Este estudo teve por objetivo comparar grupos de mídia ocidentais e não ocidentais no que diz respeito à guerra na Síria, em curso desde 2011, no rastro das chamadas primaveras árabes. Foi realizada uma analises de conteúdo, quantitativa e qualitativa, seguindo parâmetros de Herman e Chomsky em A manipulação do Público (2003), porém adaptados à mídia global. Na divisão dos veículos, utilizou-se o conceito de mídias do fluxo dominante e do contra fluxo, para ilustrar a posição dos grupos analisados em relação ao atual panorama global da mídia. Os resultados apontaram para uma cobertura global da guerra na Síria polarizada, alinhada com interesses geopolíticos, e com maior unidade no Ocidente. Como conclusão, a hegemonia dos conglomerados ocidentais midiáticos ou o fluxo dominante da mídia global ditou a pauta mundial sobre a crise na Síria, em um espaço de disputa com as mídias no contra fluxo. Estas vão buscando expor melhor seus interesses e os de seus países, à medida que a guerra na Síria começa a afetá-los / This study aimed to compare Western media groups and non-Western regarding to the war in Syria, ongoing since 2011, in the wake of the so-called \"arab spring\". An content analysis, quantitative and qualitative was conducted following Herman and Chomsky parameters in Manufacturing Consent (2003), but adapted to the global media. In the groups division, we used the concept of media dominant flow and contra flow (THUSSU, 2007), to illustrate the position of the groups analyzed in relation to the current global panorama of the media. The results showed an overall coverage of the war in polarized Syria, in line with geopolitical interests and greater unity in the West. In conclusion, the Western media hegemony promoted by media Western conglomerates in a dominant flow of global media, dictated an agenda on the Syria crisis, in a space of content with the media in contra flow. These will seeking to better expose their interests and those of their countries, as far as the war in Syria begins to affect them

As pesquisas envolvendo seres humanos geram preocupações éticas, pois os voluntários aceitam riscos e inconveniências com o objetivo de contribuir para o avanço do conhecimento científico e beneficiar outrem. A disposição para participar de pesquisas clínicas se mostra quando o paciente adere ao Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE), compreendendo-o, assinando-o e comprometendo-se a cumprir todas as normas estabelecidas nesse documento, embora consciente de que, a qualquer momento, poderá suspender sua adesão. O TCLE aborda informações que precisam estar descritas de forma clara e de fácil compreensão, destacando riscos, possíveis benefícios e procedimentos. Além disso, garantir a participação voluntária e sua desistência em qualquer momento da pesquisa. Atualmente discute-se a possibilidade de sujeitos de pesquisa não entenderem totalmente o texto do TCLE nem seus direitos como participantes, mesmo tendo assinado o TCLE e aderido à pesquisa. A presente casuística analisa os dados de 793 pacientes, que foram convidados a participar de diferentes protocolos de pesquisa clínica, como especifica a seguir: 380 pacientes, que foram convidados a participar do grupo controle do projeto Genoma Clínico do Câncer; 365 pacientes, que foram convidados a participar do projeto Genoma Clínico do Câncer do Aparelho do Digestivo por apresentarem tumor em uma das seguintes localizações: câncer colorretal, câncer esofágico, câncer de cárdia ou câncer gástrico.; 48 pacientes que foram convidados a participar do Estudo Multicêntrico, Internacional, Randomizado, de Grupos Paralelos, Controlado por Placebo, Duplo-Cego, com subsidiária cega, para determinar o efeito de 156 semanas de tratamento com MK-966(antiinflamatório Anti-COX 2) na recorrência de pólipo adenomatoso de intestino grosso, em pacientes com histórico de adenoma colorretal ressecado por colonoscopia. Coletaram-se dados dos fichários de pesquisa científica para avaliar a aderência do sujeito de pesquisa ao protocolo, correlacionando-a com fatores demográficos (raça, sexo e idade), sociais (local de nascimento, morada atual e instituição de tratamento), relação risco/beneficio envolvida e nível de escolaridade. O grau de dificuldade dos textos que compõem os TCLE foi avaliado, aplicando-se os Índices de Legibilidade Flesch Reading Ease e Flesch- Kincaid. Aplicou-se questionário aos entrevistadores para avaliar, a posteriori, a postura do sujeito de pesquisa à adesão ao TCLE no momento de sua assinatura ou discordância. A adesão dos sujeitos de pesquisa aos protocolos propostos não teve influência dos fatores demográficos e sociais, no entanto, verificou-se maior adesão entre os pacientes de instituição de tratamento público (99,7%) em comparação com instituição de tratamento privada (93,7%). A adesão foi maior entre os pacientes que participaram de protocolos com menor risco (99,73%) em comparação com os pacientes que participaram de protocolos com maior risco (81,3%). Apesar de a adesão não ter tido influência do nível de escolaridade, este foi menor ou igual a 8 anos de estudo para 462 pacientes (58,26%), entre os quais 444 (96,1%) pacientes eram de instituição de tratamento público. Os índices de legibilidade obtidos variaram de 9.9 12 para o teste de Flesch-Kincaid e 33,1 51,3 para o teste de Flesch Reading Ease. Os resultados encontrados na aplicação dos testes de legibilidade classificaram todos os textos avaliados em nível de difícil compreensão, exigindo maior nível de escolaridade para o seu entendimento Os entrevistadores estimaram, através do questionário aplicado a eles, que 90% dos pacientes do hospital público preferem ouvir a explicação do TCLE a ler o texto. Na instituição privada esta estimativa foi de 40%. Apenas onze sujeitos de pesquisa não aderiram ao TCLE. A adesão não recebeu influência de fatores demográficos e sociais. O risco inerente aos protocolos apresentados influenciou a adesão dos sujeitos de pesquisa. Os textos avaliados não se constituíram em linguagem escrita de fácil entendimento, necessitando mais de 9 anos de estudo para sua compreensão. Esta pesquisa sugere que, apesar da alta incidência de adesão, a avaliação de novos métodos de aplicação do TCLE é necessária para que o sujeito de pesquisa menos instruído tenha condições de compreender adequadamente todo o conteúdo do texto proposto no TCLE. / Researches engaging human beings pose ethical concerns since volunteers take on risks and inconveniences aiming to contribute to advanced scientific knowledge and to benefit others. The moment patients sign the term of voluntary and informed consent TCLE (Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido) they show they are willing to participate in clinical trials and that they understand the term and commit to complying with all rules in the document, aware that they can, at any moment, withdraw acceptance. The TCLE addresses all issues in the research process and are therefore important to the study participants. The information given at the TCLE must be clearly stated and easily understood, highlighting risks, possible benefits and procedures in addition to guaranteeing volunteer participation and consent withdrawal at any time during the trial. Lately, it has been speculated that the study participants do not totally understand the TCLEs text content and their participants rights before accepting the TCLE and joining the trial. This study analyzes the data from 793 patients, invited to take part in different protocols of clinical trials, as follows: 380 patients, invited to join the Clinic Cancer Genome Project Control Group; 365 patients, invited to join the Genome Clinic Cancer Genome of the Digestive System since they had one of the four tumors: colorectal cancer, cancer of the esophagus, cardia adenocarcinoma and gastric cancer; 48 patients were invited to join the International Multicenter double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, placebocontrolled study, with undisclosed sponsor, to determine the outcome of a 156-week treatment with MK-966(anti-inflammatory Anti-COX 2) in recurrent adenomatous polyp of the large bowel, in patients with a history of colorectal resection for adenoma at colonoscopy. Data were collected from previous scientific studies to assess study participants acceptance, correlating it to demographic factors (ethnic group, gender and age), social (birthplace, home place, health institution), cost/benefit and schooling. The level of difficulty in the TCLE texts was assessed with Flesch Reading Ease and Flesch-Kincaid readability measures. Interviewers answered a questionnaire a posteriori, to evaluate the study participants attitude toward the TCLE acceptance at the moment they signed it or did not accept it. The study participants acceptance of the suggested protocols was not influenced by demographic and social factors. However, patients from public health institutions (99,7%) outnumbered those from private health institutions (93,7%). Acceptance was higher among patients taking part in low-risk protocols (99,73%) than in high-risk protocols (81,3%). Although schooling did not influence acceptance, it was 8 years or less in 462 patients (58,26%), among who 444 (96,1%) were patients from public health institutions. The indices of legibility had varied of 9.9 - 12 for the test of Flesch-Kincaid and 33.1 - 51,3 for the test of Flesch Reading Ease. The results found in the application of the legibility tests had classified all the texts evaluated in level of difficult understanding, demanding higher school level for its agreement. Interviewers reported in questionnaires that 90% of the patients from public hospitals would rather listen to an explanation of the TCLE than read the text whereas in patients from private institution the percentage dropped to 40%. Only eleven study participants did not join the TCLE. Acceptance was not influenced by social and demographic factors, but the protocols risk levels influenced the study participants decisions. The evaluated texts proved to be difficult to understand, demanding over 9 years of schooling to be understood. This study suggests that, in spite of being highly accepted, the TCLE requires new application methods so that less educated people can properly understand its text contents.

This diploma thesis deals with the issue of providing health care to minors in the legislation of the Czech Republic. The area of providing health care has significantly changed in recent years. Nearly half a century old People's Health Care Act from 1966 was substituted by current Health Services Act and other acts, that were enacted during the reform of medical law as a response to the transformation of the traditional paternalistic conception of the relationship between doctor and patient into a partner conception. The issue of health care provision has also been affected by the adoption of the new Civil Code that regulates protection of human personality and interventions into his integrity and includes an agreement on health care as one of the contractual types. Two acts are standing abreast - Civil Code and Health Services Act, whose relation cannot be generally assessed on the basis of the principle lex specialis derogat legi generali, but it is appropriate on this basis to assess relation of particular provisions. This has created doubts for physicians, which one from these two acts with the same legal force they should follow while providing health care. Uncertainty in the area affecting the physical integrity of a person, much less the physical integrity of a minor child as a person...

The role of the Third parties in International Commercial Arbitration This thesis precisely define the concept of third parties in the field of International Commercial Arbitration as well as the definition of the term itself. According to the author of this thesis, third parties are the key for the process of transformation of the contractual approach in an International Commercial Arbitration in the reaction on the economic reality. This work is based on analyses of laws, comments, literature, academic articles, arbitration awards and case law. This text was created using experiences from an international commerce and transforms actual theoretical contractual approach of the International Commercial Arbitration. Contribution of this thesis lies in completion of knowledges from decision making process and creation of a brand new theoretical concept of International Commercial Arbitration and capture the shift in view of consent to arbitrate. This theory further reflects actual state of the decision making process and the needs of an International Commerce. Using this approach entitles author's theory for the practical use as a model for decision making process of arbitrators and for judges of national courts with regard to recognition and enforcement of the arbitral awards. Thesis is divided into...

In both Western societies and academic research, the sexuality of people with intellectual disabilities is many times ignored or suppressed, often based on the assumption that people with intellectual disabilities are especially vulnerable and in need of protection. This study analyses the discourse produced by a Swedish sexual education material addressed to people with intellectual disabilities, that challenges this suppression by focusing on the role of the body and pleasure. The study shows that the alternative discourse addresses people with intellectual disabilities as being self-responsible for experiencing a pleasurable sexuality and is build upon two intertwined lines of argumentation: the importance of consent and the en couragement to embrace vulnerability. This thesis calls for more research that includes the sexual experiences and perspectives of people with intellectual disabilities to get a deeper understanding of the discourse’s development.

The aim of this study is to explore the importance of community based social mobilisation strategies in advancing human rights, in particular, strategies that could be used advance exercise of the right to legal capacity for persons with psychosocial disabilities in the face of societal barriers in the African context. The results of the study are aimed at providing useful and practical considerations in addressing the gap that exist in human rights implementation, between the promises of the law and its impact in reality. To this end, secondary desk top data was collected from existing text on the CRPD, mental illness and social mobilisation strategies. The latter was based on an analysis of the mobilisation strategy employed by Tostan in West Africa to successfully challenge female genital mutilation/cutting. Primary data was obtained through focus groups held in Lusaka and at Nsadzu Mental Health Rehabilitation Centre in Chadiza, in rural Zambia. The significance of legal capacity in Zambia was established and three main categories of concern emerged as barriers to the exercise of legal capacity: a) lack of state and community based supports and social networks; b) inadequate training of health and justice system officials; and c) stigma of mental illness and stereotypes. The benefits of social mobilisation in addressing these barriers are manifold, as demonstrated through the Tostan model. / Mini Dissertation (MPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Centre for Human Rights / MPhil / Unrestricted

Le consentement existentiel renvoie à un accord favorable que donne le Dasein après la compréhension du sens et de signification de ce qu’il est en train de vivre, de ses vécus, ses préoccupations dans le monde, de ses projections dans le temps, de ses projets. A travers ce travail nous avions découvert de manière pratique que ce consentement peut se faire soit à chaud quand il est en situation de crise (sous le poids de la maladie de façon aigue), soit à froid quand il n’est pas en crise. Nous avons également remarqué qu’une rencontre active est nécessaire à ce type de consentement. Cette rencontre suppose la possibilité d’échanges langagiers entre le patient et l’équipe soignante. Dans cette rencontre, sont importants les éléments de la vie quotidienne du patient, tous les détails de sa vie qui lui paraissent primordiaux en montant à sa conscience pour le moment et pour lesquels la maladie parait être une entrave que le traitement ou la prise en charge permettra de lever. Et le fait que cette rencontre est une condition première, ce consentement se heurte au mur qui marque ses limites. Car comment trouver ces sens et significations aux vécus du sujet, s’il refuse d’entrer en communication, s’il refuse de s’exprimer, s’il est très agité, s’il est en coma ? Chacun de ces aspects constitue des points qui restent encore à explorer du point de vue existentiel. / Existential consent refers to a favorable agreement given by Dasein after understanding the meaning and significance of what he is experiencing, his experiences, his preoccupations in the world, his projections in time, his projects. Through this work we have discovered in a practical way that this consent can be done either hot when it is in a crisis situation (under the weight of the disease acutely) or cold when it is not in crisis. We also noticed that an active encounter is necessary for this type of consent. This meeting assumes the possibility of language exchanges between the patient and the healthcare team. In this encounter are important elements of the patient's daily life, all the details of his life which seem to him primordial in rising to his conscience for the moment and for which the disease appears to be a hindrance that the treatment or the care Will lift. And the fact that this encounter is a first condition, this consent comes up against the wall that marks its limits. For how can we find these meanings and meanings in the life of the subject, if he refuses to enter into communication, if he refuses to express himself, if he is very agitated, if he is in a coma? Each of these aspects constitute points that still need to be explored from an existential point of view.

South Africans are in dire need of organs and tissues for transplantation. The impact is felt by many, irrespective of colour, creed or religion. No known studies have been conducted amongst Baptists in South Africa to determine their point of view on the subject. My own personal experience as both a Baptist pastor and now as procurement operations manager of a bone tissue centre, has shown that most people are ignorant and uninformed about bone tissue donation and also, to a lesser degree about organ donation. This study seeks to ascertain what a representative group of Baptist delegates who attended the annual Northern Baptist Association Assembly in June 2005 think about organ and tissue donation. Their views were obtained by means of an empirical study. The results are interpreted to determine if they are in favour of or against organ and tissue donation. It is important to note their beliefs regarding the Scriptural position on donation and whether Christians could be encouraged from the Word to become organ and tissue donors or not. Donation of organs and tissue benefits not only the recipient or patient, but also affects the donor family, or next-of-kin. The study aims to determine if the respondents felt that organ and tissue donation holds pastoral benefits to the donor families and recipients. Baptists and other Christian denominations have a responsibility to preach God’s Word and to apply it to real-world situations. Death and donation of organs and tissue is a reality that our people face, often unprepared and less than properly informed. I trust that the findings of this study will be of assistance to pastors and teachers whose desire it is to inform and educate their congregations about the selfless gift of organ and tissue donation. / Dissertation (MA (Research in Practical Theology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Practical Theology / MA / unrestricted

Child sexual abuse in its various guises is a phenomenon that has been part and parcel of society for centuries. It is only in the last few decades, however, that professional and societal interest in this social tragedy has been triggered, and continues to increase. The consequences and impact of child sexual abuse are far-reaching. Not only are individual victims marred by its consequences, but so too does it profoundly affect family systems and societies. As a result of professional interest in this field which has been fuelled by the popular media, the cloak of social secrecy which has covered this previously taboo subject has been shed. Although still hugely under-reported, sometimes even denied and buried by some individuals and societies, it is now widely acknowledged that child sexual abuse is a stark reality. Definitions of this phenomenon abound, with some definitions being more descriptive than others. The grooming process often forms an integral part of child sexual abuse. Through purposefully constructed relationships with their victims, sex offenders make their victims feel responsible for, complicit in and guilty about the abuse. The child is therefore tricked into keeping the abuse a secret. Often the child may not realise that what is happening is in fact abusive. Through grooming the abusive behaviour is normalised and the child may believe that it is part of an affectionate and caring relationship with the offender. The victim often gets lost in the labyrinth of confusion created by a web of deceit, which may result in consensual sexual activities between the child and the sex offender, a fact which is widely acknowledged. Consent is often raised as a defence when sex offenders are charged with and prosecuted for their crimes, more specifically in relation to victims who are over the age of twelve years and more frequently in relation to victims who are sixteen years and older. This consent, however, ought not to be valid for purposes of any sexual activities between such adults and children. Consent is often given as a consequence of the unique dynamics of the grooming process and the imbalance of power and authority. Furthermore, the child’s level of understanding and life experience, as shaped by the grooming process, may also have an important impact on ostensible consent given. South African courts, in accordance with international trends, have apparently started acknowledging the impact of the grooming process on consent given by children in sexual abuse cases. Some courts, as of late, are prepared to more readily reject the defence of consent in such cases. It is noteworthy that this trend has started to develop in South Africa even prior to the commencement of the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007. This act defines consent for purposes of the newly created offences, and also stipulates the circumstances in which ostensible consent does not comply with the definition. This definition does not differ materially from the “traditional” approach to consent that was applied prior to the commencement of this act. Furthermore, a number of new offences were created, amongst them the offence of sexual grooming of children. Courts can therefore no longer ignore the existence of the grooming phenomenon and the impact thereof in child sexual abuse cases.

It is, no doubt, a truism that in the relations of states treaties are matters of importance and frequent occurrence. The law of treaties, therefore, rightly occupies a central position in international law. Within this branch of the law, three large categories of rules may easily be distinguished relating, respectively, to the conclusion, to the interpretation, and to the termination of treaties. It is with some aspects of the first of these categories that the present study is exclusively concerned. In order that a treaty may be validly concluded on behalf of a state, two requirements are of fundamental importance: the first is that expressions of consent must have occurred; the second, that these expressions shall emanate from persons who are competent to give them. The original plan of the present study envisaged a full treatment of the rules of international law governing the two requirements referred to above. As the work proceeded, however, it became clear that no more than one of the topics could be treated within the framework of a thesis. Accordingly, the writer decided not to discuss the rules of international law relating to what constitutes an expression of consent to a treaty. The result of the writer's inquiry into the question whether, in cases of doubt, the signature of a treaty constitutes an irrevocable expression of consent, or ratification is required, is found in a published article, appended to the present study as Annex I. An inquiry into a cognate problem, namely, the need for unanimity in the revision of multilateral treaties, is also attached to this thesis as Annex II. Consequently, the present study is restricted to a systematic examination of those rules of international law which relate to the identification of those authorities in the state who are competent to express the final consent of the state to a treaty. The questions of the representation in contractual and treaty matters of subjects other than states, however, is not discussed. The present work deals with two distinct but interrelated problems. The first is that of the conditions under which the expressions of consent to a treaty of an authority or person are imputed to the state on whose behalf the authority or person purports to act. This is the question of identifying the competent treaty-making organ. The other problem is that of the conditions under which the expression of consent given to a treaty by an individual may be imputed to the treaty-making organ whose agent the individual purports to be. Both problems are of considerable difficulty. In the case of the second problem, the competence of agents, the difficulties are caused, chiefly, by the scant attention which the question has attracted. Material relevant to it has not been easily accessible, and the doctrinal discussion of the matter has hitherto been so limited that the present study may probably claim to be the first full treatment of the topic. By contrast, many of the difficulties relating to the problem of the competence of treaty-making organs, have been caused by the prolific treatment which it has been accorded at the hands of publicists. In order, therefore, to make some fresh contribution to this subject, the emphasis of this study has been placed on the investigation and discussion of the practice of states and the decisions of tribunals, both municipal and international. One consequence of this approach is to expose to criticism many of the views hitherto expressed on this subject; and it has, therefore, become necessary to attempt the formulation of a theory that is less contradicted by the practice of states than most existing theories seem to be. The study falls into three parts. Part I contains an examination of the problem of the competence of agents of treaty-making organs. Part II takes up the question of the competence of treaty-making organs generally. In Part III the same question is examined with special reference to states possessing constitutional regulations governing their treaty-making activities.