In this paper, several lines of evidence (geology, paleoenvironment, lithic and faunal analysis, among others) from the Calera site (Sierras Bayas, pampean region, Argentina) are summarized and discussed. The cultural deposit seems to be a ritual site, formed by the occurrence of several ceremonies during the late Holocene. In the Calera site, four cubetas (pits) were intentionally excavated, between ca. 3400 and 1750 years BP, and filled with a great amount and variety of archaeological materials as well as alochtonous sediments. Among the recovered materials, there were more than 6000 of lithic artefacts, 310 pottery sherds (some of them with antropomorphic motifs), 1760 pieces of mineral pigments, 4 marine molluscs, a shell bead, a granite axe, several instrument made of bone and deer antler, and a phallic statuette. A yet undetermined number (several thousands) of faunal remains were from 16 different mammal species (guanaco, pampean deer, carnivores, mesomammals, micromammals, among others), 6 avian species, 3 fishes and probably reptiles. The exceptional features of the site allow the study of social and ideational aspects of the pampean hunter-gatherers and discussion of the archaeological signatures of the site in terms of non-hierarchical societies. / En este trabajo se discuten y resumen las evidencias obtenidas como resultado de estudios multidisciplinarios —geológicos, paleoambientales, líticos, arqueofaunísticos y tafonómicos, entre otros— del sitio Calera, ubicado en las Sierras Bayas, región pampeana, Argentina. Este sitio se presenta como un depósito excepcional de origen ritual producido probablemente como consecuencia de varias ceremonias realizadas en las inmediaciones. En este lugar se registraron cuatro cubetas excavadas intencionalmente, fechadas entre c. 3400 y 1750 a.p., que fueron rellenadas con materiales arqueológicos y sedimentos alóctonos. Entre los materiales se destacan más de 6000 artefactos líticos de diferentes materias primas locales y no locales, aproximadamente 400 instrumentos líticos, 310 tiestos de alfarería (algunos con motivos figurativos antropomorfos), 1760 restos de pigmentos minerales, cuatro moluscos marinos, una hacha de granito, una cuenta de valva, una estatuilla cilíndrica decorada de forma fálica y varios instrumentos sobre hueso y astas. También se registró un número aún indeterminado (varios miles) de restos óseos de 16 especies de mamíferos —entre ellos guanaco, venado, carnívoros, mesomamíferos y micromamíferos—, seis aves, tres peces y, posiblemente, reptiles. Las características excepcionales del sitio permiten abordar aspectos ideacionales y sociales de los cazadores recolectores pampeanos y discutir la visibilidad arqueológica de los sitios de encuentro.

A tecnologia da aplicação tem papel fundamental na agricultura, pois proporciona uma correta aplicação do produto biologicamente ativo no alvo, ocasionando um melhor aproveitamento dos agrotóxicos. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a influência de diferentes pontas e pressões na qualidade da pulverização na cultura do tomate por meio da quantificação do depósito e da cobertura foliar. Foram estudadas as pontas GA 11002 (jato plano com indução de ar), TTJ 60-11002 (jato plano duplo) e TT 11002 (jato plano padrão), todas nas pressões de 200, 350 e 500 kPa. Para todos os tratamentos a taxa de aplicação foi de 180 L ha-1. O percentual de cobertura foliar foi quantificado por meio da análise de imagens que detectaram o traçador fluorescente LRM 100 com o auxílio de luz ultravioleta. As imagens foram capturadas por uma câmera digital e processadas pelo software QUANT. O depósito foi quantificado pela extração e quantificação do traçador azul brilhante FD&C N°1 por meio de espectrofotometria. Para ambos os parâmetros foram analisadas amostras do estrato superior e inferior da planta. Houve diferença estatística somente para a cobertura foliar, sendo que na parte superior da planta a ponta de jato plano duplo apresentou menor cobertura na menor pressão. Nas maiores pressões houve um aumento da cobertura foliar favorecido pela formação de gotas médias e finas pelas pontas avaliadas. No estrato inferior a eficiência na cobertura foliar da ponta de jato plano diminui com o aumento da pressão. O depósito de pulverização foi favorecido pelo aumento da cobertura foliar. / The application technology plays a key role in agriculture as it provides a correct application of the product biologically active in the target, causing a better use of pesticides. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different nozzles and spray pressures acting on tomato by quantifying the deposit and leaf coverage. Were studied the nozzles GA 11002 (flat fan air induction), TTJ 60-11002 (twin flat fan) and TT 11002 (standard flat fan), all pressures of 200, 350 and 500 kPa. For all treatments, the application rate was 180 L h-1. The percentage of leaf coverage was quantified by image analysis to detect the fluorescent tracer LRM 100 with the aid of ultraviolet light. The images were captured by a digital camera and processed by software QUANT. The deposit was quantified by extraction and quantification of tracer bright blue FD&C N° 1 by spectrophotometry. For both parameters were analyzed samples of top and bottom of the parts plant. Statistical difference only for leaf coverage, and at the top of the plant to twin flat fan nozzles showed lower coverage in less pressure. In the higher pressures there was an increase of leaf coverage favored by the formation of fine droplets medium and evaluated nozzles. In the bottom part plant coverage efficiency of foliar flat fan nozzles decreases with increasing pressure. The spray deposit was favored by increased leaf coverage.

Contribuir ao entendimento dos mecanismos que controlam o comportamento da interação estaca-solo, em estacas de grande diâmetro executadas em perfil arenoso, foi a principal motivação que levou a propor a criação de um campo experimental, concebido para realização de um programa de ensaios de provas de carga instrumentadas. Este processo deu inicio com o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa, que descreve a caracterização geotécnica da área de estudo. As investigações geotécnicas iniciais foram compostas por ensaios de campo; ensaios de penetração padrão (SPT), ensaios dilatométricos (DMT) e ensaios de piezocone (CPTu), além de ensaios de laboratório de caracterização, representados por ensaios de umidade natural e ensaios granulométricos. Os ensaios de campo permitem obter parâmetros constitutivos do perfil da área de estudo, sendo possível junto à descrição geológica, fazer algumas inferências que foram determinantes para o processo de concepção das provas de carga instrumentadas. Uma revisão de aspectos geológicos foi realizada, caracterizando-se o contexto regional e a gênese das planícies costeiras do estado de Santa Catarina, área onde foi localizado o campo experimental. Ênfase é dada á instrumentação das estacas, sendo elementos essenciais para a realização das provas de carga e analises posteriores, incluindo, diversas recomendações para instrumentação tanto no topo como no fuste das estacas. Previsões de capacidade de carga através de três métodos de cálculo, dimensionamento do sistema de reação, metodologia de carregamento e instrumentação fazem parte das contribuições resultantes da realização desta pesquisa, subsidiando a execução das provas de carga de pesquisas futuras. Estes subsídios foram projetados em base a normativas nacionais e internacionais, além da recopilação de diferentes experiências relatadas na literatura, as quais estão incluídas na revisão bibliográfica. / Contributing to the understanding of the mechanism controlling the behavior of the pile-soil interaction in large diameter piles in sand was the main motivation of the present research. This led to the creation of an experimental testing site designed to test large diameter instrumented piles. This process has started with the development of this research, which describes the geotechnical characterization of the area. Geotechnical investigations comprised field test: standard penetration tests (SPT), dilatometer tests (DMT) and cone penetration tests (CPTu), as well as laboratory tests to determinate the natural moisture and soil granulometric curves. Field studies allow obtaining constitutive parameters of the profile of the study area that beside the geological description, allowed inferences regarding the instrumentation of piles. A review of geological features was held, characterizing the regional deposition and the genesis of the coastal area of the state of Santa Catarina, where the experimental field was located. Emphasis is given to the instrumentation of piles, essential for the analyses of test, including several recommendations for instrumentation in both the top and shaft. Estimation of load capacity by three methods of calculation, design of the reaction system, methodology of loading stages and instrumentation are part of the contributions resulting from this research, giving support to the load tests in future research. These contributions are based on national and international standards, support by the compilation of different experiences reported in the literature, which are included in the literature review.

Orientador: Giorgio Basilici / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T12:00:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Simplicio_Fabio_M.pdf: 8080825 bytes, checksum: fba3debc6ddf60e9930361db9c5c3855 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Os lençóis de areia eólica são sistemas deposicionais constituídos em áreas de morfologia plana ou ligeiramente ondulada. As formas de leito predominantes nos lençóis de areia são as marcas onduladas de vento. Tais formas de leito podem ocorrer em comboios ou compondo zibars. Os zibars são formas de leito similares às dunas. Nos zibars não há geração de estratos de queda. Embora muitos estudos reconheçam sistemas de deposição eólica pré-cambrianos, poucos são direcionados aos lençóis de areia eólica. Igualmente negligenciados são os zibars. A Formação Bandeirinha é a unidade inferior do Supergrupo Espinhaço. Depósitos de arenitos vermelhos intercalados a conglomerados intraformacionais compõem esta unidade. Três elementos arquiteturais foram individualizados: zibars, dunas com faces de deslizamento e canais efêmeros. Os depósitos de zibars são arenitos finos a grossos, moderadamente bem selecionados, constituídos por sets de arenitos com laminações planas e paralelas, de geometria tabular ou em cunha. Os sets ocorrem sobrepostos, separados por superfícies truncadas, e constituem cosets. Os depósitos de dunas com faces de deslizamento são arenitos finos a médios, muito bem selecionados, que ocorrem na forma de corpos de geometria lenticular. Os depósitos de canais efêmeros são constituídos por corpos de conglomerados intraformacionais, clasto-suportados, de base côncava, os quais ocorrem em contato erosivo sobre os estratos de arenitos. As superfícies erosivas, de contato entre arenitos e conglomerados, têm amplitude regional. A Formação Bandeirinha é interpretada como uma sucessão sedimentar formada em um lençol de areia eólica dominado por zibars. A alternância entre depósitos de arenitos eólicos e conglomerados revela variações climáticas de ordem regional, onde a deposição eólica (clima seco) era interrompida por deposição subaquosa (clima mais úmido). Neste lençol de areia, o balanço entre entrada e saída de materiais clásticos foi sempre positivo, a construção eólica foi contínua nos períodos mais secos. A estabilização do sistema foi resultado dos processos de cimentação no substrato. A subsidência tectônica foi o principal mecanismo de preservação do sistema eólico / Abstract: The aeolian sand sheets are depositional systems formed in areas with flat or slightly undulating morphology. The predominant bedforms in sand sheets are climbing wind ripples. These bedforms may occur in convoys or composing zibars. The zibars are similar to dunes, but without avalanching faces. Although many studies recognise aeolian Precambrian systems, few works deal with aeolian sand sheets. Equally neglected are the zibars. The Bandeirinha Formation is the lower unit of the Espinhaço Supergroup. Deposits of red sandstones intercalated with intraformational conglomerates compose this unit. Three architectural elements are recognised: zibars, dunes with slip faces and ephemeral channels. Deposits of zibars are fine to coarse grained sandstones, moderately well sorted, and composed by sets of planar-parallel laminations sandstones, in tabular geometry. The sets are superimposed and occur separated by truncated surfaces that constitute cosets. The dunes with slip face are fine to medium grained, very well sorted, and occur as lenticular bodies. The ephemeral channel deposits consist of intraformational conglomerates, clast-supported, with concave erosive basal surface on the sandstone strata. The erosive surfaces of the conglomerates seem to have a regional extension. The Bandeirinha Formation is interpreted as an aeolian sand sheet dominated by zibars. The transition between aeolian sandstones and conglomerates reveals climate variations of regional range, where aeolian deposition, which corresponds to dry climate phase, was interrupted by subaqueous deposition, in more humid climate. During the sand sheet deposition, the balance between input and output of clastic materials was always positive, the aeolian construction was continuous. The stabilization of the aeolian system was result of cementation processes of shallow depth. The tectonic subsidence was the main mechanism of preservation of the aeolian system / Mestrado / Geologia e Recursos Naturais / Mestre em Geociências

Orientador: Giorgio Basilici / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T07:38:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Prandi_PedroLifterRodrigues_M.pdf: 6770707 bytes, checksum: cf2520ff00d4079bf88ddac4cccd8e0b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O principal objetivo deste trabalho é a caracterização estratigráfica da bacia Bauru nas proximidades do município de Marília (SP) através da análise das diferentes litofácies e superfícies limitantes de diversas escalas. O trabalho inclui também a análise dos paleossolos como elemento arquitetural, e a geofísica de poços que proporcionaram um maior detalhamento nas análises dos dados de superfície e subsuperfície. Os depósitos na área são interpretados como sucessões de lençóis de areia eólica com forte influência de processos pedogenéticos no topo e depósitos subaquosos na base da sequência. Esta influência ocorre devido a variações no clima. A espessura dos depósitos na área é de aproximadamente 260 metros, como pode ser comprovado pelos dados de perfilagem. As litofácies determinadas para este trabalho foram o arenito com laminação plano paralela, arenito com estruturas de fluxo não canalizado e arenito com estruturas de adesão. Para os paleossolos encontrados foram o Aridisols e o Entisols. Três fases deposicionais são distintas, da base para o topo: 1) A primeira fase deposicional é caracterizada por uma predominância de depósitos eólicos com grande influência do lençol freático aflorante; 2) A segunda fase também predominada por depósitos eólicos, porém mais seca, com pequena influência do lençol e a presença de paleossolos é pequena; 3) A terceira fase, do topo, é caracterizada por uma predominância de processos pedogenéticos ainda de clima árido a semiárido / Abstract: The main objective of this work is the stratigraphic characterization of Bauru basin in the city of Marília (SP) through the analysis of different lithofacies and bounding surfaces of various scales. This work also include an analysis of paleosols as an architectural element, and the analysis of geophysics wells data that provide a better detailed characterization of the surface and subsurface lithology. The deposit on this area is interpreted as eolian sand sheet deposits with strong influence of pedogenetic processes at the top and subaqueous at the bottom of the sequence. This influence occur due to the climate variations. The thickness of the deposit in this area is approximately 260 meters, as proven by the profiling data. The lithofacies determined for this work are: the sandstone with parallel lamination; sandstone with non-channeled flow structures and sandstone with adhesion structures. The palaeosols found was Aridisols and Entisols type. Three deposition phases can be distinguished, from the base to the top: 1) The first phase of the aeolian deposition process is characterized by a predominance of aeolian deposits with highly influence of water table; 2) The second phase is also of aeolian sedimentation but drier than the lower one, it is not so influenced by the water table and that are few paleosols; 3) Third phase, at the top of the deposit, is characterized by pedogenic processes from arid to semiarid climate / Mestrado / Geologia e Recursos Naturais / Mestre em Geociências

Cette thèse examine l'impact de la transparence informationnelle des banques sur la stabilité financière pendant la période 1990-2013. Elle est composée de deux essais empiriques, un essai théorique, ainsi que d'une revue de la littérature. Le premier chapitre met en lumière la littérature existante, théorique et empirique, qui servira comme tremplin pour le reste de la dissertation, Le chapitre 2 teste les effets de la transparence informationnelle des banques sur les prix des swaps de crédit pendant la crise de la dette souveraine européenne, sut- la période 2010-2013. Les banques les plus transparentes sont les banques qui souffrent le moins de la volatilité des prix des swaps de crédit au moment des annonces de dégradation des notes des états. La transparence, via la gouvernance des marchés financiers participent à améliorer la stabilité financière. Le chapitre 3 teste, théoriquement, les incitations à retirer des déposants en présence d'ambiguïté et dans le cas où l'information est imparfaite. Les résultats montrent que plus leur degré de pessimisme génère une incitation supérieure à retirer leurs dépôts de l'institution dans laquelle ils ont déposés. La combinaison de l'ambiguïté et de l'asymétrie d'information ouvre la porte à de nouvelles perspectives en termes de transparence informationnelle de la part des banques en direction des déposants et participant ainsi à l'amélioration de la stabilité financière en évitant les paniques bancaires. Le chapitre 4 teste empiriquement les résultats obtenus dans le chapitre précédent. Nous testons l'attractivité, pour les déposants, des banques les plus transparentes sur la période 1990-2013 tout en prenant en considération l'ambiguïté. Les résultats confirment que l' ambiguïté a un effet négatif sur le montant des dépôts totaux des banques et que la transparence informationnelle peut activer des incitations au retrait chez les déposants. / This thesis tries to understand the relationship between banking disclosure and financial stability for several actors of bank's governance. Disclosure has a positive impact on financial market participant made possible by a reduction of the information premium. Regarding depositors, we decided to partially reject the hypothesis of perfect rationality by introducing the ambiguity notion. We were able to show that a negative relationship exists between ambiguity and deposit levels bath theoretically and empirically. Disclosure policies have therefore a negative impact on European total deposit empirically.

Der Abbau der Uranerzlagerstätte Schlema-Alberoda von über Tage bis in eine Teufe von 2000 m und die anschließende Flutung führten zu Einwirkungen auf die Tagesoberfläche u.a. in Form von Senkungen, Hebungen, Horizontalverschiebungen und seismischen Entspannungen. Im Grubenteil Oberschlema entstand durch intensiven Abzug des Eigenversatzes aus dem Firstenstoßbau ein Bruchkörper (sog. Deformationsgebiet), der einen ca. 3,3 km² großen Senkungstrog mit Senkungen bis 6 m, mehrere hundert Meter lange Erdrisse und eine ca. 30 Jahre anhaltende Nachsenkungsphase mit Senkungen bis 3 cm/a verursachte (abbaubedingte Bodenbewegungen). Infolge der abbaubedingten Bodenbewegungen, der Vielzahl von tagesnahen Grubenbauen und daraus entstandener Tagesbrüche, musste der Kurort Oberschlema fast vollständig abgebrochen werden. Das ca. 25 ha große, als Deformationsgebiet bezeichnete Gelände wurde eingezäunt. Nach 1994 entstand in diesem Gebiet ein Kurpark. Mit der Stilllegung der Grube Schlema-Alberoda begann die Flutung. Ab 1998 wurde auch der Bruchkörper geflutet. Entsprechend der bisher beobachteten Bodenbewegungen reagiert der Bruchkörper und das relativ standfeste umgebende Grubengebäude unterschiedlich auf die Flutung. Über dem Bruchkörper wurden Schieflagen um 4 mm/m, Verschiebungen über 15 cm, Zerrungen bis 6 mm/m und Pressungen bis zu 5 mm/m ermittelt. Über dem Grubenteil Niederschlema-Alberoda konnten mit den bis Oktober 2016 durchgeführten Nivellements flutungsbedingte großflächige Hebungen bis 12 cm nachgewiesen werden. Ursache der Hebungen sind Dehnungen des durchbauten Gebirgskörpers bis in eine Teufe von ca. 1000 m. In dem Beitrag wird das für die Beobachtung und Interpretation der geomechanischen Auswirkungen der Flutung der Grube durchzuführende Monitoring sowie einige Ergebnisse vorgestellt.

Megalithic tombs that originally date back to the early to mid-neolithic are the oldest preserved monument that can be found in Scandinavia. The act of raising big stone structures for the dead shows that the monuments where build to last through time. Prehistoric people from different time periods have reused these monuments on different locations all over Europe. This paper focuses on the monuments in Sweden and it shows that the reuse of megalithic monuments appears in all regions where these monuments can be found. The different reasons to why people wanted to reuse these monuments are also discussed. The paper proposes that the reasons are religious and political. Political the monuments can give inheritance rights which granted land rights among other things.

The Rävliden North deposit (Rävliden N) is a volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposit in the western part of the Skellefte district, northern Sweden. The district is one of Sweden’s major metallogenic provinces with a significant amount of VMS deposits. The Rävliden N deposit, discovered in 2011, contains copper, zinc, lead, silver and subordinate gold and occurs close to the largest VMS deposit in the district, the Kristineberg deposit, which has been mined for more than 70 years. The purpose of this master thesis is to study the composition, mineralogy and paragenetic relationships in different types of sulphide mineralization from the Rävliden N deposit. Emphasis is placed on characterizing the distribution and paragenetic relationships of silver-bearing minerals. The methods include core logging, sampling and mineralogical studies through light optical microscopy (LOM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and quantitative evaluation of mineralogy by scanning electron microscopy (QEMSCAN). Lastly, electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) was used to determine the chemical composition of silver-bearing minerals and sulphides. Mineralization types studied include 1: the main massive to semi-massive sulphide mineralization, 2: stratigraphically underlying stringer mineralization and 3: local, vein- and/or fault-hosted silver-rich mineralization in the stratigraphic hanging wall. The massive to semi-massive sulphide mineralization is dominated by sphalerite with lesser galena and pyrrhotite. In contrast, the stringer mineralization is dominated by chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite. The major minerals show evidence of a coeval formation and textural as well as structural evidence suggest that ductile deformation has affected the mineralization types. Notable evidence includes ball-ore textures, accumulation of minerals in pressure shadows and brittle fracturing of competent arsenopyrite and pyrite porphyroblasts and infilling by more incompetent sulphide minerals. The silver-bearing minerals identified are commonly spatially associated with galena and the major species is freibergite ((Ag,Cu,Fe)12(Sb,As)4S13), which also occur as inclusions in chalcopyrite mainly in the stringer mineralization. The stringer mineralization also contains notable amounts of hessite (Ag2Te). Notably, galena, pyrrhotite, freibergite and other sulphosalt minerals are commonly accumulated in pressure shadows near host rock fragments in the massive to semi-massive sulphide mineralization. The only gold-bearing mineral identified in this study is electrum (Au, Ag) in the stringer mineralization. The hanging wall mineralization locally comprises faulted and/or sheared massive sulphide mineralization which is compositionally similar to the main massive to semi-massive sulphide mineralization, besides a significantly higher content of freibergite. However, parts of the hanging wall mineralization are entirely dominated by sulphides and sulphosalts of silver, such as pyrargyrite (Ag3SbS3), pyrostilpnite (Ag3SbS3), argentopyrite (AgFe2S4), sternbergite (AgFe2S3) and stephanite (Ag5SbS4). These occur in structurally late settings, which along with consideration of their temperature stabilities suggest a late origin. Since the silver-bearing minerals in the massive to semi-massive sulphide mineralization and the two varieties of hanging wall mineralization contains the same metals, the mineralization in the hanging wall may have formed by late-stage remobilization of ore components from the underlying Rävliden N deposit. This negates the need for multiple mineralization events to explain the local silver-enriched zones in the hanging wall. The paragenetically late mineralization types contains high content of Ag-bearing minerals in relation to base metal sulphides. This suggests that remobilisation processes were important for locally upgrading the Ag-content.

Porphyry copper deposits represent one of the largest copper reserves on Earth. They typically contain large, low-grade reserves of primary ore and higher-grade, supergene enrichment blankets of sulfide and oxide ores. Understanding the mineralogy of porphyry copper ores and ores related to porphyry copper systems is exceedingly important for several reasons, foremost of which are the information provided by ore mineral parageneses, assemblages, and mineral chemistry on evolution of these magmatic-hydrothermal systems, and information on mineral processing characteristics of the ores. The focus of this work is to better understand the mineralogy of supergene copper sulfides in porphyry copper systems and hypogene base metal lodes related to porphyry copper systems, and use this mineralogical knowledge to improve our understanding of the processes responsible for ore formation. The objectives of this study are accomplished by two means: focusing on the crystallography and crystal chemistry of minerals, and then applying this mineralogical knowledge to a supergene sulfide enrichment blanket and hypogene massive sulfides from base metal lodes in southeastern Arizona. The discovery of a new mineral, natropalermoite, NaSr2Al4(PO4)4(OH)4, provided the opportunity to use single-crystal X-ray diffraction to solve a crystal structure, and electron-probe microanalysis (EPMA) to study the crystal chemistry of natropalermoite and how the accommodation of Na in the structure changes lengthens the unit cell along [010] and shortens it along [100] and [001] compared to its lithium analogue, palermoite. Solution of the crystal structure of the mineral nickelskutterudite, (Ni,Co,Fe)As3, allowed for the investigation of anion deficiency in minerals of the skutterudite group, a problem whose solution has eluded researchers for nearly 100 years. Two skutterudite (CoAs3) and two nickelskutterudite samples were analyzed using single-crystal X-ray diffraction, EPMA, and procrystal electron density. The results showed fully-occupied anion sites and a cation surplus, which was accommodated in the icosahedral site, proving that minerals of the skutterudite group are not anion deficient. This mineralogical knowledge was applied to the supergene enrichment blanket in the Western Copper section of the Morenci mine, Greenlee County, and hypogene massive sulfide deposits associated with a porphyry copper deposit at Bisbee, Cochise County, Arizona. This is one of very few studies of supergene sulfide blankets ever completed. One drill hole through the supergene blanket at Western Copper was examined using ore microscopy and EPMA. Results showed dominant (Cu+Fe):S ratios of 1.80 ± 0.05, 1.92 ± 0.03, and 1.10 ± 0.10, with higher (Cu+Fe):S dominant high in the blanket and low ratios dominant near the base of the blanket. These values were interpreted to be controlled by activity of Cu2+, Fe2+, and Fe3+ in solution. Massive sulfide deposits at Bisbee were investigated using ore microscopy and EPMA in order to correct the previous conflicting reports of the mineralogy and paragenesis of this famous district and interpret constraints on conditions of ore-forming fluids. Results show four types of ore: chalcopyrite-rich with hematite and/or pyrite, bornite-rich, chalcocite-rich, and a Zn-Pb association. Chalcopyrite-rich ores formed first, followed by bornite-rich and chalcocite-rich ores. All ores were formed at relatively shallow depths from oxidized, moderately sulfur-rich fluids; early fluids were higher temperature and later fluids were lower temperature and considerably more sulfidized. Zinc-lead ores formed early and were continuously dissolved and reprecipitated distal to Cu-mineralization. These patterns are similar to many other base-metal lode districts worldwide, however Bisbee contains more Zn-Pb ore than other districts with hematite-containing ores and less than those without hematite.