Portable electric spas are typically the largest electrical load in homes that have one. In recent years, the California Energy Commission’s California code of regulations, Title 20 has been revised to regulate the maximum allowable standby power for a portable electric spa based on the spa volume. The goal of this regulation is to require improvements to the lowest performing models, for which simple and cost effective improvements are readily available, without eliminating average or better performing products. In this research, the standby power of twenty seven portable electric spas was measured and compared to the Title 20 requirement. These tests resulted in nine of the twenty seven spas not meeting the allowable standby power. Analysis demonstrates that simple and inexpensive improvements to these nine spas would likely cause the spas to pass the Title 20 requirement. Additionally, temperature normalization developed in this research have been adopted by the California Energy Commission and included in revisions to Title 20.

No / A dynamic system with memory is a system for which knowledge of the equations of motion, together with the state at a given time instant t0 is insufficient to predict the evolution of the state at time instants t>t0. To calculate the response of systems with memory starting from an initial time instant t0, complete knowledge of the history of the system for t<t0 is needed. This is because the state vector does not contain all the information necessary to fully characterize the state of the system, i.e., the state vector of the system is not complete. In this paper, a state space formulation of viscoelastic systems with memory is proposed, which overcomes the concept of memory by enlarging the state vector with a number of internal variables that bear the information about the previous history of the system. The number of these additional internal variables is in some cases finite, in other cases, it would need to be infinite, and an approximated model has to be used with a finite number of internal variables. First a state space representation of the generalized Maxwell model is shown, then a new state space model is presented in which the relaxation function is approximated with Laguerre polynomials. The accuracy of the two models is shown through numerical examples.

Yes / Next-generation cellular networks such as fifth-generation (5G) will experience tremendous growth in traffic. To accommodate such traffic demand, there is a necessity to increase the network capacity that eventually requires the deployment of more base stations (BSs). Nevertheless, BSs are very expensive and consume a significant amount of energy. Meanwhile, cloud radio access networks (C-RAN) has been proposed as an energy-efficient architecture that leverages cloud computing technology where baseband processing is performed in the cloud, i.e., the computing servers or baseband processing units (BBUs) are located in the cloud. With such an arrangement, more energy saving gains can be achieved by reducing the number of BBUs used. This paper proposes a bin packing scheme with three variants such as First-fit (FT), First-fit decreasing (FFD) and Next-fit (NF) for minimizing energy consumption in 5G C-RAN. The number of BBUs are reduced by matching the right amount of baseband computing load with traffic load. In the proposed scheme, BS traffic items that are mapped into processing requirements, are to be packed into computing servers, called bins, such that the number of bins used are minimized and idle servers can then be switched off to save energy. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed bin packing scheme achieves an enhanced energy performance compared to the existing distributed BS architecture.

This dissertation examines the employment impacts of investments in renewable energy and energy efficiency in the U.S. A broad expansion of the use of renewable energy in place of carbon-based energy, in addition to investments in energy efficiency, comprise a prominent strategy to slow or reverse the effects of anthropogenic climate change. This study first explores the literature on the employment impacts of these investments. This literature to date consists mainly of input-output (I-O) studies or case studies of renewable energy and energy efficiency (REEE). Researchers are constrained, however, by their ability to use the I-O model to study REEE, since currently industrial codes do not recognize this industry as such. I develop and present two methods to use the I-O framework to overcome this constraint: the synthetic and integrated approaches. In the former, I proxy the REEE industry by creating a vector of final demand based on the industrial spending patterns of REEE firms as found in the secondary literature. In the integrated approach, I collect primary data through a nationwide survey of REEE firms and integrate these data into the existing I-O tables to explicitly identify the REEE industry and estimate the employment impacts resulting from both upstream and downstream linkages with other industries. The size of the REEE employment multiplier is sensitive to the choice of method, and is higher using the synthetic approach than using the integrated approach. I find that using both methods, the employment level per $1 million demand is approximately three times greater for the REEE industry than for fossil fuel (FF) industries. This implies that a shift to clean energy will result in positive net employment impacts. The positive effects stem mainly from the higher labor intensity of REEE in relation to FF, as well as from higher domestic content and lower average wages. The findings suggest that as we transition away from a carbon-based energy system to more sustainable and low-carbon energy sources, approximately three jobs will be created in clean energy sectors for each job lost in the fossil fuel sector.

This thesis examines daylight utilization in Nordic home environments without artificial lighting. One of the aims is to save energy and create healthy living spaces that fully harness daylight benefits. The research question focuses on how to effectively use daylight as the sole illumination source for functional, comfortable, and aesthetically pleasing homes. Existing guidelines overlook the importance of daylight in homes and fail to consider human preferences, resulting in a research gap. To address this, this thesis conducts an analysis of three existing buildings and presents a design project that specifically focuses on building orientation, openings, and materials. Daylight calculations are conducted based on the proposed design. The key findings emphasize that a home without artificial light can be easily achieved during the summer months through strategic room placement, incorporation of skylight windows, and utilization of various window types. Material selection is crucial in creating a comfortable atmosphere while maximizing daylight transmission for optimal lighting. These findings highlight the importance of considering unique daylight conditions in Nordic countries and aligning designs with individual preferences. The study contributes by emphasizing the need for optimal daylight solutions that enhance energy efficiency, well-being, and user satisfaction in home environments.

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The houses which were built during the million programmes are now facing extensiverenovations and refurbishment, some have also been demolished. The houses that still standtoday have now reached their lifespan, this however, does not necessarily mean that theyshould be demolished. The construction industry has, during these last years, flourishedimmensely. Resources, methods, and construction techniques are constantly evolving and arenow being applied when working with renovations of old buildings. And it is now resulting inhouses that are durable and energy efficient, which enables them to endure even longer.Unlike new buildings, renovations are more complex and require wider knowledge in severaldifferent areas to address the problems in the best possible way. In addition to the technicalaspects, it also shows that the preservation of cultural-historical aspects, for the millionprogramme houses, must be considered when it comes to remodelling.In this study, it is investigated how a renovation is carried out and which measures are usedon these houses in terms of technology, sustainability, and the preservation of theenvironment. In addition, how such buildings are designed in regard to their culturalhistoricalvalue and influence.