La presente investigación tomará en cuenta los nuevos cambios presentados en el COSO ERM y evaluará el rol del COSO ERM en la gestión de créditos en el sector de Banca múltiple en el Perú durante el 2018. Los resultados del presente estudio permitirán tener una mejor gestión de riesgo que favorecerá a los negocios reforzando los temas de control de la empresa, identificando y administrando el riesgo de manera integral. Esto llevará a aumentar los resultados positivos y las ventajas de la organización, también reducir las secuelas negativas de los riesgos, pues permitirá identificarlos de manera oportuna. En los siguientes párrafos se presentará los objetivos y las hipótesis que se desprenden de esta investigación. Esta investigación consta de 5 capítulos. En el primer capítulo, se describe algunos conceptos compuestos en el marco teórico, donde se desarrollan el COSO ERM, los diferentes tipos de riesgos, gestión de crédito, rentabilidad, morosidad en el sector y normativas. En el segundo capítulo se desarrolla el plan de investigación. Se determina el problema, luego se detallará el objetivo principal y los específicos. Así como se presentará la hipótesis, la cual será validada a través de las herramientas de investigación. En el tercer capítulo se presentará la metodología de la investigación, el cual tendrá un enfoque mixto y como herramientas se aplicarán entrevistas a profundidad a especialistas en el sector banca y cuarenta encuestas a jefes o analistas que se desempeñan en el sector. En el cuarto capítulo se detallará el resultado de las entrevistas y encuestas aplicadas, las cuales se enlazan con los objetivos e hipótesis planteados en el plan de investigación. En el quinto capítulo, se detalla el análisis de la información recopilada en el capítulo 4. Además, se validan las hipótesis planteadas a través del chi cuadrado y del planteamiento de un caso y, finalmente, se presentarán las conclusiones y recomendaciones que se desprenden después de validar las hipótesis planteadas. / The present investigation will consider the new exchange rates presented in COSO ERM and evaluate the role of COSO ERM in credit management in the Multiple Banking sector in Peru during 2018. The results of this study will allow you to have a better risk management that will favor business by reinforcing the control themes of the company, identifying and managing the risk in full. This will increase the positive results and the benefits of the organization, as well as reduce the negative sequences of risks, so it will be possible to identify them in a timely manner. In the following paragraphs, the objectives and hypotheses that come from this investigation will be presented. This investigation consists of 5 chapters. In the first chapter, we describe some concepts made within the theoretical framework, from which the COSO ERM unfolds, the different types of risks, credit management, profitability, late payment in the sector and regulations. In the second chapter the research plan was developed. If the problem is determined, the main objective and specifics will be detailed. Thus, as the hypothesis will be presented, which will be validated through the investigative tools. In the third chapter, the research methodology will be presented, which will have a mixed approach and how tools will be applied to in-depth interviews with specialists in the banking sector and many interviews with analysts who are performing in the sector. In the fourth chapter, the result of the interviews and applied surveys will be detailed, as they relate to the objectives and hypotheses planted in the research plan. In the fifth chapter, the analysis of the information collected in chapter 4 is detailed. Also, if the hypotheses planted through the square chi and the planting of a case are validated, finally, the conclusions and recommendations that come off will be presented. to validate the planted hypotheses. / Tesis

No description available.

Agricultural leases issued to forestry, dairy and cash crops operators from 1980-1992 are reviewed to determine factors statistically significant in predicting risk level (probability of default and/or probability of late payment) of the lessee for each industry. From a previous study of Telmark, 1990, literature review and the Recommendations of the Farm Financial Standards Task Force financial, operator/lessee and farmer/operator variables are selected for analysis. Data obtained from Telmark,Inc. are used to develop a model to explain lease risk level of the forestry, dairy, and crops industries. Results show that for forestry the following financial, lessee/operator, and farmer/operator variables are useful in determining riskiness: operating expense to revenue, cash flow coverage, capital turnover, years in business, gross revenue, and owner's equity. The dairy results indicate that the following variables are important: current ratio, cash flow coverage, return on assets, capital turnover, operating expense to revenue, FHA loan secured, owner's equity, and gross revenue. The crop results indicate percent equity, current ratio, cash flow coverage ratio, return on assets, capital turnover, operating expense to revenue, interest to income, real estate owned, years in business, FHA loan-secured, and owner's equity are significant variables for determining lease risk. Using the results from these models, a weighted average cost of misclassifying a lease is calculated. This is used to develop a profit maximizing criterion for determining whether a lease is high or low risk. The need for future work is discussed. In the area of weighted average cost of misclassifying a lease, additional information on the costs of leasing and riskiness of the population would aid in reducing the misclassified leases in the portfolio. Further study exploring some of the unexpected results in this study would be beneficial to both the lessee and the lessor. / Master of Science

This thesis studies the Chinese banks’ credit risk assessment using the Post Keynesian approach. We argue that bank loans are the major financial sources in emerging economies and it is uncertainty, an unquantifiable risk, rather than asymmetric information about quantifiable risk, as held by the mainstream approach, which is most important for the risk attached to credit loans, and this uncertainty is particularly important in China. With the universal existence of uncertainty, borrowers and lenders have to make decisions based on convention and experience. With regard to the nature of decision-making, this implies the importance of qualitative methods rather than quantitative methods. The current striking problem in Chinese banking is the large amount of Non-Performing Loans (NPLs) and this research aims to address the NPLs through improving credit risk management. Rather than the previous literature where Western models are introduced into China directly or with minor modification, this work advocates building on China’s conventional domestic methods to deal with uncertainty. We briefly review the background of the Chinese banking history with an evolutionary view and examine Chinese conventions in the development of the credit market. Based on an overview of this history, it is argued that Soft Budget Constraints (SBC) and the underdeveloped risk-assessing mechanism contributed to the accumulation of NPLs. Informed by Western models and experience, we have made several suggestions about rebuilding the Chinese convention of credit risk assessment, based on an analysis of publications and interviews with Chinese bankers. We also suggest some further development of the Asset Management Companies (AMCs) which are used to dispose of the NPLs.

The overall objective of this study was to determine the effect of Basel ll on the South African banking system through possible changes in the way in which a bank conducts its business. This purpose arose from the publication of the new Basel ll Framework on 26 June 2004, which has been adopted for implementation by the South African Reserve Bank. South Africa has set January 1, 2008 as the implementation date for Basel ll. The South African banks have mainly been focussing their efforts on becoming Basel ll compliant. Business line management and marketers have up until now not paid much attention to the likely impact of Basel ll on their markets and product offerings. A literature study was undertaken which included a review of the Basel ll Framework, impact studies and a review of the relevant literature on the topic. The Framework was analysed in order to determine the major impact themes. Once these impact themes were identified, the literature on those areas of impact was researched. The analysis of the Basel ll Framework identified three important themes that will have a significant impact on banks. There will firstly be an impact on market segments and product offerings. Secondly, there will be an internal impact on the banks in the form of increased costs, decision-making and capital management. The final theme identified was the global impact on the banks, especially regarding procyclicality and mergers and acquisitions. vii The research indicates that there will be both winners and losers. Banks that have large retail and mortgage exposures will benefit the most from Basel ll, whereas banks that have large exposures to sovereigns, banks and specialised lending portfolios will be negatively impacted. A capital charge for operational risk will mean that some areas such as corporate finance and asset management will be allocated capital, which was not the case under Basel l. Studies indicate that this new operational risk capital requirement more than outweighs any reduction in credit risk capital requirements. Customers that have high credit ratings are more likely to benefit from lower credit spreads. Similarly customers that have poor credit ratings can expect an increase in their pricing due to the higher capital requirements for these customers, unless they can provide a bank with ancillary revenues. Competition in the retail and mortgage markets will intensify due to the favourable capital requirements for these portfolios. The large South African banks will become takeover targets because of their large exposures to these markets. Basel ll will have a major impact on the way in which banks will do business in the future and as a result banks should view the implementation of the Framework as an opportunity to gain strategic advantages rather than just a compliance obligation. / Prof. A. Boessenkool

En bostad kan ses som en investering och finansieras oftast med ett bostadsslån från en bank. Finansinspektionen som fungerar som ett tillsynsorgan till bankverksamheterna har agerat mot en osund kredithantering med hjälp av införandet av ett bolånetak. Tidigare finansiella kriser har visat på svårigheterna att i förväg föreställa sig effekterna av framtida osäkerheter. Vid ett bostadslån kommer kreditgivaren och kredittagaren behöva resonera kring framtida osäkerhet som medföljer skuldsättningen. En ökad skuldsättning i förhållande till disponibel inkomst för varje enskild låntagare skulle innebära en ökad risk för bankens stabilitet. En kris i en bank kan skapa stora ekonomiska konsekvenser för samhällsekonomin. Bankerna arbetar för att motverka de risker med deras verksamhet genom att kvalitetssäkra krediterna. Vad som utgör risk och osäkerhet är en uppskattning som görs av varje individ då det kan ses som något unikt. Det gör att man ofta agerar på ofullständig information och trots bristen på fullständig information ska parterna ingå ett avtal där framtiden kan vara osäker.Genom att fördjupa oss i kredithanteringsprocessen vill vi undersöka hur bankerna arbetar med risk och osäkerhet genom rådgivning till deras bostadslånskunder. Vi har även haft till syfte att undersöka privatrådgivarens uppfattning och förhållningssätt till kredittagarens skuldsättning. Vi har undersökt hur banken ser på kredithantering genom att granska deras årsredovisningar och fördjupat oss i denna arbetsprocess genom att intervjua en privatrådgivare från respektive utvald bank. Dialogen mellan kreditgivare och kredittagare ger en inblick hur aktörerna arbetar för att vara proaktiva i kredithanteringen inför den osäkerhet som är förknippad med ett bostadslån.Vi kan konstatera från vår empiri och teori att det är svårt att kalkylera och bedöma den risk som är förknippad med ett bostadslån. Den totala risken med skuldsättningen beror på marknadsmekanismer som kan vara svåra att förutse. De inblandade aktörerna gör enbart prognoser vilket betonar att det inte finns någon definitiv säkerhet i parternas relation. Riskhanteringen vid krediter handlar om att försöka skapa en förståelse för potentiella händelser. Rådgivarens förmåga att skapa en förståelse hos kunderna om innebörden med ett bostadslån är av stor vikt.Vi kan konstatera att rådgivarna möter risker och osäkerheter genom att försöka vara proaktiva. Rågivarna agerar proaktivt genom att kalkylera faktiska förhållanden och samtidigt föra ett resonemang för att vara trygga i att kunden uppfattar att omständigheter kan förändras. Rådgivarna vill således möta kunderna genom att försäkra att det finns en förståelse i deras beslut. Proaktiviteten i bemötandet yttrar sig i faktorer så som försäkringar, men också amortering och framför allt buffertsparande. Vi kan konstatera att amortering är en god ekonomisk syn och sunt ur ett risk- eller osäkerhetsperspektiv. Sparande kan användas för att hantera oförutsedda utgifter. Buffertsparandet ger kunden möjligheten att vara flexibel för att inte vara beroende av sin inkomst på kort sikt. / Program: Civilekonomprogrammet

近年來由於經濟景氣的因素及製造業與建築業的景氣停滯，使得銀行的逾放比率及金額大增，遂使得銀行經營更加困難。根據現行辦法規定，當企業向銀行申請融資額度超過三千萬以上者，必須檢附會計師的融資簽証報告，且融資簽証業務一直都是會計師主要的業務之一，故本研究將探討審計報告的資訊內涵－運用於財務危機之預測，即是結合財務報表的資訊及審計報告意見型態的資訊建立一套較佳的財務預警模式，以探討審計報告的資訊內涵於財務預警的貢獻。 　　本研究以金融聯合徵信中心的資料庫中於民國八十一年底及民國八十一二年底仍列為催收或呆帳的公司且在發生財務危機前三年有完整的財務報表為違約公司，運用違約公司的所屬產業別、資產總額及銷售額為配對標準，選出正常履約公司進行分析。計算十九種公司財務比率、十九種產業相對財務比率及審計報告意見型態為變數，區別前期樣本及全體樣本分別建立財務預警模式。 　　首先先檢定財務比率是否符合常態分配的假說，其次檢定財務資訊的資訊內涵，亦即比較二群體間財務比率是否有差異，最後分別運用因素分析及不採用因素分析建立Λογιτ模式，並比較模式的正確性及加權效率性以選擇出較佳的模式。 　　研究結果如下： 　　1.在前期樣本中，不論採用何種變數，僅有固定資產比率符合常態性假說；在全體樣本中，均不符合常態分配的假說。 　　2.以公司財務比率為變數時，有八種財務比率於二群體間不具差異性；但當以產業相對財務比率為變數時，則有十一種財務比率於二群體間不具差異性。 　　3.審計報告具資訊內涵，對於預測企業是否發生違約與否有所貢獻。 　　4.不論採用何種變數所建立的財務預警模式對於前期樣本及全體樣本的正確分類上均優於隨機分類，但對於後期樣本的正確預測上則不優於隨機分類，故模式的貢獻有限。

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

This dissertation is focused on the analysis of the current method of proceeding REC incl. its effect on accounting firm and to draw up its own credit management. Theoretical part of the dissertation offers information and receivables management concepts, their prevention, and debt collection. This part describes the meaning and usability tools of collection activity. The starting point for setting up a new system is the assessment of the financial situation of the company with financial analysis and analysis of the current state of the receivables. The practical part also includes the elaboration of proposals and recommendations, and the application of specific methods, incl. the costs and benefits. The result of the dissertation is effective system solutions to the outstanding receivables.

This thesis deals with the provision of credit supply, especially the risk associated with their delivery. The key part of this work is a model that evaluates the level of supply risk using fuzzy logic. Model evaluation of the supply risk is introduced to selected customers selected companies.