The phenomenon global warming has necessitated the need for a transition towards more environmentally friendly behaviours. One tool amongst many, recognized by the European Commission as effective to fight global warming is energy communities. Västerås municipality’s project team is exploring the opportunity for their new district, Sätra, to operate as an energy community. This report showcases Sätra's economic, social, and technical circumstances, as well as Sweden's regulatory framework. It examines the potential role of local electricity market and smart grid with an energy community. To obtain the results, the methodology included interviews, document analysis, literature reviews, and a feasibility study. The results revealed that the barriers were lack of definition for energy community, lack of awareness among residents, marginalized groups, intermittency of renewable energy sources, and a lack of funding for initiatives. The incentives and mitigation tactics were to create a definition for 'energy communities,' to establish an umbrella organization, raise awareness, and secure funding. The result was compared with the case study of Sätra, and the Västerås municipality’s project team demonstrated utilization of incentives and mitigation strategies in the technical, regulatory, and economic aspects, indicating a likelihood of feasibility. The aspect in which the team did not utilize incentives and mitigation for the barriers was the social aspect. Local electricity markets were not deemed economically practical, but were acknowledged as resilient and efficient in energy distribution. Smart grid’s role in energy communities was, unanimously agreed upon, to be crucial for its features such as cybersecurity, energy efficiency, integration of renewable energy sources, and flexibility.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第24923号 / エネ博第465号 / 新制||エネ||87(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー社会・環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 MCLELLAN Benjamin, 教授 下田 宏, 教授 宇根﨑 博信 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Emerging technologies, including distributed energy resources (DERs), internet-of-things and advanced distribution management systems, are revolutionizing the power industry. They provide benefits like higher operation flexibility and lower bulk grid dependency, and are moving the modern power grid towards a decentralized, interconnected and intelligent direction. Consequently, the emphasis of the system operation management has been shifted from the supply-side to the demand-side. It calls for a reconsideration of the business model for future retail market operators. To address this need, this dissertation proposes an innovative retail market solution tailored to market environments penetrated with price-responsive DERs. The work is presented from aspects of theoretical study, test-bed platform development, and experimental analysis, within which two topics relevant to the retail market operation are investigated in depth. The first topic covers the modeling of key retail market participants. With regard to price-insensitive participants, fixed loads are treated as the representative. Deep learning-based day-ahead load forecasting models are developed in this study, utilizing both recurrent and convolutional neural networks, to predict the part of demands that keep fixed regardless of the market price. With regard to price-sensitive participants, battery storages are selected as the representative. An optimization-based battery arbitrage model is developed in this study to represent their price-responsive behaviors in response to a dynamic price. The second topic further investigates how the retail market model and pricing strategy should be designed to incentivize these market participants. Different from existing works, this study innovatively proposes a profit-neutral double-price-signal retail market model. Such a design differentiates elastic prosumers, who actively offer flexibilities to the system operation, from normal inelastic consumers/generators, based on their sensitivities to the market price. Two price signals, namely retail grid service price and retail energy price, are then introduced to separately quantify values of the flexibility, provided by elastic participants, and the electricity commodity, sold/bought to/from inelastic participants. Within the proposed retail market, a non-profit retail market operator (RMO) manages and settles the market through determining the price signals and supplementary subsidy to minimize the overall system cost. In response to the announced retail grid service price, elastic prosumers adjust their day-ahead operating schedules to maximize their payoffs. Given the interdependency between decisions made by the RMO and elastic participants, a retail pricing scheme, formulated based on a bi-level optimization framework, is proposed. Additional efforts are made on merging and linearizing the original non-convex bi-level problem into a single-level mixed-integer linear programming problem to ensure the computational efficiency of the retail pricing tool. Case studies are conducted on a modified IEEE 34-bus test-bed system, simulating both physical operations of the power grid and financial interactions inside the retail market. Experimental results demonstrate promising properties of the proposed retail market solution: First of all, it is able to provide cost-saving benefits to inelastic customers and create revenues for elastic customers at the same time, justifying the rationalities of these participants to join the market. Second of all, the addition of the grid service subsidy not only strengthens the profitability of the elastic customer, but also ensures that the benefit enjoyed per customer will not be compromised by the competition brought up by a growing number of participants. Furthermore, it is able to properly capture impacts from line losses and voltage constraints on the system efficiency and stability, so as to derive practical pricing solutions that respect the system operating rules. Last but not least, it encourages the technology improvement of elastic assets as elastic assets in better conditions are more profitable and could better save the electricity bills for inelastic customers. Above all, the superiority of the proposed retail market solution is proven. It can serve as a promising start for the retail electricity market reconstruction. / Doctor of Philosophy / The electricity market plays a critical role in ensuring the economic and secure operation of the power system. The progress made by distributed energy resources (DERs) has reshaped the modern power industry bringing a larger proportion of price-responsive behaviors to the demand-side. It challenges the traditional wholesale-only electricity market and calls for an addition of retail markets to better utilize distributed and elastic assets. Therefore, this dissertation targets at offering a reliable and computational affordable retail market solution to bridge this knowledge gap. Different from existing works, this study assumes that the retail market is managed by a profit-neutral retail market operator (RMO), who oversees and facilitates the system operation for maximizing the system efficiency rather than making profits. Market participants are categorized into two groups: inelastic participants and elastic participants, based on their sensitivity to the market price. The motivation behind this design is that instead of treating elastic participants as normal customers, it is more reasonable to treat them as grid service providers who offer operational flexibilities that benefit the system efficiency. Correspondingly, a double-signal pricing scheme is proposed, such that the flexibility, provided by elastic participants, and the electricity commodity, generated/consumed by inelastic participants, are separately valued by two distinct prices, namely retail grid service price and retail energy price. A grid service subsidy is also introduced in the pricing system to provide supplementary incentives to elastic customers. These two price signals in addition to the subsidy are determined by the RMO via solving a bi-level optimization problem given the interdependency between the prices and reaction of elastic participants. Experimental results indicate that the proposed retail market model and pricing scheme are beneficial for both types of market participants, practical for the network-constrained real-world implementation, and supportive for the technology improvement of elastic assets.

This thesis analyses the necessity for the establishment, main functions and the viability of the Turkish Wholesale Electricity Trading and Contracting Company, TETAS in the short, mean and the long term. In order to understand the necessity for the establishment of TETAS, Turkish Energy Policies such as the state-led energy policies and the competition based market orientation are put under scrutiny. The thesis also discusses whether Turkish Government has carried out a comprehensive, deterministic and effective &ldquo / Liberalization Policy&rdquo / in the electricity sector by looking at the present situation and the principles outlined in Laws No: 4628, 5654 and 5686 and the Strategy Paper. The dissertation then examines the life span of TETAS by looking at the impacts of the strategy paper, liberalization procedure of the overall electricity market and newly enacted laws such as Law No: 5654 and 5686 in the short, mean and the long term. In addition, TETAS is examined whether it is a &ldquo / monopoly&rdquo / or not in Turkish Electricity wholesale market by calculating the supply concentration of TETAS using the Herfindahl Hirschman Index. Despite the studies on the establishment of the liberal market such as the envisagement of Law No: 4628 and the strategy paper, this thesis study envisages that it is still not possible to talk about a liberal electricity market. In addition, it is also concluded that the statements outlined in Laws No: 5654 and 5686 hinder the overall liberalization efforts since these laws are postponing the liberalization of electricity sector and making the life span of TETAS longer. As a result, liberalization efforts on the electricity market are unsuccessful in the mean term and TETAS seems to hold its dominance position in the wholesale market as a state-owned wholesale trading company in the long run.

The theme of master's thesis deals with problems of management of the regional energy market. Relevance of the research topicis caused by an infrastructure imbalance of electric energy of the Sverdlovsk region, the absence of the transfer mechanism of ownerless electric grid facilities and the necessity to ensure the reliability and electrical safety of electricity transmission facilities in the area. The object of the dissertation research - the regional electricity market. The subject - management system of electricity market of the Sverdlovsk region. The purpose of research - development of optimization mechanism of the electricity market infrastructure of the Sverdlovsk region. Theoretical and practical significance of the research is determined by its relevance to the formation of a system of sustainable development and reliable functioning of the regional energy market. The theoretical principles and practical guidelines can be used to improve the management system of the electricity business infrastructure in Sverdlovsk region. Dissertation materials recommended for use in the implementation of the master's program "technology and mechanisms of sectoral management in system of state and municipal management" in the direction 38.04.04 "Public and municipal administration". The novelty of the thesis consists in the theoretical-methodological basis of the study and the status and prospects of development of the electric power complex of the Sverdlovsk region, the development of the project on the formation an optimal infrastructure of the regional electricity market. / Тема магистерской диссертации посвящена проблемам управления региональным энергетическим рынком. Актуальность темы исследования обусловлена несбалансированностью инфраструктуры электрической энергии Свердловской области, отсутствием механизма передачи бесхозяйных объектов электросетевого хозяйства и необходимостью обеспечения надежности и электробезопасности объектов электросетевого хозяйства области. Объектом диссертационного исследования является региональный электроэнергетический рынок. Предмет — система управления электроэнергетическим рынком Свердловской области. Цель исследования — разработка механизма оптимизации инфраструктуры электроэнергетического рынка Свердловской области. Теоретическая и практическая значимость исследования определяется его актуальностью для формирования системы устойчивого развития и надежного функционирования регионального энергетического рынка. Выдвинутые в диссертации теоретические положения и практические рекомендации могут быть использованы при совершенствовании системы управления инфраструктурой электроэнергетического бизнеса Свердловской области. Материалы диссертации рекомендуется использовать в процессе реализации магистерской программы «Технологии и механизмы отраслевого управления в системе государственного и муниципального управления» по направлению 38.04.04 «Государственное и муниципальное управление». Новизна диссертационной работы заключается в теоретико-методологическом обосновании и исследовании состояния и перспектив развития электроэнергетического комплекса Свердловской области, разработке проекта по формированию оптимальной инфраструктуры регионального рынка электрической энергии.

Trading optimal wind power in energy and regulation market offers possibil-ities for increasing revenues as well as impacting security of the system in apositive way[33]. The bidding in both energy and regulation markets can bedone through stochastic optimization process of both markets.Stochastic optimization can be possible once the probabilistic forecst is avail-able through ensemble forecast methodology. For stochastic optimization, thepost-processing of the ensembles to generate quantiles that will be used in op-timization can be accomplished by employing different methodology. In thisstudy, we will concentrate on the impact of post-processing of ensembles onthe stochastic optimization.Generation of quantiles needed for stochastic optimization used herein formarket optimization will be the main focus of the investigation. The impactof price ratios between energy and reserve market will be also investigated toanalyse the impact of said ratios on the revenues. Furthermore this analysiswill be performed for both US and Swedish markets.

Variable generator output levels from renewable energies is an important technical obstacle to the transition from fossil fuels to renewable resources. Super grids and smart grids are among the most effective solutions to mitigate generation variability. In a super grid, electric utilities within an interconnected system can share generation and reserve units so that they can produce electricity at a lower overall cost. Smart grids, in particular demand response programs, enable flexible loads such as plug-in electric vehicles and HVAC systems to consume electricity preferntially in a grid-friendly way that assists the grid operator to maintain the power balance. These solutions, in conjunction with energy storage systems, can facilitate renewable integration. This study aims to provide an understanding of the achievable benefits from integrating demand response into wholesale and retail electricity markets, in particular in the presence of significant amounts of variable generation. Among the options for control methods for demand response, market-based approaches provide a relatively efficient use of load flexibility, without restricting consumers' autonomy or invading their privacy. In this regard, a model of demand response integration into bulk electric grids is presented to study the interaction between variable renewables and demand response in the double auction environment, on an hourly basis. The cost benefit analysis shows that there exists an upper limit of renewable integration, and that additional solutions such as super grids and/or energy storage systems are required to go beyond this threshold. The idea of operating an interconnection in an unified (centralized) manner is also explored. The traditional approach to the unit commitment problem is to determine the dispatch schedule of generation units to minimize the operation cost. However, in the presence of price-sensitive loads (market-based demand response), the maximization of economic surplus is a preferred objective to the minimization of cost. Accordingly, a surplus-maximizing hour-ahead scheduling problem is formulated, and is then tested on a system that represents a 20-area reduced model of the North America Western Interconnection for the planning year 2024. The simulation results show that the proposed scheduling method reduces the total operational costs substantially, taking advantage of renewable generation diversity. The value of demand response is more pronounced when ancillary services (e.g. real-time power balancing and voltage/frequency regulation) are also included along with basic temporal load shifting. Relating to this, a smart charging strategy for plug-in electric vehicles is developed that enables them to participate in a 5-minute retail electricity market. The cost reduction associated with implementation of this charging strategy is compared to uncontrolled charging. In addition, an optimal operation method for thermostatically controlled loads is developed that reduces energy costs and prevents grid congestion, while maintaining the room temperature in the comfort range set by the consumer. The proposed model also includes loads in the energy imbalance market. The simulation results show that market-based demand response can contribute to a significant cost saving at the sub-hourly level (e.g. HVAC optimal operation), but not at the super-hourly level. Therefore, we conclude that demand response programs and super grids are complementary approaches to overcoming renewable generation variation across a range of temporal and spatial scales. / Graduate / 0791 / sahandbehboodi@gmail.com

Les deux derniers siècles ont connu une révolution exceptionnelle dans l'organisation des marchés électriques dans le monde entier. Ainsi, traditionnellement organisé autour de monopoles verticalement intégrés et soumis à la régulation, le secteur électrique connait un processus de réforme et évolue vers une organisation décentralisée qui favorise les mécanismes du marché. Le passage des tarifs régulés à des prix du marché, compte tenu des structures concentrées et les caractéristiques particulières de l'industrie électrique, accroît la possibilité que certaines entreprises puissent manipuler les prix du marché en exerçant leur pouvoir de marché. Les questions de "pouvoir de marché" dans un secteur donné ont été abondamment étudiées dans la littérature de l'économie Industrielle depuis la fin des années 1970, mais des études théoriques et empiriques de "pouvoir de marché dans les marchés électriques" n'ont été développées que récemment. Dans cette thèse, nous essayons de mener une recherche approfondie autour des questions de pouvoir de marché sur les marchés de gros de l'électricité en Europe. Nous conduisons des études empiriques dans deux des plus grands marchés européens: la France (sur des données 2009-2012) et l'Allemagne (sur des données de 2011), en utilisant des méthodes économétriques et des modèles de simulation des marchés électriques. Le sujet semble pertinent dans la période de transition énergétique en Europe. / The two last centuries have witnessed an exceptional revolution in the organization of electric power markets worldwide. The industry's organization has changed from vertically integrated monopolies under regulation to unbundled structures that favor market mechanisms; known as reform process in Europe. The shift to reliance on market prices, given concentrated structures and particular characteristics of electricity industry, raises a possibility that some firms could influence the market prices by exercising their market power. The issues of "market power" in a given industry have been abundantly employed in the literatureof Industrial Organization since the late 1970s but theoretical and empirical studies of "market power in electricity markets" have only been developed recently. In this thesis, we attempt to carry out an insight research around market power questions in deregulated wholesale electricity markets in Europe, as regarding the way of defining and measuring it. We carry out empirical studies in two of the biggest liberalized electricity markets in Europe: France (2009-2012's data) and Germany (2011's data), using econometric regressions and electricity simulation models as main methodologies. The subject is particularly relevant inthe context of energy transition in Europe (transition energetique in France and Energiewende in Germany).

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Thales Sousa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, 2014. / No Brasil a taxa de crescimento de demanda é elevada por se tratar de um país em desenvolvimento. No entanto, em alguns períodos, a capacidade elétrica instalada não acompanha esse ritmo de crescimento. Tal fato resulta em problemas como redução da segurança do sistema e dificuldades em manter a energia a preços baixos nos períodos de maior consumo. A resposta da demanda é um conceito que pode ser aplicado a fim de minimizar esses impactos. Nesse sentido, foi proposto um estudo de como a resposta da demanda pode ser aplicada em mercados de energia elétrica e quais são os impactos no preço de curto prazo nesse tipo de mercado. Além disso, foi discutida a importância do preço de curto prazo na tomada de decisões de diferentes classes de agentes do setor elétrico brasileiro. Os modelos DECOMP e NEWAVE foram apresentados e analisados de forma abrangente. Foram analisados os impactos da implantação da modalidade tarifária branca no preço de curto prazo. Por fim, foi proposta uma política de resposta da demanda de maneira que os impactos na formação do preço de curto prazo fossem avaliados. / In this study, it has been a presented detailing of the electric energy demand and the expectations of the demand evolution in the Brazilian electric system as it is predicted by the system planner. The rate of growth of demand in Brazil is high, since it is a developing country, nevertheless, the installed electrical capacity do not follow this rate of growth. This fact results in problems such as the reducing of the security of the system and difficulties in keeping the low prices of energy in peak period. The demand response is a concept that can be applied in order to minimize these impacts. It has been studied how the demand response can be applied in electric market and what are the impacts in the short term price in this type of market. Besides, it has been discussed the importance of the short term price in decision-making of different classes of electric sector agents. The models to be used in DECOMP and NEWAVE were presented and analysed in a comprehensive manner. It has been analysed the impacts of the implementing of the Brazilian white tariff in the short term pricing. Finally, it has been proposed a demand response policy in a manner that the impacts in the short term pricing were analysed.

In recent years, power systems are facing with various challenges arising from the increased share of renewable energy systems. Among all sections of power systems, distribution grids are affected the most since the majority of renewable energy sources are connected to distribution grids. As the penetration of Variable Energy Sources increases in electric grids, energy storage systems have become more influential. In this context, this thesis presents a new algorithm for the optimal operation of Battery Energy Storage Systems in distribution grids. The proposed algorithm aims to define the optimal operation of Battery Energy Storage Systems considering the network topology, the output power of Variable Energy Sources and the electricity prices from the one-day ahead electric market as well as real time control of the batteries through smart appliances. In order to do this, firstly a comprehensive study on the existing Optimal Power Flow methods is carried out. Then, AR-OPF which is a novel Optimal Power Flow method for radial distribution systems is presented and the required mathematical constraints, equations and parameters of Battery Energy Storage Systems for modelling in distribution systems are described. Then, the problem formulation and the proposed algorithm are discussed in detail. Further to energy storage as the main function of Battery Energy Storage Systems, the impact of the proposed method on other functions of Battery Energy Storage Systems such as voltage control, grid support and loss reduction will be investigated. In order to do so, the proposed algorithm is applied to the IEEE 34 node test system as a case study. This will be carried out through defining several different scenarios. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is performed on the size of the existing batteries and the electricity price. The thesis will be concluded by the findings and possible future works.