Parkinsons sjukdom är en neurologisk sjukdom, som främst drabbar motorik, men även kan påverka psykosociala och kognitiva funktioner. Studiens syfte var att kartlägga aktiviteter och upplevd delaktighet hos en grupp personer med Parkinsons sjukdom (n = 10). En semistrukturerad intervju gjordes med genomgång av aktiviteter under ett dygn. Data analyserades utifrån aktivitets- och delaktighetsdomänerna i ICF. Jämförelse med tidigare forskningsresultat visade att personerna i den aktuella undersökningsgruppen ägnade mer tid åt personlig vård, men mindre tid åt vila och TV-tittande. Upplevd delaktighet i aktiviteterna skattades generellt som hög, men en negativ korrelation sågs mellan tid sedan diagnos och delaktighet inom domänen Viktiga livsområden. En stor spridning i materialet indikerar att exempelvis rehabiliteringsinsatser bör baseras på individuell aktivitetsanalys.

The aim of this essay is to study the development of democracy in the Halland province, with focus on participating measures. First and foremost to test earlier research about the causes of the development of democracy, which says that the work takes place with obvious variation between the municipalities and that it is caused by economic resources and experienced problems in the democracy. The purpose is also to conduct a general discussion about the conditions and effects of the development. Thus the method can be characterised as theory consuming because I as far as possible assume the method that has been used in earlier research. Still, my study is limited to the six municipalities of the Halland province and is therefore a study of few cases. One person in each municipality has been interviewed in order to collect a list of all the measures that have been carried out. This material has been analyzed with a variety of variables. The results points out that neither economic resourses nor experienced problems in the democracy can be considered as satisfactory causes, at least not in these six cases. Instead, the results tell that the incidence of driving forces and real enthusiasts is a better explanation, which together with a well-functioning local government administration are the most important factors for achieving positive effects in the participating democracy.

Children’s participation in their planning in health and social services is important. To make children’s needs more considered they need to be involved in the cision-making processes. Children have the ability to reflect. The aim has been to find ut which knowledge there is about participation of children and youth with disability in meetings with the society and elucidate factors that have an impact on the participation. This study focus on the children’s view on their own participation. The topic was examined with a selective systematic literature review. Forty studies showed that children want to be participating in their own habilitation contacts. The majority studies concern health care, very few social care. This study concerns children’s participation in the aspect how • they are listened to • they are supported in expressing their views • their views are taken into account • they are involved in decision-making processes and • they participate and have power and responsibility for decision-making. Children clearly desired participation in the three first levels and to some extent in the two latter. Time, flexibility, the staff ’s child competence and children’s participation competence, interaction competence (children, parents, staff) etc are important factors on individual and system level. Despite knowledge about children ’s competence the awareness still is low about the importance of children’s participation.

This thesis explores communities’ participation and involvement in both wildlife-based and tourist activities in south Luangwa national park with particular focus on local participation/ devolution. Specifically, it assesses whether the legal provisions for community participation in wildlife management spelt out in the wildlife policy take into account various factors which enhances the effectiveness of local participation in CBNRM. It then examines various forms of community participation in wildlife management and small scale tourism activities. Finally, the study examines sources of conflict which may occur over natural resources in SLNP and adjacent GMA. The study uses political ecology and protected area management paradigm as the theoretical frameworks. The former comprises four major elements, which include the politicization of the environment, a focus on actors as the contestants in this politicization, inequality in distribution of power between and among actors in the park, and the dynamic involvement of natural environment in this process. The latter, uses a CBC framework that is based on: allowing people living near the protected lands to participate in land-use policy and management decisions; giving people proprietorship or ownership over wildlife resources; and, giving local people economic benefit from wildlife conservation. A case study approach is adopted involving qualitative research method. Data were collected through personal observation, formal and informal interviews, focus groups and document review. In a case study approach, an empirical inquiry, which investigates contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context such like wildlife, is analyzed and interpreted through the selected theoretical frameworks. The data reveal that, local people living near SLNP and in the Lupande GMA do not per se actively participate in land-use policy and management decisions. Further, data indicate that community resource boards in the three chiefdoms have not been given ownership over wildlife resources. ZAWA has continued appropriating all the revenues accruing from wildlife utilization in the area since its inception. This is contrary to what is stated in the wildlife policy and wildlife Act 1998. Also, data shows that many local people do not individually benefit from wildlife-based and tourist activities. Additionally, data indicates that different interest groups expect different types of participation to achieve their own goals. Accordingly, participation varied among various interest groups although much of it as reported by respondents concentrated in the two lower levels of Pretty’ typology. The findings are significant because they offer a framework for understanding challenges and conflicts related to wildlife conservation and tourism development.

The amount of waste is increasing in the world due to changed consumption patterns and increasing populations. This is a problem especially in poor countries where the ability to handle the waste is limited due to financial and management problems. The non-profit organization WASTE has developed an Integrated Sustainable Waste Management- concept (ISWM), trying to help cities with waste management. The concept focuses on cooperation and participation among stakeholders, and also introduction of micro-and small enterprises and community based organizations. The aim of this thesis is to give recommendations to Babati, a small town in the north of Tanzania, how to develop their waste management based on the concept of ISWM. A case study has been carried out in the town, founding out that the streets of the town is free from litter today but is  facing big challenges in the future. The town has a growing population and is just about to change waste management system. The new system is not developed in cooperation with the stakeholders in the town, but rather an initiative from the authorities, which will make the system very fragile. However, it is not too late to take action for securing a successful implementation of the system. The authorities of Babati now have an opportunity to adjust the solid waste system before population and the mountain of waste gets out of control. The suggestions given to Babati are to have parallel systems of waste collecting; it will try to meet people’s different needs. Encourage people to make waste handling into a business is also essential, that will reduce the amount of waste and generate incomes at the same time. Finally and most important is to involve all stakeholders and listen to their needs.  If the stakeholders are parts of the process and involved in decision making, it is much more likely that the system becomes sustainable and a success.

Over the last twenty years we have seen an increasing use of in-work tax subsidies to encourage labor supply among low-income groups. In Sweden, a non-targeted earned income tax credit was introduced in 2007, and was reinforced in 2008, 2009 and 2010. The stated motive of the reform was to boost employment; in particular to provide incentives for individuals to go from unemployment to, at least, part-time work. In this paper we try to analyze the extensive margin labor supply effects of the Swedish earned income tax credit reform up to 2008. For identification we exploit the fact that the size of the tax credit, as well as the resulting average tax rate, is a function of the municipality of residence and income if working. However, throughout the analysis we find placebo effects that are similar in size to the estimated reform effects. In addition, the results are sensitive with respect to how we define employment, which is especially true when we analyze different subgroups such as men and women, married and singles. Our conclusion is that the identifying variation is too small and potentially endogenous and that it is therefore not possible to use this variation to perform a quasi-experimental evaluation of the Swedish EITC-reform.

Dans les années 2000, pour assurer son développement, le Rwanda revoit sa stratégie agricole en prenant un virage coopératif majeur. Parallèlement, les critiques internationales des pratiques « néocoloniales » de développement rural provoquent un changement vers des approches plus participatives. Ces deux bouleversements entraînent des changements considérables dans les communautés rurales rwandaises, où naissaient des centaines de coopératives agricoles. Le mouvement grassroots (développement par le bas) et la méthode ÉRP (évaluation rurale participative) favorisent le renforcement des capacités de la société civile et sa participation aux projets, comme l’ont voulu les organisations partenaires au projet Développement agricole coopératif au Rwanda. La littérature et l’expérience coopérative sur le terrain nous enseignent comment s’articule la participation locale, du point de vue des partenaires CCA (Association des coopératives du Canada) et UGAMA-CSC (Centre de service aux coopératives du Rwanda). Mais, qu’en est-il du point de vue de la population bénéficiaire? C’est en menant 27 entrevues semi-dirigées, individuelles et anonymes, auprès de membres réguliers ainsi que les chefs de zone et les professionnels impliqués dans les coopératives, que l’étudiante-chercheure a voulu répondre à la question de recherche suivante : dans le Rwanda agricole, où œuvrent différents acteurs de développement sur un même projet, comment s’articule le processus de participation locale aux yeux de la population bénéficiaire ? La recherche offre un regard rétrospectif sur la participation de la population ciblée par le projet, ainsi que le pouvoir qu’elle a exercé à travers les différentes étapes du dit projet. Son objectif secondaire est d’améliorer ce processus pour des projets futurs en tirant des apprentissages. La participation qui est présentée dans la théorie n’est pas toujours calquée intégralement dans la pratique et les processus de prises de décisions ne revêtent pas toujours le caractère démocratique prétendu. Dans un contexte culturel unique, la signification de la participation peut être interprétée de façon bien différente, dépendamment de la position que l’on occupe dans la hiérarchie locale. L’analyse des réponses permet de dégager des recommandations issues de ces acteurs qui sont souvent cloîtrés dans le bas de l’échelle, où la prise de parole n’est pas la plus facile d’accès.

Abstract This research is about inclusive education in three classes and the experience of a disabled child in the class. The aim was to find out what the factors were that created an inclusive/exclusive class from the perspective of the class teacher and the disabled child. For this I visited one class in Dundee in Scotland, one class in Reykjavik in Iceland and one class in a small community in Värmland in Sweden. The approach used to get this information were qualitative methods in the tradition of an ethnographic case study because the focus was on the culture in three different classes. I used ethnography as a way to go about conducting the research and collected data with participant observation and deep interviews in all three schools. Qualitative thematic analysis was used to analyse the data.   The results indicate that it is complicated to say precisely what inclusive education is. I used the models of disability and frames of inclusive education developed from the literature to put a focus on the results of the data. And these paradigms are on three levels; the child level, the teachers or class level and the school authorities’ or policy level. A matrix was developed to better have an overview of the results. From the three cases one can presume that one of the factors that enhance inclusive education is the teachers thinking and ideology about inclusive education and thereby are the responsible people in a disabled child education and schooling. Both in the case of Scotland and Iceland the class teacher did not take this responsibility and that resulted as a barrier for these disabled children´s participation in class. Another result is about the understanding significant persons had regarding these disabled children´s communication and attempts to connect or relate to others in the everyday life at school. When their impairment regarding how they communicate and relate to others was regarded this promoted their participation and inclusive education.

No description available.

This paper attempts to explain welfare and labor market participation differentials between Saskatchewan and Alberta, with greater emphasis placed on welfare participation. Generous benefit levels encourage welfare participation but discourage labor market participation. We are interested in explaining if generous welfare policy has contributed to an increase in welfare participation and discouraged labor market participation. We employ a probit model to analyze the decision to participate in the welfare or the labor market among lone parents and singles (unattached individuals) in the two provinces. The results are then decomposed into the explained and unexplained parts, and these results are used to illustrate which variables contribute to welfare differentials. We find that benefit levels have a significant positive effect on welfare participation and a significant negative effect on labor market participation. We also find that welfare participation differentials exist between Saskatchewan and Alberta; other factors in addition to benefit levels play a role in explaining that gap. We conclude that welfare differentials between Saskatchewan may be a reflection of program administration differences.