Neste trabalho estudou-se os complexos formados pelo íon cobre (II) com o dipeptides triptofilglicina na faixa de pH=3,0 a 13,5. A caracterização dos mesmos foram realizadas através das técnicas de Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica (RPE) em duas temperaturas (ambiente e nitrogênio líquido) e Absorção Ótica no visível (350 a 1000 nm). As amostras em solução aquosa obedeceram a relação de 10 ligantes para 1 metal. Caracterizou-se três tipos de complexos nas faixas pHs: 4.0 a 6,0; 6,0 a 12,0 e acima de 12,0. Estes complexos foram propostos com base nos dados espectroscópicos e um conhecimento prévio dos pKs dos grupos desprotonáveis, são eles: CuL2, CuL(H2O) e CuL(OH) (H2O). Estudou-se a influência da cadeia lateral pesada nos parâmetros espectroscópicos e comparativamente ao complexo Gliciltriptofano estudado por Nascimento (1985) no mesmo intervalo de pH, foi possível mostrar que o modelo de não covalência (Brill e Bryce (1968)), é o mais adequado em explicar a diminuição da constante hiperfina Az, constatado em Ph elevado. O complexo tridentado CuL(H2O) foi cristalizado e medidas de RPE no monocristal permitiram obter o tensor giromagnético molecular. Interação de exchange e/ou dipolar, não permitiram a determinação do tensor hiperfino no complexo. Através das direções principais e valores das direções das componentes do tensor cristalino e as direções das normais aos planos de coordenação, foi possível detectar uma forte interação de exchange entre dois íons vizinhos. / In this work was studied the complex made by the ion copper(II) with the dipeptide tryptophilglicine in the area of pH between 3,0-13,5. The cacacterizations of them were realized by the electron paramagnet resonance (ERP) in two temperatures (room and liquid nitrogen) and Optics Absorption in the visible (between 350 - 1100 nm). The samples in aqueous solution got the rate of 10 ligand to one metal. Three species of complex were characterized: pHs between 4,0-6,0; 6,0-12,0 and above 12,0. These complexes were proposed with foundation in the spectroscope informations and a previous know of the pKs of the deprotanatable groups, they are: CuL2; CuL(H2O) and CuL(OH) (H2O). The influency of the lateral chain weighed in the spectroscopies parameter was studied, and in compere with the glyciltryptophan complex studied by Nascimentoi (1985) in the same intermission of the pH, it was possible to show that the model of no covalente (Brill and Bryce-1968) is the adequader to explain the hiperfine constant Az diminution, evidenced in heigh pH. The tridentate complex CuL(H2O) was crystallized and EPR mensures in the monocrystal allowed to get the molecular gyromagnetic tensor. Exchange and/or dipolar interaction didn\'t allow the determination of the hyperfine tensor of the complex. By the main directions and values of the component parts of the tensor g crystalline and the normal directions to the plans of coordination, it was possible to detect a strong interaction of exchange between to neighbour ions.

Neste trabalho inicialmente foi feita uma breve apresentação sobre a utilização de compostos de bases de Schiff e Cobre(II) como catalisadores na reação de oxidação de sulfetos. Foi feita a determinação das estruturas cristalinas dos compostos: N,N\'-bis(3-etoxisalicilideno)-(1,2etileno- diamina) Cu(II), sistema cristalino ortorrômbico grupo espacial Pbcn a = 7.639(5); b= 12.760(5); c= 19.733(5)Å; V = 1923.4(15) (3)Å3; Dcalc = 1.505 Mg/m3; MM = 435.96; e m = 1.170 mm-1, N,N\'-bis (4-dietilaminasalicilideno) - (1,2etilenodiamina) Cu(II), sistema monoclínico, C2/c, a = 19.571(2); b=9.8514(2)=; c=12.4552(4) Å; Beta = 93.705(9)o; V =2396.4(5) Å3; Dcalc=1.358 Mg.m-3; MM= 490.10; e m = 0.944 mm-1, N,N\'-bis(3-metoxisalicilideno)-(1,2etilenodiamina)Cu(II), sistema ortorrômbico, Pna21, a = 7.5140(6); b= 9.2629(9); c= 24.721(3)Å; V =1720.6(3) Å3; Dcalc = 1.575 Mg,m-1; MM = 407.91; e m = 1.302 mm1 e (SALAHE)Cu(II), monoclínico, P21/C, a = 18.3216(2) Å; b=4.804(3) Å; c=19.801(2)Å; Beta = 98.908(6)o; V =2396.4(5) Å3; Dcalc=1.358 Mg.m-3; MM= 490.10; e m = 0.944 mm-1. Os cálculos teóricos para as quatro moléculas foram efetuados partindo-se das coordenadas atômicas cristalográficas. Foram modeladas, para posterior estudo teórico, as moléculas de vinte e seis compostos de bases de Schiff e Cobre(II) análogos. Foram calculadas 104 variáveis para cada composto, e realizado o estudo de correlação estrutura-atividade catalítica através de métodos de Quimiometria. Foi obtido um modelo de correlação utilizando a classe de compostos de atividade catalítica pré-definida. Finalmente foi realizada a tentativa de previsão de atividade dos vinte e quatro compostos com atividade não conhecida, obtendo-se como resultado a probabilidade de vinte deles serem ativos como catalisadores da conversão sulfeto-sulfóxido . / Initially, in this work, a brief presentation about Schiff bases and their applications as catalysist. The crystalline structure determination was made for the compounds: N,N\'-bis(3-etoxysalicylidene)- (1,2ethylenediamine) Cu(II), crystal system orthorhombic spatial group Pbcn a = 7.639(5); b= 12.760(5); c= 19.733(5)Å; V = 1923.4(15) (3)Å3; Dcalc = 1.505 Mg/m3; MM = 435.96; e m = 1.170 mm-1, N,N\'-bis (4- diethylaminesalicilidene) - (1,2ethylenediamine) Cu(II), monoclinic, C2/c, a = 19.571(2); b=9.8514(2)=; c=12.4552(4) Å; B= 93.705(9)o; V =2396.4(5) Å3; Dcalc=1.358 Mg.m-3; MM= 490.10; e m = 0.944 mm-1, N,N\'-bis(3-metoxysalicilidene)- (1,2ethylenediamine) Cu(II), orthorhombic, Pna21, a = 7.5140(6); b= 9.2629(9); c= 24.721(3)Å; V =1720.6(3) Å3; Dcalc = 1.575 Mg,m-1; MM = 407.91; e m = 1.302 mm1 e (SALAHE)Cu(II), monoclinic, P21/C, a = 18.3216(2) Å; b=4.804(3) Å; c=19.801(2)Å; B= 98.908(6)o; V =2396.4(5) Å3; Dcalc=1.358 Mg.m-3; MM= 490.10; e m = 0.944 mm-1. The theoretical calculations for the four molecules had been effected starting of the crystallographic atomic coordinates. Twenty-six molecules without determined crystallographic structure had been shaped for theoretical study. 104 variables for each compound had been calculated, and carried through the correlation study structure-catalyst activity through chemometric methods. A separation model was gotten in one single class. Finally the attempt of forecast of activity of twenty four compounds with activity unknown was carried through, getting itself as resulted the probability of twenty in all to be able to become active.

A autoxidação dos complexos de Ni(II) e Co(II) com tetra, penta e hexaglicina, em meio de tampão borato, é acelerada por espécies de enxofre (IV) (H2S0<SUB3, HS03-e SO32-). A formação dos complexos de Ni(III) e Co(III) foi acompanhada espectrofotometricamente em 325 e 265 nm, respectivamente. A velocidade da reação de autoxidação do complexo de Ni(II)/Gn aumenta com a concentração de S(IV) e é máxima em pH &#926;8,5. O processo é autocatalítico com Ni(III)ou Co(III)atuando como iniciadores, forma~os pela oxidação espontânea de Ni(II) ou Co(II) pelo oxigênio molecular. A dependência da constante de velocidade observada com a oncentração de S(IV) evidenciou possíveis reações paralelas com formação de um complexo com ligantes mistos antes da etapa da oxidação. A autoxidação dos complexos de Cu(II)com penta e hexaglicina em pH =9 é muito lenta, na presença e na ausência de S(IV).A presença de S(IV) e de traços de Ni(II)ou Co(II) aumenta significativamente a velocidade e a eficiência da reação (período de indução de 0,5 s). O mecanismo envolve uma cadeia de reações e um ciclo redox dos complexos. Acetaldeído e formaldeído inibem parcialmente a reação de autoxidação de Ni(II)/G4 na presença de S(IV) e luminol.O método quimiluminescente desenvolvido pode ser empregado para determinação de formaldeído [(5,0.10-5 - 1,0.10-2) mol L-1] e acetaldeído [(1,0.10-4 - 0,10) mol L-1], não sendo possível detectar separadamente cada um desses aldeídos. Na autoxidação de Ni(OH)2 induzida por S(IV) na presença de luminol ocorre emissão de radiação, possibilitando a detecção de S(IV) na faixa de 5,0.10-8 a 1,0.10-5 mol L-1, com limite de detecção estimado de 1,3.10-8 mol L-1. / The autoxidation of Ni(lI) and Co(lI) complexes with tetra, penta and hexaglycine, in borate medium, is accelerated by sulfur (IV) species (H2S03, HS03- and SO32-). The formation of Ni(llI) and Co(lIl) complexes was followed spectrophotometrically at 325 and 265 nm, respectively. The autoxidation rate of Ni(II)/Gn complex increases with S(IV) concentration and is maximum at pH ~ 8.5. The process is autocatalytic with Ni(lIl) or Co(llI) acting as initiators, formed by spontaneous oxidation by oxygen. The dependence of the observed rate constant with S(IV) concentration showed evidences of back or parallel reactions with formation of mixed ligand complex prior to the oxidation step. The autoxidation of Cu(II)/penta and hexaglycine complexes at pH = 9, in the presence and absence of S(IV), is very slow. The presence of S(IV) and of small amounts of Ni(lI) or Co(lI) increases significantly the effectiveness and reaction rate (induction period = 0.5 s). The mechanism involves a radical chain and redox cycling of the metal íon complexes. Acetaldehyde and formaldehyde partially inhibit the autoxidation reaction of Ni(II)/G4 in the presence of S(IV) and luminol. The developed chemiluminescent method can be used for determination of formaldehyde [(5.0.10-5 - 1.0.10-2) mol L-1] and acetaldehyde [(1.0.10-4 - 0.10) mol L-1), being not possible their isolated detection. The S(IV) induced autoxidation of Ni(OH)2 in the presence of luminol, occurs with radiation emission, allowing S(IV) detection in the range 5.0.10-8 to 1.0.10,-5 mol L-1, with detection limit of 1.3.10-8 mol L-1.

Spectroscopic studies have been used to describe the mechanism of the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by solutions of a dimeric Cu(II) complex of a dissymetric Schiff base, [CuSALAD]2.H2O, and imidazole or methyl substituted imidazoles, B, which form monomeric CuSALAD.B2 complexes, in aqueous ethanol solvent. Freezing point depression and vapor pressure lowering studies were carried out to confirm the dimeric nature of the [CuSALAD]2.H2O complex that had been previously reported. The stoichiometry of the [CuSALAD]2.H2O-imidazole equilibrium was extensively studied pointing to a 1:4 stoichiometry. The CuSALAD.B2 adducts exhibited certain catalytic properties that mimic those of catalase enzymes. The different imidazoles were buffered to acidic, neutral and basic pH media in order to investigate the pH effects of this reaction. Two charge transfer (CT) bands were observed near 420 and 450 nm upon addition of hydrogen peroxide to CuSALADB2 solutions, and were associated with two proposed intermediates (CuBOOH and CuBOOCu). A mechanism consistent with these results has been developed. First order dependence of the rate on CuSALAD.B2 was observed in the presence of excess CuSALAD.B2 over hydrogen peroxide, whereas second order dependence was observed with the latter in excess. The CuBOOCu intermediate was unstable in the presence of EDTA, and a first order dependence of rate of formation of intermediate on both CuSALAD.B2, and hydrogen peroxide was observed.

With the continuous improvement in knowledge and health risks associated with heavy metal expulsion, government environmental agencies are continuously reducing the legal disposal limits. However, the demand for items like IPods or energy-efficient appliances containing heavy metal like copper is on the rise. Whether from commercial or residential areas, heavy metals are known to have toxic effects on humans, animals, and/or ecosystems; hence, their removal is necessary part of preserving our environment. With the rising cost of natural resources, biological species have proven to be viable alternatives in the jet fuel and biodiesel industries. Algal biomass is widely considered economical because of its renewable, biodegradable, noncompetitive, and nontoxic properties. Currently, algae are being grown on waste water for the lipid; this research involves taking the left over or lipid-extracted algae (LEA) for utilization as a biosorbant to remove heavy metals from wastewater. Down selection via batch processes showed that Chlorella sorokianna and its associated lipid-extracted algae (LEA) demonstrated similar adsorption capacities of copper (II) as three current-in-use ion exchange resins. A feasibility study proved that the LEA was an economically realistic means to remove copper (II) from effluent. The LEA biomass is capable of a maximum adsorption of 14.36 ± 0.27 mg of copper (II) per gram of dry biomass for six regeneration, sorption-desorption, cycles with nitric acid. Using SEM and FTIR, the LEA is capable of ion exchange electrostatic interaction with various surface sites of carboxyl, hydroxyl, and metal groups. Next, the batch process was used to fabricate a lab-scale continuous column process much like ion exchange or activated carbon columns in a waste water treatment plant. Using the continuous systems' kinetics and cycle life, a cost analysis was performed on a plant scale column to reduce copper (II) in wastewater for recovery at a later date, which would yield cost saving over the life of columns. To install three LEA columns prior to ion exchange in a waste water treatment plant, the total capital expense is $1.03 million for a one year time line. The bidirectional flow columns are meant as pretreatment prior to ion exchange columns. The LEA columns provide a waste water treatment plant a sustainable, greener and cheaper alternative to offset costs associated with purifying waste water.

One dimensional (1-D), zinc oxide (ZnO) and copper (II) oxide (CuO), nanostructures have great potential for applications in the fields of optoelectronic and sensor devices. Research on nanostructures is a fascinating field that has evolved during the last few years especially after the utilization of the hydrothermal growth method. Using this method variety of nanostructures can be grown from solutions, it is a cheap, easy, and environment friendly approach. These nanostructures can be synthesized on various conventional and nonconventional substrates such as silicon, plastic, fabrics and paper etc. The primary purpose of the work presented in this thesis is to realize controllable growth of ZnO, CuO and nanohybrid ZnO/CuO nanostructures and to process and develop white light emitting diodes and sensor devices from the corresponding nanostructures. The first part of the thesis deals with ZnO nanostructures grown under different hydrothermal conditions in order to gain a better understanding of the growth. Possible parameters affecting the growth such as the pH, the growth temperature, the growth time, and the precursors  concentration which can alter the morphology of the nanostructures were investigated (paper 1). Utilizing the advantage of the low temperature for growth we synthesized ZnO nanostructures on different substrates, specifically on flexible substrates, which are likely to be integrated with flexible organic substrates for future foldable and disposable electronics (paper 2, 3). In the second part of the thesis, using the results and findings from the growth of ZnO nanostructures, it was possible to successfully implement ZnO nanostructures for white light emitting diodes (LEDs) on different flexible substrates (paper 4, 5). In paper 4 we realized a ZnO/polymer LED grown on a paper substrate. In paper 5 we extended the idea to print the ZnO nanorods/polymer hybrid LEDs with potential application to large area flexible displays. In the last part of the thesis, CuO and nanohybrid ZnO/CuO nanostructures were utilized to fabricate Ag+ detection and humidity sensors. In paper 6 we reported Ag+ selective electrochemical sensor based on the use of functionalized CuO nanopetals. To combine the advantages of both oxides nanostructures and to improve the performance we fabricated a pn-heterojuction using intrinsic n-ZnO nanorods and p-CuO nanostructures which were then utilized as an efficient humidity sensor (paper 7).

The kinetics of the dissolution of gold and silver colloids in ammoniacal thiosulfate solutions has been studied using oxygen, copper(II) or oxygenated copper(II) as oxidants at pH 9 - 11 and temperature 22oC to 48oC. The effects of the concentration of the main reagents such as copper(II), ammonia and thiosulfate as well as various background reagents have been investigated. Gold and silver colloids have characteristic absorption peaks at 530 nm and 620 nm respectively. Thus, the extent of gold or silver dissolution in different lixiviant systems was monitored using an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer. A comparison of the behaviour of gold colloids and powders has also been made. The beneficial or detrimental effects of silver colloid, and background reagents such as silver nitrate, and sodium salts of nitrate, carbonate, sulfite, sulfate, trithionate, tetrathionate anions have also been investigated. Experimental results show that the relative rates and the extent of gold colloid dissolution at 25ºC in different lixiviant systems in a given time interval are in the order: oxygen-cyanide > copper(II)-ammonia-thiosulfate ≈ oxygen-copper(II)- ammonia-thiosulfate > oxygen ammonia-thiosulfate ≥ oxygen-ammonia > copper(II) ammonia. The analysis of electrode potentials shows that Au(S2O3)23- is the predominant gold(I) species in the lixiviant solutions containing oxygen or copper(II) as oxidant and thiosulfate or mixed ammonia-thiosulfate as ligands. During the reaction of copper(II) with thiosulfate in ammoniacal solution without oxygen, the measured potential using a platinum electrode represent the redox couple Cu(NH3)n2+/Cu(S2O3)m1-2m (n = 4 or 3, m = 3 or 2) depending on the concentrations of thiosulfate and ammonia. The initial dissolution rates of gold colloid by oxygen in copper-free solutions show a reaction order of 0.28 with respect to the concentration of dissolved oxygen, but independent of the concentration of ammonia and thiosulfate. The reaction activation energy of 25 kJ/mol in the temperature range 25°C to 48°C indicated a diffusion controlled reaction. The initial dissolution rates of gold colloid by oxidation with copper(II) in oxygenfree solutions show reaction orders of 0.41, 0.49, 0.60, 0.15 and 0.20 with respect to the concentrations of copper(II), thiosulfate, ammonia, chloride and silver respectively. The presence of silve (I) or chloride ions enhances the rate of gold dissolution, indicating their involvement in the surface reaction, possibly by interfering with or preventing a passivating sulfur rich film on gold surface. An activation energy of 40-50 kJ/mol for the dissolution of gold by oxidation with copper(II) in the temperature range 22°C to 48°C suggests a mixed chemically/diffusion controlled reaction. The dissolution of gold by oxidation with copper(II) in oxygen-free solutions appears to be a result of the reaction between gold, thiosulfate ions and the mixed complex Cu(NH3)p(S2O3)0. The half order reactions support electrochemical mechanisms in some cases. The initial dissolution rates of gold colloid, massive gold and gold-silver alloys by oxygenated copper(II) solutions also suggest a reaction that is first order with respect to copper(II) concentration. High oxygen concentration in solutions has a negative effect on the initial rate of gold dissolution and overall percentage of gold dissolution, indicating that oxygen affects the copper(II), copper(I) or sulfur species which in turn affects the gold dissolution. The surface reaction produces Au(NH3)(S2O3)- and Cu(NH3)p+. The mixed complexes Au(NH3)(S2O3)- and Cu(NH3)p+ re-equilibrate to the more stable complexes Au(S2O3)23- and Cu(S2O3)35- in solution. The dissolution of gold powder by oxidation with copper(II) in oxygen-free solutions shows the same trends as that of gold colloid. The presence of silver(I) or chloride ions enhances the initial rate and percentage dissolution of gold colloid and powder. The dissolution kinetics of gold powder and colloid follow a shrinking sphere kinetic model in solutions of relatively low concentrations of thiosulfate and ammonia, with apparent rate constants being inversely proportional to particle radius. The best system for dissolving gold based on the results of this work is the copper(II)-ammonia-thiosulfate solution in the absence of oxygen or in the presence of oxygen. In the absence of oxygen, copper(II) 1.5-4.5 mM, thiosulfate 20-50 mM, ammonia 120-300 mM and pH 9.3-10 are the best conditions. The presences of carbonate and sulfite have a significant negative effect on the dissolution of gold. The presence of sodium trithionate shows a beneficial effect in the first two hours, while sodium tetrathionate or lead nitrate have a small negative effect and sodium nitrate showed no effect on the dissolution of gold. Silver nitrate and sodium chloride also show beneficial effects. In the presence of oxygen, copper(II) 2.0-3.0 mM, thiosulfate 50 mM, ammonia 240 mM and pH 9.3-9.5 are the best conditions.

Submitted by MARIANA RILLO SATO null (marillosato@gmail.com) on 2016-02-22T18:19:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação FINAL - COM FICHA.pdf: 2624639 bytes, checksum: 73f8b5a016f99a538e050ac383d48e8e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-02-24T14:12:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 sato_mr_me_arafcf_par.pdf: 1019774 bytes, checksum: ef4be326766e21e326047c976e98d864 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-24T14:12:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sato_mr_me_arafcf_par.pdf: 1019774 bytes, checksum: ef4be326766e21e326047c976e98d864 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Tuberculosis (TB) is known worldwide as the leading infectious disease of chronic evolution in which the abandonment of treatment before the recommended period tends to cause the development of more severe disease, such as the appearance of resistant strains. Copper interacts with biologically active ligands developing copper(II) complex with activities antimicrobial. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have gained prominence in the pharmaceutical field, since they have the ability to compartmentalize efficiently lipophilic drugs and modify their properties and behavior in the biological environment. The aims of this study was to evaluate the potential of copper(II) complexes-loaded NLCs applicable in the study against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Copper(II) complexes containing isoniazid binder were obtained and they were entitled C1, C2, and C3 where they have co-binders anionic chloride, cyanate and thiocyanate, respectively. NLCs were obtained by fusion-emulsification technique, formulations were obtained by Ultra turrax at 5000 rpm for 10 minutes followed by sonicator at 8% amplitude for 20 minutes to obtain stable NLCs, those were incorporated of 3.50% and 0.50% to surfactant poloxamer 407 and cetrimonium bromide, respectively, and 2.07%, 2.50% and 0.88% of polyoxyethylene stearate lipids, triglycerides of capric acid/caprylic and ethoxylated hydrogenated castor oil 40 OE (F32) or castor oil (F38), respectively. Copper(II) complexes were incorporated into NLCs (F32.OE.C1, F32.OE.C2, F32.OE.C3 and F38.OR.C1, F38.OR.C2, F38.OR.C3) and characterized by diameter (Dmn) , polydispersivity index (PDI) and zeta potential (ZP) for 1, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days, which revealed homogeneous dispersion and excellent physical stability over the same period; the atomic force microscopy confirmed that developed NLCs are spherical particles dispersions at nanometer scales; differential scanning calorimetry revealed that the constituents used in the formulations interacted in the systems and confirmed that copper(II) complexes were incorporated in the NLCs. The antimicrobial activity of the complexes against M. tuberculosis H37Rv was determined by the resazurin microdilution assay demonstrated potential anti-TB when complexes were incorporated into NLCs. Cytotoxicity assay in murine macrophage-like cells J774A.1 (ATCC TIB-67) e MRC-5 (ATCC-CCL-171) for 24 h and acute toxicity of the complex against Artemia salina L (Artemiidae) showed the formulations have toxicity in all tested concentrations; although published reports indicated the safety of the components used of the formulations, studies should be conducted in animal models to assess the acute toxicity. These results suggest that NLCs have potential application in the study against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. / A Tuberculose (TB) é mundialmente conhecida como a principal doença infecto-contagiosa de evolução crônica, em que o abandono do tratamento antes do período recomendado tende a ocasionar o desenvolvimento de casos mais graves da doença, gerando o aparecimento de cepas resistentes. O cobre interage com ligantes biologicamente ativos desenvolvendo complexos de cobre(II) com ações antimicrobiana. Carreadores lipídicos nanoestruturados (CLNs) vêm se destacando na área farmacêutica, pois apresentam a capacidade de compartimentalizar, de maneira eficiente fármacos lipofílicos e de modificar suas propriedades e comportamento em meio biológico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de CLNs acrescidos de complexos de cobre(II) aplicáveis no estudo frente ao Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Foram obtidos 3 complexos de cobre(II), intitulados C1, C2 e C3 que contem o ligante isoniazida e os co-ligantes aniônicos cloreto, tiocianato e cianato, respectivamente. Os CLNs foram obtidos pela técnica de fusão-emulsificação, testando-se diversas formulações por Ultra turrax a 5000 rpm por 10 minutos e por sonicador com amplitude 8% por 20 minutos até a obtenção de CLNs estáveis, que foram constituídos de 3,50% e 0,50 % de poloxamer 407 e brometo de cetrimônio, respectivamente, e de 2,07%, 2,50% e 0,88% de estearato de polioxietileno, triglicérides do ácido cáprico/caprílico e óleo de rícino hidrogenado e etoxilado 40 (F32) ou óleo de rícino (F38), respectivamente. Os complexos de cobre(II) foram incorporados nos CLNs (F32.OE.C1, F32.OE.C2, F32.OE.C3, e F38.OR.C1, F38.OR.C2, F38.OR.C3), e caracterizados por diâmetro hidrodinâmico médio (Dnm), índice de polidispersidade (IPD) e potencial zeta (PZ) por 1, 15, 30, 45 e 60 dias, revelando homogeneidade da dispersão e excelente estabilidade física; a microscopia de força atômica confirmou que os CLNs tratam-se de dispersões de partículas esféricas em escalas nanométricas; a calorimetria exploratória diferencial revelou que os componentes utilizados nas formulações interagiram para formação do sistema e que os complexos de cobre(II) foram incorporados nos CLNs. A atividade antimicrobiana dos complexos, frente ao M. tuberculosis H37Rv determinada pelo ensaio de microdiluição com Resazurina evidenciaram potencialização da ação anti-TB pela incorporação dos complexos nos CLNs. Os ensaios de citotoxicidade frente à linhagem de macrófagos J774A.1 (ATCC TIB-67) e de MRC-5 (ATCC-CCL-171) em 24 h e a toxicidade aguda dos complexos frente à Artemia salina L., mostraram que as formulações apresentaram toxicidade em todas as concentrações testadas; apesar de relatos da literatura indicarem a segurança dos componentes das formulações, estudos devem ser realizados em modelos animais para avaliar a toxicidade aguda. Os resultados sugerem que os CLNs apresentam aplicação potencial no estudo frente ao Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

This study are based on the premise that the incorporation of metal ions into nano titania-PHEMA [poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)] hydrogels would enhance the desirable properties in the photodecomposition of pollutants. The investigation are centered in the use of Cu(II) as metal ion of interest. The development of TiO2-PHEMA-Cu hydrogels was conducted, and the characterization of the materials by FT-IR, XRD and fluorescence was performed. The absorption of copper(II) from the solution was monitored by UV-Vis. The FT-IR are found too, be the most effective tool too, analyze the interaction of Cu(II) with PHEMA in the nanocomposite hydrogels. The free carbonyl group has the IR band at 1715 cm-1 in the TiO2-PHEMA. Upon uptaking Cu(II), the hydrogels showed a new band at 1595 cm-1. Further examination establishes the relationship between the two bands. The time-dependent study revealed that the intensity of band at 1595 cm-1 would increase while that at 1715 cm-1 would decrease as the time for uptaking Cu(II) increased. A concentration-dependent study also demonstrated the same trend that showed the intensities of the two bands moved in the opposite directions.

Neste trabalho inicialmente foi feita uma breve apresentação sobre a utilização de compostos de bases de Schiff e Cobre(II) como catalisadores na reação de oxidação de sulfetos. Foi feita a determinação das estruturas cristalinas dos compostos: N,N\'-bis(3-etoxisalicilideno)-(1,2etileno- diamina) Cu(II), sistema cristalino ortorrômbico grupo espacial Pbcn a = 7.639(5); b= 12.760(5); c= 19.733(5)Å; V = 1923.4(15) (3)Å3; Dcalc = 1.505 Mg/m3; MM = 435.96; e m = 1.170 mm-1, N,N\'-bis (4-dietilaminasalicilideno) - (1,2etilenodiamina) Cu(II), sistema monoclínico, C2/c, a = 19.571(2); b=9.8514(2)=; c=12.4552(4) Å; Beta = 93.705(9)o; V =2396.4(5) Å3; Dcalc=1.358 Mg.m-3; MM= 490.10; e m = 0.944 mm-1, N,N\'-bis(3-metoxisalicilideno)-(1,2etilenodiamina)Cu(II), sistema ortorrômbico, Pna21, a = 7.5140(6); b= 9.2629(9); c= 24.721(3)Å; V =1720.6(3) Å3; Dcalc = 1.575 Mg,m-1; MM = 407.91; e m = 1.302 mm1 e (SALAHE)Cu(II), monoclínico, P21/C, a = 18.3216(2) Å; b=4.804(3) Å; c=19.801(2)Å; Beta = 98.908(6)o; V =2396.4(5) Å3; Dcalc=1.358 Mg.m-3; MM= 490.10; e m = 0.944 mm-1. Os cálculos teóricos para as quatro moléculas foram efetuados partindo-se das coordenadas atômicas cristalográficas. Foram modeladas, para posterior estudo teórico, as moléculas de vinte e seis compostos de bases de Schiff e Cobre(II) análogos. Foram calculadas 104 variáveis para cada composto, e realizado o estudo de correlação estrutura-atividade catalítica através de métodos de Quimiometria. Foi obtido um modelo de correlação utilizando a classe de compostos de atividade catalítica pré-definida. Finalmente foi realizada a tentativa de previsão de atividade dos vinte e quatro compostos com atividade não conhecida, obtendo-se como resultado a probabilidade de vinte deles serem ativos como catalisadores da conversão sulfeto-sulfóxido . / Initially, in this work, a brief presentation about Schiff bases and their applications as catalysist. The crystalline structure determination was made for the compounds: N,N\'-bis(3-etoxysalicylidene)- (1,2ethylenediamine) Cu(II), crystal system orthorhombic spatial group Pbcn a = 7.639(5); b= 12.760(5); c= 19.733(5)Å; V = 1923.4(15) (3)Å3; Dcalc = 1.505 Mg/m3; MM = 435.96; e m = 1.170 mm-1, N,N\'-bis (4- diethylaminesalicilidene) - (1,2ethylenediamine) Cu(II), monoclinic, C2/c, a = 19.571(2); b=9.8514(2)=; c=12.4552(4) Å; B= 93.705(9)o; V =2396.4(5) Å3; Dcalc=1.358 Mg.m-3; MM= 490.10; e m = 0.944 mm-1, N,N\'-bis(3-metoxysalicilidene)- (1,2ethylenediamine) Cu(II), orthorhombic, Pna21, a = 7.5140(6); b= 9.2629(9); c= 24.721(3)Å; V =1720.6(3) Å3; Dcalc = 1.575 Mg,m-1; MM = 407.91; e m = 1.302 mm1 e (SALAHE)Cu(II), monoclinic, P21/C, a = 18.3216(2) Å; b=4.804(3) Å; c=19.801(2)Å; B= 98.908(6)o; V =2396.4(5) Å3; Dcalc=1.358 Mg.m-3; MM= 490.10; e m = 0.944 mm-1. The theoretical calculations for the four molecules had been effected starting of the crystallographic atomic coordinates. Twenty-six molecules without determined crystallographic structure had been shaped for theoretical study. 104 variables for each compound had been calculated, and carried through the correlation study structure-catalyst activity through chemometric methods. A separation model was gotten in one single class. Finally the attempt of forecast of activity of twenty four compounds with activity unknown was carried through, getting itself as resulted the probability of twenty in all to be able to become active.