O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar a influência de diferentes tamanhos de partículas de carga na tenacidade à fratura (KIc), nos parâmetros do crescimento subcrítico de trinca (n e f0) e de Weibull (m e 0), na longevidade estimada pelo diagrama tensão-probabilidade-tempo (SPT) e no limite de fadiga cíclica (LFC) de compósitos resinosos experimentais. Quatro compósitos foram preparados contendo 78% em massa (59% em volume) de conteúdo inorgânico, constituído por 67% de pó de vidro com diferentes tamanhos de partículas (d50 = 0,5; 0,9; 1,2 e 1,9 µm) e 11% de sílica pirogênica. Dados de KIc obtidos pelo método single-edge notched beam (25x5x2,8 mm; n=15) foram submetidos a ANOVA/teste de Tukey (p < 0,05). n e f0 foram determinados através do ensaio de fadiga dinâmica (10-2 a 102 MPa/s) utilizando um dispositivo de flexão biaxial (12x1,2 mm; n=10). Para determinar m e 0, mais 20 espécimes de cada compósito foram testados na taxa de 100 MPa/s. Os diagramas SPT foram obtidos a partir dos dados da fadiga dinâmica e análise de Weibull. No ensaio de fadiga cíclica, um dispositivo de flexão biaxial (12x1,2 mm) foi utilizado para se obter a resistência à flexão inicial (RFI; n=14) e o LFC (n=20). LFC foi obtido pelo método escada após 105 ciclos. Para todos os testes, os espécimes foram armazenados em água destilada a 37oC por 24h. Foi realizada a fractografia dos espécimes fraturados nas taxas 10-2 e 10-1 MPa/s da fadiga dinâmica e nos ensaios para determinação da RFI e LFC. Houve relação direta entre d50 e KIc (C0,5: 1,2±0,1b; C0,9: 1,3±0,1ab; C1,2: 1,3±0,1ab; C1,9: 1,4±0,2a, em MPa.m0,5). C0,5 (31,2±6,2a) e C1,9 (34,7±7,4a) apresentaram valores de n superiores a C0,9 (20,3±3,0b) e C1,2 (17,3±1,8b). C1,2 (166,42±0,01a) apresentou o maior valor de f0 (em MPa), seguido pelo C1,9 (159,82±0,02b), C0,9 (159,59±0,02c) e C0,5 (158,40±0,02d). Não houve diferença estatística entre os valores de m (6,6 a 10,6) e 0 (170,6 a 176,4 MPa) dos compósitos. As reduções na tensão de fratura para uma probabilidade de falha de 5% após 10 anos estimadas pelo diagramas SPT foram de aproximadamente 22% para C0,5 e C1,9 e 36% para C0,9 e C1,2. Não houve diferença estatística entre as médias de RFI (155,4 a 170,7 MPa). C0,5 (93,0±18,6a) apresentou o maior LFC (em MPa), seguido pelo C1,2 (91,8±11,1ab), C1,9 (87,2±3,0b) e C0,9 (82,5±8,0c). Defeitos sub-superficiais e superficiais foram as principais origens de fratura. A trinca se propagou pela matriz polimérica ao redor das partículas (deflexão de trinca) e todas as superfícies apresentaram características de fratura frágil. Como conclusão, compósitos com partículas maiores apresentaram maior KIC, enquanto que partículas menores contribuíram para um maior LFC. Compósitos com distribuição granulométrica mais ampla, independentemente do d50, apresentaram maior resistência ao SCG. Nos demais parâmetros e propriedades avaliados (m, 0 e RFI) não houve influência do tamanho das partículas. / The aim of this study was to verify the influence of different filler sizes in the fracture toughness (KIc), subcritical crack growth (n e f0) and Weibull (m e 0) parameters, longevity estimated by the strength-probability-time (SPT) diagram and cyclic fatigue limit (CFL) of experimental resin composites. Four composites were prepared, each one containing 78 w% (59 vol%) of inorganic content, in which 67 w% were glass powder with different filler sizes (d50 = 0.5; 0.9; 1.2 e 1.9 µm) and 11 w% were pyrogenic silica. KIc data was obtained by the single-edge notched beam test and submitted to ANOVA/Tukey tests (p < 0.05). n and f0 were determined by the dynamic fatigue test (10-2 a 102 MPa/s) using a biaxial flexural device (12x1.2 mm; n=10). 20 specimens of each composite were tested at 100 MPa/s to determine Weibull parameters. SPT diagrams were constructed using the dynamic fatigue and Weibull data. For the cyclic fatigue test, a biaxial flexural device (12x1.2 mm) was used to obtain the initial flexural strength (IFS; n=14) and CFL (n=20). CFL was determined by staircase method after 105 cycles. For all tests, the specimens were stored in distilled water at 37oC for 24h. It was done the fractography of the fractured specimens that was subjected to the 10-2 e 10-1 MPa/s rates of the dynamic fatigue and to the IFS and CFL tests. There was a direct relation between d50 e KIc (C0.5: 1.2±0.1b; C0.9: 1.3±0.1ab; C1.2: 1.3±0.1ab; C1.9: 1.4±0,2a, in MPa.m0,5). C0.5 (31.2±6.2a) and C1.9 (34.7±7.4a) presented higher n values than C0.9 (20.3±3.0b) and C1.2 (17.3±1.8b). C1.2 (166.42±0.01a) showed the highest f0 value (in MPa), followed by C1.9 (159.82±0.02b), C0.9 (159.59±0.02c) and C0.5 (158.40±0.02d). There were no statistical differences among the m (6.6 to 10.6) and 0 (170.6 to 176.4 MPa) values of the composites. The reductions in fracture stress at 5% failure probability for a lifetime of 10 years estimated by the SPT diagrams were approximately 22% for C0.5 and C1.9 and 36% for C0.9 and C1.2. There were no statistical differences among the IFS means (155.4 to 170.7 MPa). C0.5 (93.0±18.6a) showed the highest CFL (in MPa), followed by C1.2 (91.8±11.1ab), C1.9 (87.2±3.0b) and C0.9 (82.5±8.0c). Near-surface and surface flaws were the main fracture origins. The crack propagated by the polymeric matrix around the fillers (crack deflection) and all the fracture surfaces showed brittle fracture features. As conclusion, composites with large fillers presented the highest KIC, while the small fillers contributed to increase the CFL. Composites with broader granulometric size distribution, regardless of d50, showed higher resistance to SCG. There was no influence of the composites filler sizes in the others parameters and properties evaluated (m, 0 and IFS).

Cette étude s'intéresse à la fissuration des structures multi-perforées, soumises à des sollicitations pouvant aller de la plasticité confinée à la plasticité généralisée. Le cas d'étude considéré est celui des chambres de combustion des turbomachines aéronautiques. Le matériau utilisé est le Haynes 188, un superalliage à base de Cobalt, spécialement conçu pour ce type d'applications. La fissuration des structures multi-percées a été souvent étudiée dans des conditions de plasticité confinée. Ces études doivent être étendues au domaine de la plasticité généralisée.Afin d'étudier les interactions entre fissures et perçages, une éprouvette originale a été conçue. Dans le but de reproduire un motif de base simplifié correspondant aux trous de refroidissement des chambres de combustion, l'éprouvette est percée en son centre par trois trous. Des essais de fissuration isotherme à 900°C sous des chargements de fatigue ont été réalisés avec des niveaux de chargement allant de la plasticité confinée à la plasticité généralisée. Ces essais ont permis d'étudier la durée de vie du motif de base. A partir des résultats expérimentaux de contrainte et de déformation, les essais ont été modélisés à une échelle dite macroscopique avec un modèle de fissuration en énergie. Dans le but d'améliorer la description des essais, la modélisation a été ensuite réalisée à une échelle intermédiaire, dite mésoscopique, à partir de calculs par éléments finis. / The purpose of this study is to investigate crack growth of multi-perforated structures when loading can vary from small scale yielding to large scale yielding conditions. In this study we focus on combustion chambers of aerospace engines. The material used in crack growth tests is the Haynes 188, a cobalt based superalloy, specially developed for this type of applications. Studies on crack growth of multi-perforated structures are often made in small scale yielding conditions. These studies have to be extended to large scale yielding conditions.In order to study interactions between cracks and perforations, an original specimen has been developed. The specimen is perforated in the center by three holes inspired by cooling holes of combustion chambers. Fatigue crack growth tests at 900°C have been conducted with loads from small scale to large scale yielding conditions. These tests were used to study life of a base pattern. Using experimental stresses and strains, tests were modeled at a macroscopic scale with an energy based crack growth model. In order to improve experimental results description, tests were modeled at an intermediate mesoscopic scale using finite element calculations.

No description available.

A austenita retida está sempre presente na microestrutura de camada cementada de aços, em maior ou menor quantidade. Como é uma fase dúctil comparada à martensita, sua presença tem sido alvo de muita controvérsia. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a influência da austenita retida na propagação de trincas curtas por fadiga em camada cementada de aço SAE 8620. Foram feitos ensaios de fadiga por flexão em quatro pontos, a temperatura ambiente, em corpos de prova sem entalhe com três níveis de amplitude de tensão e razão de tensões de 0,1. Através de diferentes ciclos de cementação e tratamentos térmicos, foram obtidas camadas cementadas com quatro níveis de austenita retida na microestrutura. O teor de austenita retida foi medido através da técnica de difração de Raios-X. Trincas superficiais foram monitoradas por meio da técnica de réplicas de acetato. Como resultados foram obtidos tamanho de trinca em função do número de ciclos e taxa de crescimento de trincas curtas. Corpos de prova com maiores níveis de austenita retida apresentaram maior vida em fadiga. / The retained austenite is always present in case carburized steel microstructure in small or high percentages. Since it is a ductile phase, its presence has long been a controversial subject. The influence of retained austenite on short fatigue crack propagation in case carburized SAE 8620 steel was studied in this work. Four-point-bend fatigue tests were carried out at room temperature in specimens without notch using three levels of stress range and a stress ratio of 0.1. Four different amount of retained austenite in the case carburized microstructure were obtained through different cycles of carburizing and heat treating. The retained austenite content was measured by X-ray technique, and the surface short crack growth was monitored by means of acetate replication technique. Crack length versus number of cycles and crack growth rate versus mean crack length were obtained as results. Specimens with higher levels of retained austenite in the carburized case showed longer fatigue life.

This thesis described mechanical tests with monitoring of camera. The aim of this work is to obtain additional information about material behavior during the test. The mechanical tests were monitored high-definition (HD) digital video-camera and camera with high resolution. The method was applied to the tensile test and Pennsylvania notch test (PENT test). The videorecordings were processed with the assistance image analysis method. The marks were placed on both of these specimens, mutual movement these marks were used to obtain following characteristics. It was Poisson’s ratio and true stress by tensile test. By PENT test it was rate growth crack. The investigated material was elastomeric polyurethane filled by biodegradable polyhydroxybutyrate for tensile test. Second material was polypropylene for PENT test. The camera is adding to the test gives extended information about the material and better interpretation results.

Diplomová práce se zabývá návrhem metodiky výpočtu závislého šíření trhlin ve více konstrukčních částech s využitím programu AFGROW. Prezentována metodika, která také zahrnuje stanovení zbytkové pevnosti, byla aplikována v damage tolerance analýzách vybraných míst na konstrukci křídla L 410 NG.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der zweidimensionalen Simulation der Rissausbreitung mit Hilfe der adaptiven Finite-Elemente-Methode. Das Ziel war die Entwicklung von Algorithmen zur effizienten und automatisierten Modellierung des Risswachstums. Das zugrunde liegende Konzept besteht in der vollständigen Integration aller Teilschritte der Risswachstumssimulation in ein einziges FE-Programm. Während der gesamten Simulation erfolgt durch den Einsatz eines fehlergesteuerten h-adaptiven Verfahrens die automatische Anpassung der FE-Diskretisierung an das gestellte Rissproblem. Die Simulation der spröden Rissausbreitung erfolgt auf Basis der linear-elastischen Bruchmechanik. Die dafür benötigten Spannungsintensitätsfaktoren werden mit Hilfe des J-Integrals in Form der Interaction-Integral-Technik ermittelt. Die Simulation des duktilen Versagens in der Prozesszone an der Rissspitze wird mit Hilfe des Schädigungsmodells von Rousselier beschrieben. Das Kriterium für duktiles Risswachstum basiert auf der Auswertung des akustischen Tensors an der Rissspitze und legt den Beginn der makroskopischen Rissausbreitung mit dem Einsetzen der Lokalisierung fest.

<p>QC 20110523</p>

Rolling contact fatigue is a problem encountered with many machine elements.In the current report a numerical study has been performed in order to predictthe crack path and crack propagation cycles of a surface initiated rolling contactfatigue crack. The implementation of the contact problem is based on theasperity point load mechanism for rolling contact fatigue. The practical studiedproblem is gear contact. Different loading types and models are studied andcompared to an experimental spall profile. Good agreement has been observedconsidering short crack lengths with a distributed loading model using normalloads on the asperity and for the cylindrical contact and a tangential load on theasperity. Several different crack propagation criteria have been implemented inorder to verify the validity of the dominant mode I crack propagation assumption.Some general characteristics of rolling contact fatigue cracks have beenhighlighted. A quantitative parameter study of the implemented model hasbeen performed. / Utmattning med rullande kontakter är ett ofta förekommande problem för många maskinelement. I den aktuella rapporten utfördes en numerisk studieför att förutsäga sprickvägen hos utmattningssprickor som initierats i ytan vidrullande kontakter. Implementeringen av kontaktproblemet bygger på asperitpunktlastmekanismen för rullande kontakter. Studien av kontaktproblemetär tillämpad till kugghjul. Olika belastningstyper och modeller studeradesoch jämfördes med profilen hos en experimentell spall. Bra överensstämmelseobserverades för korta spricklängder när en modell med fördelad belastninganvänds för en belastningstyp där en normalbelastning agerar på asperiten ochvid cylindriska kontakten och en tangentialbelastning införs på asperiten. Olikakriterier för spricktillväxt implementerades för att verifiera giltigheten av antagandetatt mode I spricktillväxt är dominant. Några generella kännetecken avutmattningssprickor med rullande kontakter framhävdes. En kvantitativ parameterstudie för den implementerade modellen utfördes.

No description available.