This thesis investigates the energy efficiency of the Java collection HashMap withregard to insertions and lookups. Analyzing the default collision resolution technique which is a smart implementation of separate chaining, it also implementstwo other collision resolution techniques — double hashing and coalesced hashing — and compares the three in terms of their energy efficiency. The comparisons are done on their insertions and lookup algorithm both through an empirical study and of their time complexities. One of the findings of this thesis isthe preferred initial table size for energy efficiency which is between 2-5 times larger than the amount of insertions. The results show that during insertion thedefault implementation is more energy efficient especially at higher load factors. With lookups the coalesced hashing algorithm is more efficient but it is sucha small difference compared to the default implementation it is almost negligible. Overall the default implementation is the most energy efficient of the threeand it is not impacted much by load factor. These factors make the default implementation the preferable implementation for most applications, however incases where the load factor does not exceed 0.3, double hashing is the preferableoption as it consumes less energy than the other three.

O trabalho apresentado tem como objetivo principal pesquisar e demonstrar através de simulações as implicações da utilização de motores de alto rendimento com viés de Eficiência Energética. Além disso, pretende-se estabelecer uma ligação entre o uso eficiente da energia com a possibilidade dos leilões de eficiência energética virem a se tornar uma realidade no Brasil. É de fundamental importância que se tenha a preocupação com sistemas de conservação de energia e não somente com novas fontes de geração. A eficiência Energética vem ganhando cada vez mais espaço no setor elétrico, se tornando muito mais que um indicador, mas também uma forma de tornar o sistema mais robusto e capaz de suprir deficiências por problemas estruturais. Procurou-se demonstrar o cenário atual da matriz energética atual, conceituar leilões de eficiência energética e os certificados brancos que é um subproduto deste. Por fim, realizou-se várias simulações estudando a substituição dos motores de alto rendimento e os ganhos técnicos e financeiros atrelados aos leilões de eficiência energética. Além disso, foi demonstrado também o impacto da utilização dos motores de alto rendimento em leilões de eficiência energética por segmentos da indústria brasileira. / The present study has as main objective the analysis, through simulations, of the implications of the use of energy efficient motors with a bias of energy Efficiency. In addition, we intend to establish a link between the efficient use of energy with the possibility of auctions for energy efficiency become a reality in Brazil. It is also important to have concerns with energy conservation systems and not only with new sources of generation. Energy efficiency is becoming an increasingly common concern in the electricity sector, being much more than an indicator but also a way to make the system more robust and capable of mitigating deficiencies which occur by structural problems. In this work we tried to present the current energy scenario and define the energy efficiency auctions as well as its byproduct, the white certificates. Finally, we carried out several simulations studying the replacement of common electrical motors by high efficiency ones in order to analyse the technical and the financial gains linked to energy efficiency auctions. In addition, we also demonstrated the impact of the use of high efficiency motors by sectors of brazilian industry in the energy efficiency auctions.

O trabalho apresentado tem como objetivo principal pesquisar e demonstrar através de simulações as implicações da utilização de motores de alto rendimento com viés de Eficiência Energética. Além disso, pretende-se estabelecer uma ligação entre o uso eficiente da energia com a possibilidade dos leilões de eficiência energética virem a se tornar uma realidade no Brasil. É de fundamental importância que se tenha a preocupação com sistemas de conservação de energia e não somente com novas fontes de geração. A eficiência Energética vem ganhando cada vez mais espaço no setor elétrico, se tornando muito mais que um indicador, mas também uma forma de tornar o sistema mais robusto e capaz de suprir deficiências por problemas estruturais. Procurou-se demonstrar o cenário atual da matriz energética atual, conceituar leilões de eficiência energética e os certificados brancos que é um subproduto deste. Por fim, realizou-se várias simulações estudando a substituição dos motores de alto rendimento e os ganhos técnicos e financeiros atrelados aos leilões de eficiência energética. Além disso, foi demonstrado também o impacto da utilização dos motores de alto rendimento em leilões de eficiência energética por segmentos da indústria brasileira. / The present study has as main objective the analysis, through simulations, of the implications of the use of energy efficient motors with a bias of energy Efficiency. In addition, we intend to establish a link between the efficient use of energy with the possibility of auctions for energy efficiency become a reality in Brazil. It is also important to have concerns with energy conservation systems and not only with new sources of generation. Energy efficiency is becoming an increasingly common concern in the electricity sector, being much more than an indicator but also a way to make the system more robust and capable of mitigating deficiencies which occur by structural problems. In this work we tried to present the current energy scenario and define the energy efficiency auctions as well as its byproduct, the white certificates. Finally, we carried out several simulations studying the replacement of common electrical motors by high efficiency ones in order to analyse the technical and the financial gains linked to energy efficiency auctions. In addition, we also demonstrated the impact of the use of high efficiency motors by sectors of brazilian industry in the energy efficiency auctions.

Liksom många andra transportslag står kollektivtrafiken till sjöss inför utmaningar när det gäller ökade bränslepriser och strängare energi- och utsläppsmål. Trafikförvaltningen, den organisation som ansvarar för kollektivtrafiken i Stockholm, har flera mål för reduktion av utsläpp och energiförbrukning, både generellt för hela kollektivtrafiken samt mer specifikt för sjötrafiken. Dessa inkluderar en 100 % förnybar kollektivtrafik till 2030 och nettonollutsläpp från sjötrafiken till 2045. Utsläppen från kollektivtrafiken till sjöss har minskat de senaste åren genom att öka andelen biodiesel, men det har också resulterat i ökade kostnaderna för Trafikförvaltningen eftersom priset på drivmedel har ökat, både för fossila bränslen och biobränslen. Med hänsyn till de ökade kostnaderna och för att nå de uppsatta målen är det avgörande att minska bränsleförbrukningen och använda den mer effektivt. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att identifiera potentiella energieffektivitetsåtgärder och uppskatta deras möjliga bränslebesparing och motsvarande kostnadsbesparing och utsläppsminskning. Studien inkluderade fem fartyg och två rutter och driftsdata från fartygen samlades in från programvaran Blueflow. Data analyserades för att hitta förbättringsområden och för att uppskatta de potentiella bränslebesparingarna från energieffektiviseringsåtgärderna. Åtgärder identifierades genom en litteraturstudie, dataanalysen och intervjuer med olika intressenter. Åtgärderna som ingick i studien var hastighetsoptimering, eco-driving, nattförtöjning, design av bryggor, effektiv på- och avstigning samt ruttoptimering. Resultaten visade att de två åtgärderna som resulterade i den högsta bränslebesparingen, bränslekostnadsbesparingen och minskade CO2-utsläpp var hastighetsoptimering och nattförtöjning. Genomförbarheten av åtgärderna var dock diskutabel på grund av avvägningar relaterade till utökad rutt-tid samt höga investeringskostnader. Till följd av utformningen av kontraktet mellan operatören som sköter trafiken och Trafikförvaltningen kunde det även uppstå splittrade incitament vilket kan resultera i försvårat energieffektiviseringsarbete. / Like many other modes of transport, the public transport on sea faces challenges regarding increasing fuel prices and more stringent energy and emission targets. Trafikförvaltningen, the organization responsible for the public transport in the Stockholm region, has several targets regarding the reduction of emissions and energy consumption for the public transport overall as well as more specifically for the sea traffic. These include 100% renewable public transport by 2030 and net-zero emissions from the sea traffic by 2045. The emission rate has been reduced over the past years by increasing the share of biodiesel, but it has also increased the costs for Trafikförvaltningen as the fuel price has increased, both for fossil fuels and biofuels. With the increased costs and aim to meet the set targets, reducing the fuel consumption and using it more efficiently is critical. This thesis aimed to identify potential energy efficiency measures and estimate their possible fuel savings and the corresponding cost-saving and emission reduction. The study included five ships and two routes and operational data from the ships were collected from the software Blueflow. The data was analyzed to find areas of improvement and to estimate the potential fuel savings of the identified energy efficiency measures. The measures were identified through a literature study, the data analysis, and interviews with different stakeholders. Measures included in the thesis were speed optimization, eco-driving, nighttime mooring, design of bridges, effective boarding and alighting, and route optimization. The results showed that the two measures resulting in the highest fuel savings, fuel cost savings, and reduced CO2 emissions were speed optimization and nighttime mooring. The feasibility of the measures was however debatable due to the trade-offs related toincreased route time and high investment costs. Due to the design of the contract between the operator and Trafikförvaltningen, a split incentive could occur creating a barrier to increased energy efficiency.

Energy is the main driving force behind all human activities. Energy use is blamed for its contribution to greenhouse gas, environmental degradation among others. Energy efficiency has been identified as an important tool to address these issues. Recognising the important role of energy efficiency, the Southern African Development Community (SADC) introduced policy measures to address energy efficiency at both regional and national levels. South Africa (a member state of SADC) followed by introducing policies, legislation, tax incentives and voluntary measures such as SANS standards and ISO 50001 to address energy use via energy efficiency. The aim of this study is to assess South Africa’s framework pertaining to energy efficiency and determine whether they correspond to the SADC energy frameworks. In this study, it is indicated that energy efficiency does not have a universally acceptable definition. SADC’s frameworks pertaining to energy efficiency are quite vague compared to South Africa’s policy framework. South Africa’s policies, legal frameworks and voluntary instruments correspond with the SADC frameworks and even go beyond these frameworks. It is recommended that SADC’s frameworks should specify measures of attaining energy efficiency within its mandated tools, urge member states to develop legislation as well as voluntary measures as means of attaining energy efficiency. The South African Minister of Energy on the other hand, should fulfil the mandate of the Electricity Regulation Act and the National Energy Act by enacting regulations pertaining to energy efficiency. Incentives for the introduction of voluntary energy efficiency measures should also be developed. / LLM (Environmental law and governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Energy is the main driving force behind all human activities. Energy use is blamed for its contribution to greenhouse gas, environmental degradation among others. Energy efficiency has been identified as an important tool to address these issues. Recognising the important role of energy efficiency, the Southern African Development Community (SADC) introduced policy measures to address energy efficiency at both regional and national levels. South Africa (a member state of SADC) followed by introducing policies, legislation, tax incentives and voluntary measures such as SANS standards and ISO 50001 to address energy use via energy efficiency. The aim of this study is to assess South Africa’s framework pertaining to energy efficiency and determine whether they correspond to the SADC energy frameworks. In this study, it is indicated that energy efficiency does not have a universally acceptable definition. SADC’s frameworks pertaining to energy efficiency are quite vague compared to South Africa’s policy framework. South Africa’s policies, legal frameworks and voluntary instruments correspond with the SADC frameworks and even go beyond these frameworks. It is recommended that SADC’s frameworks should specify measures of attaining energy efficiency within its mandated tools, urge member states to develop legislation as well as voluntary measures as means of attaining energy efficiency. The South African Minister of Energy on the other hand, should fulfil the mandate of the Electricity Regulation Act and the National Energy Act by enacting regulations pertaining to energy efficiency. Incentives for the introduction of voluntary energy efficiency measures should also be developed. / LLM (Environmental law and governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Energy efficiency has developed into an important objective for industrial enterprises. However, there is still a need for systematic approaches to reduce energy consumption in factories. Existing methods focus on the optimization of manufacturing processes and lack upon considering the entire factory system. Additionally, they are based on a detailed quantitative analysis of processes and thus, they need a high effort during the phase of data acquisition. Therefore, an approach for reducing energy consumption by providing energy efficiency measures to factory planning participants was developed in order to overcome these barriers. The general approach is described in this paper and supported with a use case that demonstrates the required information and possible outcomes in terms of energy efficiency information. Main advantages of this approach are reducing the effort to acquire energy data and the possibility to consider the factory system holistically.

Desde os anos 1980, o governo brasileiro vem realizando ações no sentido de promover a eficiência energética, seguindo a tendência mundial de se poupar energia, enfatizada após os dois choques do petróleo. No âmbito do segmento de energia elétrica, as ações de conservação de energia levaram à criação do PROCEL, em 1985. Nessa mesma linha, nos anos 1990, foi criado o Programa de Eficiência Energética (PEE/ANEEL). Desde então, este Programa tem sido a principal fonte de investimentos em projetos de eficiência energética no Brasil. Observa-se, entretanto, que nesta segunda década do novo milênio, o Brasil ainda apresenta níveis muito baixos de redução no consumo de energia elétrica, face aos potenciais por ele exibidos. Neste contexto, esta tese tem o objetivo de propor uma sistemática alternativa ao PEE/ANEEL, de forma a incentivar uma redução mais intensa de consumo de energia elétrica, visando a aproveitar melhor os potenciais existentes e também a reduzir barreiras à implantação de medidas e/ou projetos nessa linha. Para atingir tal objetivo, este trabalho propõe a implantação no país de um sistema denominado White Certificate. Este tipo de sistema se baseia na criação de um mercado para a energia economizada e, sendo assim, pode gerar aumento na atratividade financeira de projetos de eficiência energética. Para tanto, o trabalho partiu da análise de projetos de eficiência energética existentes e potenciais para simular e mensurar o potencial de incremento na atratividade financeira desses projetos, caso existisse a possibilidade de se comercializar a energia economizada. Os resultados indicam que a sistemática proposta mostrou-se um instrumento de incentivo eficaz, capaz de gerar um incremento significativo na atratividade financeira desses projetos, contribuindo para que mais agentes se interessem em promover e perseguir a eficiência energética no país. / Since the 1980s, the Brazilian government has undertaken actions to promote energy efficiency, following the global trend of concern over the issue after the two oil shocks. Within the electricity sector, electricity conservation actions lead to the creation of PROCEL in 1985. In the same vein, in the 1990s, the Energy Efficiency Program (PEE/ ANEEL) was created. Since then, this Program has been the main source of energy efficiency funds in Brazil. It is noted, however, that in this second decade of the new millennium, Brazil still presents quite low levels of reduction in power consumption compared to the potential that the country shows. In this context, this thesis aims to propose an alternative mechanism to the established PEE/ANEEL in order to encourage a more intense reduction of energy consumption. The proposed mechanism also aims at making better use of the existing potential for energy efficiency and at reducing the barriers to the implementation of measures and / or projects in this line. To achieve this goal, this work proposes the implementation in the country of a mechanism called White Certificates in which it is created a market for energy savings, in order to increase the financial attractiveness of energy efficiency projects. The research departures from the analysis of energy efficiency projects existing and potential ones and simulates the potential increase in financial attractiveness of these projects, if there were the possibility of trading the energy saved. The results indicate that the proposed mechanism can generate a significant increase in financial gains of these projects, attracting more agents interested in pursuing and investing in energy efficiency projects in the country.

A conjuntura nacional de crescimento econômico e populacional aliada aos programas habitacionais de combate ao déficit de moradias deixa antever o contínuo aumento da demanda energética no setor residencial, que deve ser alvo de políticas públicas de promoção de eficiência energética. O objetivo da presente dissertação é investigar o potencial do Código de Obras e Edificações (COE) do Município de São Paulo enquanto instrumento regulatório de promoção de eficiência energética e apresentar sugestões com vista à revisão do atual documento. Para tal dividiu-se a pesquisa em três temas: fatores que explicam o consumo energético (direto e indireto) das edificações e estratégias de minimização desse consumo; caracterização dos códigos de eficiência energética em edificações (CEEE), com destaque para o Código de Obras, e panorama internacional e brasileiro relativamente à sua adoção; caracterização do consumo energético do Município de São Paulo e análise dos requisitos de eficiência energética no atual COE. Atendendo à elevada taxa de novas construções e ao estoque de edifícios obsoletos com potencial de retrofitting defende-se que o Código de Obras, pela sua abrangência e obrigatoriedade, constitui um instrumento regulatório adequado à promoção da eficiência energética no setor de edificações no Município de São Paulo e sugere-se a revisão do atual COE com vista à introdução de requisitos de eficiência energética. Entre as sugestões apresentadas contam-se a segmentação das medidas dirigidas às moradias de interesse social e às chamadas edificações de mercado, definição de limites máximos para o valor de transmitância térmica dos elementos opacos da envoltória (paredes e cobertura) em ambientes condicionados e não condicionados e a exigência de um nível mínimo de eficiência energética para edificações e equipamentos instalados. Como contribuição da presente pesquisa cabe ainda destacar o cálculo da intensidade energética por unidade de área construída nos setores residencial e comercial no Município de São Paulo, indicador em falta na literatura e dados oficiais publicados. / The national economic and population growth in association with the housing programs to combat housing deficit are expected to result in future increase of energy demand in the residential sector. Considering the already high contribution of the building sector in the electricity consumption of Brazil, the development of policy measures aiming to promote energy efficiency in the sector should be encouraged. The main objective of this research is to investigate the potential of the Building Code (BC) of São Paulo municipality as a regulatory instrument to promote energy efficiency and make suggestions to revise it. To this end, the paper is divided in three parts: factors that explain the energy consumption (direct and indirect) of buildings and strategies to minimize it; characterization of Building Energy Efficiency Codes (BEEC) and the Brazilian and international panorama regarding its adoption; energy consumption of São Paulo municipality and analysis of energy efficiency requirements in the current BC. As a mandatory and comprehensive regulatory instrument, Building Codes are adequate do promote energy efficiency given the local reality of high annual rates of construction and the significant stock of old buildings which could benefit from retrofitting. Suggestions to a revision process of the BC of São Paulo Municipality include segmentation of energy efficient requirements according to social economic profile of buildings, definition of overall heat transfer coefficient values (U-factor) for building envelope components (walls and roof) of conditioned and non-conditioned areas, and definition of minimum energy efficiency levels for buildings and equipments. Additional contribution of this research includes estimation of electricity use per square meter of building floor area, for the residential and commercial sectors in São Paulo municipality.

A conjuntura nacional de crescimento econômico e populacional aliada aos programas habitacionais de combate ao déficit de moradias deixa antever o contínuo aumento da demanda energética no setor residencial, que deve ser alvo de políticas públicas de promoção de eficiência energética. O objetivo da presente dissertação é investigar o potencial do Código de Obras e Edificações (COE) do Município de São Paulo enquanto instrumento regulatório de promoção de eficiência energética e apresentar sugestões com vista à revisão do atual documento. Para tal dividiu-se a pesquisa em três temas: fatores que explicam o consumo energético (direto e indireto) das edificações e estratégias de minimização desse consumo; caracterização dos códigos de eficiência energética em edificações (CEEE), com destaque para o Código de Obras, e panorama internacional e brasileiro relativamente à sua adoção; caracterização do consumo energético do Município de São Paulo e análise dos requisitos de eficiência energética no atual COE. Atendendo à elevada taxa de novas construções e ao estoque de edifícios obsoletos com potencial de retrofitting defende-se que o Código de Obras, pela sua abrangência e obrigatoriedade, constitui um instrumento regulatório adequado à promoção da eficiência energética no setor de edificações no Município de São Paulo e sugere-se a revisão do atual COE com vista à introdução de requisitos de eficiência energética. Entre as sugestões apresentadas contam-se a segmentação das medidas dirigidas às moradias de interesse social e às chamadas edificações de mercado, definição de limites máximos para o valor de transmitância térmica dos elementos opacos da envoltória (paredes e cobertura) em ambientes condicionados e não condicionados e a exigência de um nível mínimo de eficiência energética para edificações e equipamentos instalados. Como contribuição da presente pesquisa cabe ainda destacar o cálculo da intensidade energética por unidade de área construída nos setores residencial e comercial no Município de São Paulo, indicador em falta na literatura e dados oficiais publicados. / The national economic and population growth in association with the housing programs to combat housing deficit are expected to result in future increase of energy demand in the residential sector. Considering the already high contribution of the building sector in the electricity consumption of Brazil, the development of policy measures aiming to promote energy efficiency in the sector should be encouraged. The main objective of this research is to investigate the potential of the Building Code (BC) of São Paulo municipality as a regulatory instrument to promote energy efficiency and make suggestions to revise it. To this end, the paper is divided in three parts: factors that explain the energy consumption (direct and indirect) of buildings and strategies to minimize it; characterization of Building Energy Efficiency Codes (BEEC) and the Brazilian and international panorama regarding its adoption; energy consumption of São Paulo municipality and analysis of energy efficiency requirements in the current BC. As a mandatory and comprehensive regulatory instrument, Building Codes are adequate do promote energy efficiency given the local reality of high annual rates of construction and the significant stock of old buildings which could benefit from retrofitting. Suggestions to a revision process of the BC of São Paulo Municipality include segmentation of energy efficient requirements according to social economic profile of buildings, definition of overall heat transfer coefficient values (U-factor) for building envelope components (walls and roof) of conditioned and non-conditioned areas, and definition of minimum energy efficiency levels for buildings and equipments. Additional contribution of this research includes estimation of electricity use per square meter of building floor area, for the residential and commercial sectors in São Paulo municipality.