed a strong collaboration of the school community in the planning, decision-making, monitoring and evaluation processes, the improvement initiatives were owned by all in the school and the performance of the schools was enhanced. On the other hand, the lack of collaboration in the school community negatively affected the performance of those schools. Besides, in all the schools the CPD was challenged by the resistance of the teachers, the lack of resources and poor implementation strategies. It also became apparent that the teachers' commitment to support each other and their students, to implement active learning methods and continuous assessment contributed to the effectiveness of the better-performing schools. Findings further revealed that to the contrary, these actions were loosely implemented in the poorly-performing schools. Though the peer learning approach was implemented, it became evident that there were mixed views regarding its benefits. The availability of the necessary facilities created an environment conducive to learning in schools one and three. Although there were attempts to implement extra-curricular activities for the social and emotional development of the students, its implementation was negatively affected by a lack of coordination and resources in the schools. In the poorly-performing schools, the school environment was found not to be conducive to teaching and learning. In the better-performing schools, the feedback from the school community was used as an input to make adjustments to the improvement process, and this created a feeling of ownership that led to the effectiveness of the schools. The outcomes of the study indicated that the promotion-rate of the students to the following grade was considered as a measure of the effectiveness of the schools. Conversely, the lack of proper participation of the school community in the school’s affairs, the lack of proper leadership support, the teachers’ resistance to participate in CPD, the non-existence of training opportunities and workshops for the teachers, and the shortage of resources were reported as challenges. From the findings it has been concluded that the SIP has contributed to school effectiveness in the schools that have properly managed the change process as opposed to those schools which remained poorly performing due to low level of SIP implementation. Finally, monitoring the SIP cycles, building trust between the principals and the teachers, creating a link between the schools and other institutions, introducing recognition mechanisms, and providing support to the poorly-performing schools were indicated as strategies to enhance the effectiveness of the school. / Educational Leadership and Management / D. Ed. (Education Management)

The concept of participation seems to reflect in most development programmes that involve people at the grassroots level. In Ghana, the introduction of the decentralization programme in the late 1980s that aimed at promoting effective, comprehensive and rapid development, more especially in the rural areas also adopted participatory approach. The approach led to the introductory of district assembly system which was to enhance the involvement of people at the grassroots in participatory activities. However, since the introduction of the decentralisation system to promote grassroots level participation, the people are still inactive and the level of involvement in development decision-making still remains weak. To clearly understand these problems, the thesis has aimed at answering the following research questions; how are rural people involved in participatory practice in the development activities in their area; what barriers affect and hinder the active participation of rural people and how could these be addressed? Answers to those questions helped to examine the nature of participation at the grassroots level; understand how the district assembly adopt participatory practice and to ascertain the nature of barriers that hinder effective participatory practice. Using a case study approach for the investigation, an interpretivists and constructivists were the philosophical underpinnings of the investigation. The data was gathered through the use of focus group discussions and one-to-one informal interviews. It was observed that, participation continues to reflect in most rural development programmes, but there are key barriers that still continue to hamper the effectiveness of participatory practice. Power relations, threats, intimidations and more especially the use of juju and witchcraft which never featured in most development literature are among the major barriers that continue to weaken local people readiness to actively participate. Most rural people feel threaten to participate for the fear of being bewitched or killed through the use of juju, witchcraft or black magical powers. Without critically and effectively addressing those bottlenecks and barriers, and put community members at the pivot of decision-making, the use of outsiders' knowledge and ideas alone to address the problems of participation with the hope of improving the lives of the rural people will not yield any significant result.

Depuis les années 1980, les projets intégrés de conservation et de développement (PICD) sont des modèles fonctionnels de développement durable. L’écotourisme est une de ces stratégies, combinant les objectifs sociaux et économiques de développement pour les populations locales dans un contexte de conservation des ressources naturelles. Cette maîtrise étudie un projet écotouristique réalisé dans la zone de transition du parc national Huascarán (Pérou) dans deux communautés quechuaphones, Vicos et Humachucco. Un PICD « réussi » combine la participation et la satisfaction des besoins de la population tout en contribuant à la conservation des écosystèmes. Cette étude a donc deux objectifs principaux : 1) une analyse de la participation pour mieux comprendre si et comment ce projet a su impliquer les populations et pour connaitre les facteurs favorisant un partenariat entre différents acteurs du projet; 2) une analyse des impacts environnementaux, économiques et socioculturels de l’écotourisme pour déterminer si les besoins des populations et les objectifs du projet ont été atteints, apportant ainsi une nouvelle dynamique à la communauté. La méthodologie combine les approches de l’écologie culturelle, de l’approche exploratoire et de l’étude de cas. Les données sont issues du terrain de recherche, soit des données écrites, de l’observation participante et des entretiens semi-dirigés. Elles ont été traitées en utilisant différentes grilles d’analyse. Les résultats démontrent que, malgré un manque de clarté et de transparence, de nombreux efforts ont permis de favoriser la participation et d’impliquer la population locale, créant des impacts économiques favorables. / Since the beginning of the 1980s, Integrated Conservation and Development Projects (ICDP) have offered a functional model of sustainable development, and have become an attractive option for international donors. Ecotourism is one of the strategies that can be used to combine social and economic development of local communities with natural resources conservation. A successful ICDP combines community participation while meeting local peoples’ needs and sustaining ecosystems. This research analysed an ecotourism project which had been developed with two indigenous Quechua communities within the buffer zone of the Huascarán National Park in Peru. The research aimed at two main objectives: 1) an analysis of community participation in order to investigate levels and type of community involvement in the various stages of the project, and in order to find out whether or not a successful collaborative partnership has been created among the different stakeholders; 2) an analysis of the environmental, economic and socio-cultural impacts of this ecotourism initiative to determine whether communities’ needs have been addressed and to find out whether the project gave rise to innovative dynamics within the villages. The methodology employed in this study combines different approaches, such as cultural ecology, an exploratory approach and case study analysis. Field research was carried out and data were collected using semi-structured interviews, participant observation and literature analysis. Different analytical frameworks were employed for data analysis. The results of this study showed that the initiative has encouraged local participation and enhanced community involvement. However, results also revealed a lack of clarity and transparency.

Esta pesquisa versa sobre o processo de urbanização da Serra do Mar ocorrido nos bairros cota na cidade de Cubatão, no Estado de São Paulo, e se propõe analisar as mudanças sociais e a participação da comunidade no processo de intervenção governamental na área. O objeto da pesquisa é a implantação de um programa estadual de intervenção habitacional por meio de remoção de famílias que ocupavam trechos do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, áreas de risco de escorregamento e, ainda, por meio de urbanização de áreas que podem ser consolidadas e regularizadas. A urbanização foi proposta sob o amparo da participação comunitária e com a implantação de projetos sociais e analisar as mudanças sociais e a efetiva participação decorrentes desse processo é o objeto deste estudo. / This research is about deals with the social the process of urbanization of \"Serra do Mar\" in the \"bairros cota\" areas located in the city of Cubatão, state of São Paulo, and it aims to analyze social change and community participation in the process of urbanization of the area . The object focused is the actual implementation of a State Program of housing interventions through removal of families that were occupying portions of the \"Serra do Mar\" State Park as well as areas at risk of slipping; and also the urbanization ofsettlement areas that could be consolidated and legalized. Urbanization was proposed under the auspices of community participation and the implementation of social projects. Analyze social change and the effective participation in this process is the subject of this study .