[pt] Este trabalho descreve a síntese e caracterização de quatro complexos de cobre (II) e quatro complexos de zinco (II), com dipeptídeos, no estado sólido. Os dipeptídeos envolvidos foram: glicil-glicina, glicil-valina, metionil-metionina, metionil-glicina e cisteinil-glicina, cujos aminoácidos fazem parte de algumas proteínas envolvidas em processos de neurodegeneração, mais especificamente na doença de Alzheimer. Embora os mecanismos que desencadeiam esta patologia não estejam ainda totalmente esclarecidos, sabe-se que os íons metálicos, como o cobre (II) e o zinco (II), interagem com o peptídeo beta-amilóide. Acredita-se que tais interações favoreçam a formação de agregados protéicos sólidos deste peptídeo, observados nos cérebros de pacientes com essa doença. Dessa forma, a obtenção e o estudo de modelos simples no estado sólido, sintetizados em condições próximas ao meio biológico, podem permitir uma melhor compreensão de possíveis interações de tais metais neste sítio protéico. Os compostos obtidos foram caracterizados utilizando as seguintes técnicas: análise elementar, absorção atômica, espectroscopia de infravermelho, espectroscopia Raman, espectroscopia de ultravioleta-visível, termogravimetria, RPE (para os complexos de cobre) e condutivimetria. Para os complexos de zinco, foram realizados cálculos teóricos mecânico-quânticos para obtenção de parâmetros geométricos e espectros de infravermelho. A análise dos compostos obtidos mostrou que os complexos de cobre e zinco com os dipeptídeos estão coordenados por átomos de oxigênio e nitrogênio. Nos complexos de peptídeos contendo enxofre, a coordenação também ocorre pelo átomo de enxofre (cobre com metionil-metionina e metionil-glicina e zinco com cisteinil-glicina). Os compostos obtidos para ambos os metais na proporção metal-ligante (1:1) mostram comportamento diferente dos estudos em solução e aqueles obtidos na proporção metal-ligante (1:2) mostram comportamento similar a complexos de metais com aminoácidos. / [en] This work describes the synthesis and characterization of copper (II) and zinc (II) complexes, with dipeptides in solid state. The dipeptides involved were: glycyl-glycine, glycyl-valine, methionyl-methionine, methionyl-glycine and cysteinyl-glycine, whose aminoacids take part in some proteins involved in neurodegeneration processes, more specifically in Alzheimer’s disease. Although the mechanisms that trigger this pathology are still not totally clear, it is known that metallic ions, such as copper (II) and zinc (II) interact with the beta-amyloid peptide. It seems that such interactions favor the formation of solid proteic aggregates of this peptide, observed in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Thus, the obtaining and study of simple models in the solid state, synthesized in similar conditions to the biological medium, may allow a better understanding of the possible interactions of such metals in this proteic site. The compounds obtained were characterized using the following techniques: elemental analysis, atomic absorption, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, EPR (for the copper complexes) and conductivimetry. For the zinc complexes, quantum-mechanical theoretical calculations were performed to obtain geometrical parameters and infrared spectra. The analysis of the compounds showed that the copper and zinc complexes with dipeptides are coordinated through oxygen and nitrogen atoms. In complexes of dipeptides containing sulfur, coordination trough the sulfur atom occurs too (copper with methionyl-methionine and methionyl-glycine and zinc with cysteinyl-glycine). The compounds obtained for both metals at the metal-ligand ratio (1:1) behave differently from those studied in solution e those obtained in the metal-ligand ratio (1:2) show similar behavior of metal complexes with aminoacids.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-06-28T17:52:25Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Melo-MCA_dissertacao.pdf: 6271738 bytes, checksum: ce55245b114aac78286d16fa3cabf5d4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-28T17:52:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Melo-MCA_dissertacao.pdf: 6271738 bytes, checksum: ce55245b114aac78286d16fa3cabf5d4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-12 / CAPES / O Staphylococcus (S.) aureus é responsável por inúmeros casos de infecções em animais e seres humanos. Essa bactéria secreta uma grande variedade de exoproteínas, incluindo quatro hemolisinas: alfa, beta, gama e delta. A atividade hemolítica da alfa-toxina (α-HL) se deve a formação de poros em membranas celulares. A α-HL é um monômero solúvel em água, que se torna mais estável ao se oligomerizar e formar poros heptaméricos transmembranares. Devido sua importância na patogênese bacteriana, essa proteína tem sido alvo de estudos no desenvolvimento de agentes terapêuticos. Sabe-se que os compostos de base de Schiff têm apresentado significativos resultados em testes de atividade biológica, incluindo antibacteriana. Neste contexto, avaliou-se a atividade de complexos de cobre-base de Schiff no bloqueio de poros da α-HL de S. aureus. Simultaneamente, foram realizados estudos conformacionais da δ-toxina em solução aquosa. Experimentos com eritrócitos de coelho expostos a α-HL foram utilizados na seleção dos compostos. Membranas lipídicas planas artificiais com canais individuais de α-HL, em condições de fixação de voltagem, foram utilizados para entender o mecanismo de ação dos compostos. Finalmente, avaliou-se através de docking molecular a interação entre os compostos e o canal de α-HL, visando corroborar o mecanismo de bloqueio. No estudo da δ-toxina, dinâmica molecular foi usada para determinar sua conformação em solução aquosa. Observou-se que os complexos de cobre inibiram parcialmente a atividade hemolítica da α-HL, devido ao bloqueio parcial dos canais desta toxina. O mecanismo molecular desse bloqueio ocorre pela interação dos compostos com a região de constrição do poro. Observou-se ainda que a δ-toxina em solução aquosa apresenta de 5 a 14 resíduos enovelados. Sugere-se que os complexos de cobre são potenciais candidatos a futuros agentes coadjuvantes no tratamento de infecções por S. aureus. / Staphylococcus (S.) aureus is responsible for a great number of infecctions in animals and humans. This bacteria produces several exoproteins and virulence factors, including four hemolysins: alfa, beta, gama and delta. The alfa-toxin (α-HL) hemolytic activity occurs due to the formation of pores in cellular membranes. α-HL is a soluble monomer in water, but becomes more stable when oligomerize and form transmembranar heptameric pores. Considering its importance for bacterial patogenesis, this protein has been target of studies on new antimicrobial agents. For example, base Schiff copper compounds have been observed to show significative results in biological activity assays, including antibacterial. In this context, the present work intended to evaluate the activity of a base Schiff-copper compounds to block the S. aureus α-HL ion channel. The most effective compounds were selected based on the exposition of rabbit erythrocytes to α-HL, and tested against control conditions. The mechanism of action of these compounds were evaluated through single channel experiments in planar lipid bilayrs, through eletrophisiological techniques. Finally, molecular docking studies were employed to confirm the blocking mechanism of such compounds. Moreover, molecular dynamics simulations were used to determine δ-toxin conformation in aqueous solutions. The obtained results indicated that the copper(II) compounds were capable of partially blocking the α-HL hemolytic activity, due to partial blockade of the ionic channels. The molecular mechanis of pore blockade was identified to mainly occur due to the interaction of the compounds to the pore constriction. Additionally, it was observed that δ-toxin in aqueous solution presents from 5 to 14 amino acids showing α-helical content. Based on these results, we suggest that such compound may be further evaluated as a coadjuvante agent for the treatment of staphylococcal infections

[pt] Ligantes compartimentais são aqueles possuindo dois ou mais sítios polidentados de coordenação próximos, podendo fornecer um bom reconhecimento seletivo de íons metálicos em suas câmaras adjacentes. Neste contexto, o composto BPMAMFF {3-[N,N-bis(2-piridilmetil)aminometil]-5-metilsalicilaldeído} e o seu análogo HBPAMFF {3-[N,N-(2-piridilmetil)(2-hidroxibenzil)aminometil]-5-metilsalicilaldeído}, são ligantes compartimentais cujas características de reatividade os ressaltam como compostos de interesse para a Química de Materiais, a Nanotecnologia, a Química Bioinorgânica e outras áreas. Neste trabalho, BPMAMFF e HBPAMFF foram sintetizados, assim como seus respectivos derivados oxímicos BPMAMFF-ox e HBPAMFF-ox, visto que a adição do grupamento oxima pode potencializar algumas de suas propriedades. Assim, obteve-se 4 ligantes compartimentais, que foram caracterizados através de seus pontos de fusão, espectroscopia vibracional no IV e RMN de 1H. Além disto, 6 complexos de coordenação, sendo 5 deles inéditos, foram preparados a partir destes ligantes, sendo os complexos de cobre(II) obtidos para todos eles e os de zinco(II) sintetizados apenas para os derivados de BPMA. Todos os compostos de coordenação foram caracterizados no estado sólido através de espectroscopia vibracional no IV, termogravimetria e, quando possível, através de difração de raios X em monocristais. Os complexos diamagnéticos de zinco(II) também foram estudados através de RMN de 1H. Os resultados aqui apresentados mostram que a porção oxímica, diferentemente do esperado ao começo do projeto, não participa da coordenação a esses íons metálicos nas espécies mononucleares, ficando assim disponível para a coordenação de outros centros metálicos. Assim, estes complexos podem servir como blocos construtores na síntese de estruturas supramoleculares e polímeros de coordenação com as mais diversas aplicações. Por fim, a obtenção do complexo inédito [Cu(HBPAMFF)Cl2]·0,25 H2O, no qual observou-se pela primeira vez que o fenol terminal do ligante tripodal HBPAMFF não participa ativamente da coordenação, foi descrita por nós em um artigo publicado na revista Journal of Molecular Structure. / [en] Compartmental ligands are those that have two or more polydentate coordination sites close together , which can provide good recognition of metal ions in their adjacent chambers. In this context, the BPMAMFF {3 N N bis(2 pyridylmethyl)aminomethyl] 5 methylsalicylaldehyde} ligand and its analog ue, namely HBPAMFF {3 N N --(2 pyridylmethyl)(2 hydroxybenzyl)aminomethyl] 5 methylsalicylaldehyde}, are compartmental ligands whose reactivity features highlight them as compou nds of interest for Materials Chemistry, Nanotechnology, Bioinorganic Chemistry and other areas. In this work, BPMAMFF and HBPAMFF were synthesized, as well as their respective oximic derivatives BPMAMFF ox and HBPAMFF ox , since the addition of th is group can potentiate some of their properties. Thus, 4 compartmental ligands were obtained, which were characterized through their melting points, vibrational IR spectroscopy and 1 H NMR. Furthermore , 6 coordination complexes, 5 of them new , were prepared from th ese ligands, being the copper(II) complexes obtained for all of them and the zinc(II) complexes synthesized only for BPMA derivatives. All coordination compounds were characterized in the solid state by vibrational IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetry and, wh en possible, by X ray diffraction in single crystals. Zinc(II) diamagnetic complexes were also studied by 1 H NMR. The results presented here in show that the oximic moiety , unlike what was expected at the beginning of the project, does not participate in th e coordination of these metal ions in the mononuclear species, thus becoming available for the coordination of other metal centers. Hence , the se complexes can be used as building blocks in the synthesis of supramolecular structures and coordination polymer s with the most diverse applications. Finally, the obtention of the novel complex [Cu( HBPAMFF )Cl 2 ]·0.25 H 2 O, in which it was observed, for the first time, that the terminal phenol of the tripodal ligand HBPAMFF does not actively participate in coordination, was described by us in a p a per published in the Journal of Molecular Structure.

På grund av nya riktlinjer för användning av mässing i kontakt med dricksvatten har nya blyfria mässingslegeringar utvecklats. Det är därför av stort intresse att undersöka deras korrosionsegenskaper, såsom avzinkningshärdighet. Ett accelererat standardtest, SS-EN ISO 6509–1:2014, har använts för att bestämma avzinkningshärdighet hos mässingslegeringar. Eftersom detta standardtest utvecklades för bly-innehållande mässingslegeringar har det ännu inte fastställts huruvida denna metod också kan appliceras för fastställandet av avzinkningshärdigheten hos blyfria mässingslegeringar.  Syftet med detta examensarbete var att fylla denna kunskapslucka. Detta gjordes genom att undersöka hur avzinkningsegenskaperna för tre mässingslegeringar, varav två var blyfria och en bly-innehållande, påverkades genom att ändra standardtestets parametrar. Resultaten jämfördes sedan med deras beteende i kranvatten för att bestämma testresultatens tillförlitlighet. Det visade sig att majoriteten av de erhållna resultaten för de blyfria mässingslegeringarna var i överensstämmelse med de resultat som erhölls för den blyinnehållande mässingen. Slutsatsen som kunde dras var därför att standardtestet kan användas för att bestämma avzinkningshärdighet även av blyfri mässing samt att resultaten visar på samma rangordning gällande deras egenskaper i tappvatten. / Due to new regulations for the use of brass in contact with drinking water, new lead-free brass alloys have been developed. It is therefore of great interest to investigate their corrosion properties in terms of dezincification resistance. An accelerated standard test, SS-EN ISO 6509-1:2014 is used to determine the dezincification resistance of brass alloys. However, as this standard test was developed for leaded brass alloys, it has not yet been established whether this method also is suitable to assess the dezincification resistance of lead-free brass alloys.  This master thesis study aimed to expand this knowledge gap by investigating how the dezincification properties of three different brass alloys, two newly developed lead-free alloys and one lead-containing alloy, were affected by changing the parameters of the standard test. The results were compared with their behaviour in tap water to determine the reliability of the ISO test. Most of the obtained results of the lead-free brass alloys were in accordance with the results obtained for the leaded brass alloy. It could therefore be concluded that the standard test can be used to assess the dezincification resistance of brass alloys and also reflect their ranking at tap water conditions.

På grund av nya riktlinjer för användning av mässing i kontakt med dricksvatten har nya blyfria mässingslegeringar utvecklats. Det är därför av stort intresse att undersöka deras korrosionsegenskaper, såsom avzinkningshärdighet. Ett accelererat standardtest, SS-EN ISO 6509–1:2014, har använts för att bestämma avzinkningshärdighet hos mässingslegeringar. Eftersom detta standardtest utvecklades för bly-innehållande mässingslegeringar har det ännu inte fastställts huruvida denna metod också kan appliceras för fastställandet av avzinkningshärdigheten hos blyfria mässingslegeringar.  Syftet med detta examensarbete var att fylla denna kunskapslucka. Detta gjordes genom att undersöka hur avzinkningsegenskaperna för tre mässingslegeringar, varav två var blyfria och en bly-innehållande, påverkades genom att ändra standardtestets parametrar. Resultaten jämfördes sedan med deras beteende i kranvatten för att bestämma testresultatens tillförlitlighet. Det visade sig att majoriteten av de erhållna resultaten för de blyfria mässingslegeringarna var i överensstämmelse med de resultat som erhölls för den blyinnehållande mässingen. Slutsatsen som kunde dras var därför att standardtestet kan användas för att bestämma avzinkningshärdighet även av blyfri mässing samt att resultaten visar på samma rangordning gällande deras egenskaper i tappvatten. / Due to new regulations for the use of brass in contact with drinking water, new lead-free brass alloys have been developed. It is therefore of great interest to investigate their corrosion properties in terms of dezincification resistance. An accelerated standard test, SS-EN ISO 6509-1:2014 is used to determine the dezincification resistance of brass alloys. However, as this standard test was developed for leaded brass alloys, it has not yet been established whether this method also is suitable to assess the dezincification resistance of lead-free brass alloys.  This master thesis study aimed to expand this knowledge gap by investigating how the dezincification properties of three different brass alloys, two newly developed lead-free alloys and one lead-containing alloy, were affected by changing the parameters of the standard test. The results were compared with their behaviour in tap water to determine the reliability of the ISO test. Most of the obtained results of the lead-free brass alloys were in accordance with the results obtained for the leaded brass alloy. It could therefore be concluded that the standard test can be used to assess the dezincification resistance of brass alloys and also reflect their ranking at tap water conditions.

Copper is one of the essential metal ions for aerobic organisms. Two well known functions of copper in the biological systems are electron transfer and molecular oxygen interaction. Thus, this metal can be found in haemocyanin, an oxygen carrier protein, and superoxide dismutase, an enzyme that involves in electron transfer. In addition, having a positive redox potential allows copper to be involved in redox chemistry. It is the redox properties of copper that are responsible for many important biochemical processes. Although the copper-containing oxidases have been well studied over the years, certain mechanistic details such as reaction intermediates remain to be elucidated. Several research groups have been trying to study this by trying to mimic the native systems, synthesizing bulky organic molecules with copper-binding and oxidative capabilities. However, these model systems are only applicable in organic solvents at low temperatures. In this study, three naturally occurring peptides, amyloid-ß, bacitracin, and histatin 5, have been shown to display the oxidative chemistry when complexed with CuII. A combination of spectroscopic (UV-Vis and NMR) and reactivity was used in studying their metal-binding properties as well as in elucidating their catalytic mechanism.

[pt] Foram estudados alguns sistemas binários de Cu(II) e Zn(II) formados com as poliaminas (PA= En, Tn, Put, Spd e Spm) e os complexos ternários (MLPA), onde L foi a PCr ou o ATP e PA uma das cinco poliaminas. O estudo foi realizado em solução aquosa por potenciometria, espectroscopia de ultravioleta-visível, Raman, RMN e RPE e cálculos de menor energia de estabilização e modelagem molecular. As constantes de estabilidade foram determinadas pela potenciometria. Os valores das constantes dos complexos com as poliaminas apresentam um comportamento bastante diferenciado entre os sistemas formados com o Cu(II) e Zn(II). A ordem dos valores das constantes de estabilidade dos sistemas com o Cu(II) é:CuPut<CuTn<CuEn<CuSpd<CuSpm, e dos sistemas com Zn(II) é: ZnPut<ZnEn<ZnTn<ZnSpm<ZnSpd. Esse comportamento diferenciado se deve a estrutura formada nos complexos. Enquanto o anel de 5 membros formado pelo complexo CuEn é mais estável do que o anel de 6 e 7 membros formados pelos complexos CuTn e CuPut, respectivamente, nos sistemas com o Zn(II) o complexo que forma anel de 6 membros (ZnTn) é mais estável do que o complexo que forma anel de 5 membros (ZnEn). Já o complexo ZnPut é o menos estável pela coordenação monodentada da poliamina ao Zn(II). Os complexos formados com Cu(II) e Zn(II) com a Spd e Spm também apresentam comportamento diferenciado. Com o Cu(II) as poliaminas Spd e Spm formam complexos se coordenando com três e quatro grupamentos amino, respectivamente. Com o Zn(II) a coordenação deve ser por três grupamentos amino nos dois complexos formados. Interações entre as poliaminas protonadas e os dois ligantes são observadas de um modo geral exceto no sistema Zn:ATP:Spd, e isso se deve a conformação que a molécula formada sofre que desfavorece a interação entre os ligantes. Interações entre as triamina (Spd) e tetramina (Spm) e a PCr, são observadas nos complexos ternários, para ambos os íons, mesmo quando estas não estão protonadas. Esta interação deve ser pelo átomo de nitrogênio não coordenado da poliamina e o átomo de oxigênio não coordenado da PCr. Neste trabalho foi possível esclarecer o modo de coordenação do Cu(II) com a PCr em solução, que é pelos grupamentos guanidino e fosfato do ligante, tanto no complexo binário como nos complexos ternários. Também para o Zn(II) a PCr se complexa do mesmo modo. O modo de coordenação do ATP ao Zn(II) tanto nos complexos binários como ternários, deve ser através dos grupamentos fosfatos PB e Py . / [en] Some binary systems of Cu(II) and Zn(II) with polyamines (PA=En, Tn, Put, Spd and Spm), and ternary complexes (MLPA) of Cu(II) and Zn(II), where L is PCr or ATP, and PA is one of the five polyamines, were studied. The study was performed in aqueous solution using potentiometry, ultraviolet-visible, Raman, NMR and EPR spectroscopies, and, calculations of the lowest stabilization energy for formed complexes and molecular modeling. The stability constants were determined by potentiometry. The order of the values of stability constants of the systems with Cu(II) is: CuPut<CuTn<CuEn<CuSpd<CuSpm. For systems with Zn(II) it is: ZnPut<ZnEn< ZnTn<ZnSpm<ZnSpd. This different behavior is due to the structures formed by the complexes. While the 5-membered ring formed by CuEn complex is more stable than the 6- and 7-membered ring complexes formed by CuTn and CuPut, respectively, in systems with Zn(II) the complex that forms the 6-membered ring (ZnTn) is more stable than 5-membered ring (ZnEn). The complex ZnPut is less stable than systems formed with other diamines, suggesting a monodentate coordination of this polyamine with Zn(II). The complexes formed by Cu(II) and Zn(II) with Spd and Spm also have a peculiar behavior. With Cu(II) the polyamines Spd and Spm form complexes by coordinating with three and four amino groups, respectively. With Zn(II) coordination should be through three amino groups in both complexes. Interactions between protonated polyamines and the two ligands are generally observed, except in the system Zn:ATP:Spd. This can be because of the conformation suffered by the molecule, hindering the interaction between the ligands. Interactions between the tridentate (Spd) and tetradentate (Spm) polyamines and PCr are observed in the ternary complexes for both ions, even when the PA´s are not protonated. This interaction should be between the non-coordinated nitrogen atom from the PA and the non-coordinated oxygen atom from PCr. It was possible to clarify the coordination mode of Cu(II) with PCr in solution, which occurs through the guanidine and phosphate groups of PCr, both in the binary and ternary complexes. The ion Zn(II) also coordinates in the same way. The coordination mode of ATP with Zn(II) in the binary and ternary complexes probably takes place through the PB and PY phosphates groups.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / No presente trabalho é descrita a obtenção de hidrazonas derivadas de isoniazida e de seus complexos de cobre(II) e gálio(III) candidatos a protótipos de fármacos antituberculose e antitumoral. Para investigar o efeito da modificação química sobre as bioatividades do fármaco isoniazida, foram preparados cinco derivados hidrazônicos: 2-piridinocarboxaldeído isonicotinoil hidrazona (HPCIH, 1), 2-acetilpiridina isonicotinoil hidrazona (HAPIH, 2), 2-benzoilpiridina isonicotinoil hidrazona (HBPIH, 3), 2-piridinoformamida isonicotinoil hidrazona (HPAmIH, 4) e 2-pirazinoformamida isonicotinoil hidrazona (HPzAmIH, 5), sendo o composto HPAmIH (4) inédito. Análises de ponto de fusão, espectroscopia de infravermelho (IV), espectrometria de massas, ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN), análise elementar e termogravimetria confirmaram a obtenção e pureza das hidrazonas. Foi determinada ainda a estrutura de HPCIH (1) por difração de raios X de monocristal. Essas moléculas foram efetivas em inibir o crescimento de cepas de micobactérias Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294) nas concentrações testadas, com exceção de HPzAmIH (5). As hidrazonas HAPIH (2) e HBPIH (3) foram os compostos orgânicos mais ativos (concentração inibitória mínima, CIM = 0,625 &#61549;g/mL), apresentando atividade antimicobacteriana apenas duas vezes inferior à do fármaco isoniazida.Quanto à ação contra células tumorais, as hidrazonas HAPIH (2) e HBPIH (3) foram as mais potentes contra as linhagens OVCAR-8 (tumor de ovário - humano), HCT-116 (tumor de cólon - humano) e SF-295 (glioblastoma humano), com inibições de 34,98 a 98,63% do crescimento celular, na concentração de 5 &#61549;g/mL, enquanto que a isoniazida não foi efetiva contra as linhagens estudadas. Para avaliar o efeito da coordenação a metais sobre a atividade farmacológica das hidrazonas, foram sintetizados os complexos de cobre(II) e gálio(III), sendo todos inéditos: [Cu(HPCIH)Cl2]&#8729;H2O (6), [Cu(HAPIH)Cl2]&#8729;H2O (7), [Cu2(HBPIH)2Cl2]Cl2&#8729;4H2O(8), [Cu(HPAmIH)Cl2]&#8729;H2O (9), [Cu(HPzAmIH)Cl2]&#8729;H2O (10), [Ga(HPCIH)2](NO3)3&#61655;2H2O (11), [Ga(HAPIH)(APIH)](NO3)2&#61655;2H2O (12), [Ga(HPAmIH)(PAmIH)](NO3)2&#61655;2H2O(13) e [Ga(HPzAmIH)(PzAmIH)](NO3)2&#61655;H2O (14). Os complexos foram caracterizados por espectroscopia de IV, análise elementar, condutivimetria, RMN e espectroscopia eletrônica. Em geral, os complexos também demonstraram ação contra M. tuberculosis, sendo que apenas para 6, 9, 10 e 14 foi verificada melhor atividade em relação às hidrazonas livres. Os complexos metálicos foram tanto quanto ou mais ativos contra as células tumorais OVCAR-8, HCT-116 e SF-295 do que as hidrazonas livres. Merecem destaque os complexos 7&#61485;9 e 12, que apresentaram inibição de crescimento celular de 72,2&#61485;100%, na concentração de 5 &#61549;g/mL. Os resultados demonstram portanto que em geral os compostos 1&#61485;14 são menos ativos do que a isoniazida contra M. tuberculosis, enquanto que a modificação química do fármaco, formando-se hidrazonas com posterior complexação cobre(II) e gálio(III) constituíram uma estratégia interessante na obtenção de compostos mais potentes contra células tumorais / In this work we describe the synthesis of isoniazide-derived hydrazones and their copper(II) and gallium(III) complexes candidates for drug prototypes to treat antituberculosis and cancer. Five hidrazone derivatives have been prepared in order to investigate the effect of chemical modification on the bioactivities of the drug isoniazid: 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (HPCIH, 1), 2-acetylpyridine isonicotinoyl hydrazone (HAPIH, 2), 2-benzoylpyridine isonicotinoyl hydrazone (HBPIH, 3), 2-pyridineformamide isonicotinoyl hydrazone (HPAmIH, 4) and pyrazineformamide 2-isonicotinoyl hydrazone (HPzAmIH, 5), being HPAmIH (4) unpublished. Melting point, infrared spectroscopy (IR), mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), elemental analysis and thermogravimetric analysis has confirmed the formation of hydrazones as well as its purity. All compounds have been effective in inhibiting the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294) mycobacteria strains in the tested concentrations, except HPzAmIH (5). The hydrazones HAPIH (2) and HBPIH (3) have been the most active compounds (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC = 0.625 &#61549;g/mL), which have presented the antimycobacterial activity only two times lower than isoniazid drug. In relation to the action against tumor cells, the hydrazones HAPIH (2) and HBPIH (3) have been the most potent compounds against the cell lines OVCAR-8 (ovarian tumor - human), HCT-116 (colon tumor - human) and SF-295 (glioblastoma - human), with inhibitions from 34.98 to 98.63% of cellular growth at a concentration of 5 &#61549;g/mL. Isoniazid, in turn, hasnt been effective against all cell lines studied. To evaluate the effect of coordinating the metal on the pharmacological activity of hydrazones, complexes of copper (II) and gallium (III) have been synthesized, being all novel compounds: [Cu(HPCIH)Cl2]&#8729;H2O (6), [Cu(HAPIH)Cl2]&#8729;H2O (7), [Cu2(HBPIH)2Cl2]Cl2&#8729;4H2O(8), [Cu(HPAmIH)Cl2]&#8729;H2O (9), [Cu(HPzAmIH)Cl2]&#8729;H2O (10), [Ga(HPCIH)2](NO3)3&#61655;2H2O (11), [Ga(HAPIH)(APIH)](NO3)2&#61655;2H2O (12), [Ga(HPAmIH)(PAmIH)](NO3)2&#61655;2H2O (13) and [Ga(HPzAmIH)(PzAmIH)](NO3)2&#61655;H2O (14).The complexes have been characterized by IR spectroscopy, NMR, elemental analysis, conductivimetry and electron spectroscopy. In general, these complexes have also shown action against M. tuberculosis, whereas only 6, 9, 10 and 14 have demonstrated better activity than the free hydrazones. The metal complexes have been equally or more active against human the cancer cell lines OVCAR-8, HCT-116 and SF-295 than the free hydrazones. The complexes 7&#61485;9 and 12 deserve to be highlighted, which have shown 72.2&#61485;100% inhibition of cell growth in the 5 &#61549;g/mL concentration. The results therefore demonstrate that in general compounds 1&#61485;14 are less active than isoniazid against M. tuberculosis, while chemical modification of the drug, forming hydrazones and subsequent complexation with the copper (II) and gallium(III) metal ions have been an interesting strategy to obtain compounds more potent against tumor cells

De nos jours, un des objectifs importants de la recherche bioinorganique moderne est le développement d'enzymes artificielles. L'étude séquentielle des acides aminés présents dans le centre actif des métalloenzymes peut présenter une voie possible de la stratégie de modélisation enzymatique. Cependant, les peptides linéaires ont leurs limites lors de la reconstitution des centres actifs des métalloenzymes : ils ne possèdent pas la structure tridimensionnelle bien définie, par conséquent leur structure est vulnérable vis-à-vis de la coordination ou de l’hydrolyse des azotes amidiques. La capacité de coordination des métaux par des peptides linéaires peut être améliorée, par exemple, en les attachant à une plateforme tripodale. Les composés tripodaux peuvent assurer une organisation structurale rigide ou moins flexible pour des chaînes latérales des acides aminés, créant ainsi des sites de coordination pré-organisés pour les métaux. Dans cette thèse, la synthèse et la caractérisation des ligands peptidiques tripodaux contenant de l'histidine et la formation des complexes en présence de cuivre(II) et de zinc(II) sont présentées. Les propriétés acido-basiques ont été étudiées par potentiométrie et différentes techniques spectroscopiques ont été utilisées pour la caractérisation structurale (UV-Vis, CD, ESR, RMN et MS). Outre que la caractérisation thermodynamique et structurale, des propriétés catalytiques des complexes en réaction enzymatiques (oxydation du catéchol, dismutation du superoxyde) ont également été étudiées. Nos résultats ont démontré que les ligands peptidiques tripodaux sont capables d'améliorer la stabilité des complexes métalliques et qu'ils peuvent fournir des structures adéquates pour mimer efficacement les fonctions catalytiques des enzymes. Grâce aux études approfondies et systématiques des propriétés acido-basiques et spectroscopiques, nous avons mis en évidence les forces motrices de la coordination des métaux et établi l'impact de la structure tripodale sur la stabilité, la structure et les propriétés catalytiques des complexes formés. Nos résultats confirment l'effet bénéfique des plateformes tripodales durant la complexation des métaux, et soulignent les possibilités qui s’offrent aux peptides tripodaux dans le domaine de la biomimétisme / One of the most important directions of modern bioinorganic research is the development of artificial enzymes. One pathway of enzyme modeling strategy is the study of amino acid sequences present in the active centers of metalloenzymes. Linear peptides, however, have their limitations in reconstituting the active centers of metalloenzymes, since they do not possess the well-defined three dimensional structure, therefore their structure is vulnerable towards amide nitrogen coordination/hydrolysis. Improvement of metal binding capabilities of linear peptides can be obtained by e.g. their functionalization with tripodal ligands. Tripodal compounds may provide a rigid, less flexible platform for the coordinating amino acid side chains, creating pre-organized metal binding sites. In my thesis, I present synthesis and characterization of histidine containing tripodal peptide ligands and their complex formation in presence of copper(II) and zinc(II). Solution equilibrium was studied with pH potentiometric measurements, and several spectroscopic methods were used for structural characterization (UV-Vis, CD, ESR, NMR and MS methods). Beside thermodynamic and structural characterization, enzyme mimicking catalytical properties of the complexes have also been investigated (catechol oxidation, superoxide dismutation). Our results demonstrated that tripodal peptide ligands are capable of enhancing the stability of metal-peptide complexes, and they may provide convenient structures to efficiently mimic the catalytic functions of enzymes. With thorough and systematical solution equilibrium and spectroscopic studies, we uncovered the driving forces of metal coordination, and established the impact of the tripodal structure in stability, structure and catalytic properties of the forming complexes. Our findings confirm the beneficial effect of tripodal scaffolds in peptide-type ligand-metal complexes, and emphasize the possibilities lying within tripodal peptides in the field of enzyme mimicking

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / No presente trabalho é descrita a obtenção de hidrazonas derivadas de isoniazida e de seus complexos de cobre(II) e gálio(III) candidatos a protótipos de fármacos antituberculose e antitumoral. Para investigar o efeito da modificação química sobre as bioatividades do fármaco isoniazida, foram preparados cinco derivados hidrazônicos: 2-piridinocarboxaldeído isonicotinoil hidrazona (HPCIH, 1), 2-acetilpiridina isonicotinoil hidrazona (HAPIH, 2), 2-benzoilpiridina isonicotinoil hidrazona (HBPIH, 3), 2-piridinoformamida isonicotinoil hidrazona (HPAmIH, 4) e 2-pirazinoformamida isonicotinoil hidrazona (HPzAmIH, 5), sendo o composto HPAmIH (4) inédito. Análises de ponto de fusão, espectroscopia de infravermelho (IV), espectrometria de massas, ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN), análise elementar e termogravimetria confirmaram a obtenção e pureza das hidrazonas. Foi determinada ainda a estrutura de HPCIH (1) por difração de raios X de monocristal. Essas moléculas foram efetivas em inibir o crescimento de cepas de micobactérias Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294) nas concentrações testadas, com exceção de HPzAmIH (5). As hidrazonas HAPIH (2) e HBPIH (3) foram os compostos orgânicos mais ativos (concentração inibitória mínima, CIM = 0,625 &#61549;g/mL), apresentando atividade antimicobacteriana apenas duas vezes inferior à do fármaco isoniazida.Quanto à ação contra células tumorais, as hidrazonas HAPIH (2) e HBPIH (3) foram as mais potentes contra as linhagens OVCAR-8 (tumor de ovário - humano), HCT-116 (tumor de cólon - humano) e SF-295 (glioblastoma humano), com inibições de 34,98 a 98,63% do crescimento celular, na concentração de 5 &#61549;g/mL, enquanto que a isoniazida não foi efetiva contra as linhagens estudadas. Para avaliar o efeito da coordenação a metais sobre a atividade farmacológica das hidrazonas, foram sintetizados os complexos de cobre(II) e gálio(III), sendo todos inéditos: [Cu(HPCIH)Cl2]&#8729;H2O (6), [Cu(HAPIH)Cl2]&#8729;H2O (7), [Cu2(HBPIH)2Cl2]Cl2&#8729;4H2O(8), [Cu(HPAmIH)Cl2]&#8729;H2O (9), [Cu(HPzAmIH)Cl2]&#8729;H2O (10), [Ga(HPCIH)2](NO3)3&#61655;2H2O (11), [Ga(HAPIH)(APIH)](NO3)2&#61655;2H2O (12), [Ga(HPAmIH)(PAmIH)](NO3)2&#61655;2H2O(13) e [Ga(HPzAmIH)(PzAmIH)](NO3)2&#61655;H2O (14). Os complexos foram caracterizados por espectroscopia de IV, análise elementar, condutivimetria, RMN e espectroscopia eletrônica. Em geral, os complexos também demonstraram ação contra M. tuberculosis, sendo que apenas para 6, 9, 10 e 14 foi verificada melhor atividade em relação às hidrazonas livres. Os complexos metálicos foram tanto quanto ou mais ativos contra as células tumorais OVCAR-8, HCT-116 e SF-295 do que as hidrazonas livres. Merecem destaque os complexos 7&#61485;9 e 12, que apresentaram inibição de crescimento celular de 72,2&#61485;100%, na concentração de 5 &#61549;g/mL. Os resultados demonstram portanto que em geral os compostos 1&#61485;14 são menos ativos do que a isoniazida contra M. tuberculosis, enquanto que a modificação química do fármaco, formando-se hidrazonas com posterior complexação cobre(II) e gálio(III) constituíram uma estratégia interessante na obtenção de compostos mais potentes contra células tumorais / In this work we describe the synthesis of isoniazide-derived hydrazones and their copper(II) and gallium(III) complexes candidates for drug prototypes to treat antituberculosis and cancer. Five hidrazone derivatives have been prepared in order to investigate the effect of chemical modification on the bioactivities of the drug isoniazid: 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (HPCIH, 1), 2-acetylpyridine isonicotinoyl hydrazone (HAPIH, 2), 2-benzoylpyridine isonicotinoyl hydrazone (HBPIH, 3), 2-pyridineformamide isonicotinoyl hydrazone (HPAmIH, 4) and pyrazineformamide 2-isonicotinoyl hydrazone (HPzAmIH, 5), being HPAmIH (4) unpublished. Melting point, infrared spectroscopy (IR), mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), elemental analysis and thermogravimetric analysis has confirmed the formation of hydrazones as well as its purity. All compounds have been effective in inhibiting the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294) mycobacteria strains in the tested concentrations, except HPzAmIH (5). The hydrazones HAPIH (2) and HBPIH (3) have been the most active compounds (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC = 0.625 &#61549;g/mL), which have presented the antimycobacterial activity only two times lower than isoniazid drug. In relation to the action against tumor cells, the hydrazones HAPIH (2) and HBPIH (3) have been the most potent compounds against the cell lines OVCAR-8 (ovarian tumor - human), HCT-116 (colon tumor - human) and SF-295 (glioblastoma - human), with inhibitions from 34.98 to 98.63% of cellular growth at a concentration of 5 &#61549;g/mL. Isoniazid, in turn, hasnt been effective against all cell lines studied. To evaluate the effect of coordinating the metal on the pharmacological activity of hydrazones, complexes of copper (II) and gallium (III) have been synthesized, being all novel compounds: [Cu(HPCIH)Cl2]&#8729;H2O (6), [Cu(HAPIH)Cl2]&#8729;H2O (7), [Cu2(HBPIH)2Cl2]Cl2&#8729;4H2O(8), [Cu(HPAmIH)Cl2]&#8729;H2O (9), [Cu(HPzAmIH)Cl2]&#8729;H2O (10), [Ga(HPCIH)2](NO3)3&#61655;2H2O (11), [Ga(HAPIH)(APIH)](NO3)2&#61655;2H2O (12), [Ga(HPAmIH)(PAmIH)](NO3)2&#61655;2H2O (13) and [Ga(HPzAmIH)(PzAmIH)](NO3)2&#61655;H2O (14).The complexes have been characterized by IR spectroscopy, NMR, elemental analysis, conductivimetry and electron spectroscopy. In general, these complexes have also shown action against M. tuberculosis, whereas only 6, 9, 10 and 14 have demonstrated better activity than the free hydrazones. The metal complexes have been equally or more active against human the cancer cell lines OVCAR-8, HCT-116 and SF-295 than the free hydrazones. The complexes 7&#61485;9 and 12 deserve to be highlighted, which have shown 72.2&#61485;100% inhibition of cell growth in the 5 &#61549;g/mL concentration. The results therefore demonstrate that in general compounds 1&#61485;14 are less active than isoniazid against M. tuberculosis, while chemical modification of the drug, forming hydrazones and subsequent complexation with the copper (II) and gallium(III) metal ions have been an interesting strategy to obtain compounds more potent against tumor cells