Nos travaux de thèse concernent l’´étude de l’interopérabilité dans un environnement collaboratif et dynamique d’entreprise. Elle est considérée comme un facteur clé de collaboration qui doit être pris en compte tout au long du cycle de vie du produit. Ceci est particulièrement important en ce qui concerne les réseaux d'entreprise collaboratifs, tel que DMN, où un groupe distinct de partenaires est connecté dans un modèle en forme de chaîne et où la coopération est cruciale pour atteindre un objectif spécifique. Ce contexte a fait émerger la nécessité de faire inter-opérer une multitude de systèmes d’information, distribués, autonomes et hétérogènes. Sur la base d'une analyse approfondie des problèmes d'interopérabilité au sein du DMN, ces travaux ont abouti `à une approche générique conceptuelle d’interopérabilité multi-niveaux. Cette approche repose sur le standard ISA95 et l’approche d’ingénierie dirigée par les modèles (IDM), notre démarche vise à contribuer à l'amélioration de l'interopérabilité des systèmes d’entreprises au cours de la phase de fabrication du produit dans un DMN collaboratif. En s’intéressant aux trois niveaux d’interopérabilité, cette approche permet de s’assurer que les informations sont physiquement échangées (l'interopérabilité technique), sont comprises (l'interopérabilité sémantique) et sont bien utilisées pour atteindre le but pour lequel elles ont été produites (l'interopérabilité organisationnelle). La qualité et l'efficacité de l'approche proposée ont été confirmées par une application sur un cas concret de collaboration entre ERP et MES dans une usine de fabrication de stylos DEKENZ. / Our thesis work deals with the study of interoperability in a collaborative and dynamic enterprise environment. Interoperability is considered as a key factor for collaboration that must be considered throughout the life cycle of the product. This is particularly important for collaborative enterprise networks, such as DMN, where a group of partners is connected in a chain model and where cooperation is crucial to achieve a specific goal.This context has led to the need for inter-operate a multitude of distributed, autonomous and heterogeneous information systems.Basis on a thorough analysis of the interoperability problems within the DMN, this work proposed a generic conceptual multi-level approach of interoperability. This approach relies on the use of ISA95 standard and Model Driven Engineering (MDE) method. It aims to contribute to the improvement of the interoperability of information systems during the manufacturing phase of the product in a collaborative DMN. By focusing on the three levels of interoperability, this approach ensures that information is physically exchanged (technical interoperability), is understood (semantic interoperability), and is well used to achieve the purpose for which it have been produced (organizational interoperability). The quality and effectiveness of the proposed approach were confirmed by an application on a concrete case of collaboration between ERP and MES in a DEKENZ pen manufacturing plant.

Strategies for enterprise resource planning (ERP) system implementation success have been a focus of scholars since the 1990s. Researchers have demonstrated that ERP system implementation could cause both system failures and organization failures, affecting both operations and stakeholders. The theory of constraints was the conceptual framework for this single qualitative case study that explored ERP system critical success factors (CSFs) and strategies U.S. city governments use to successfully implement ERP systems. One city government in New Mexico with a successful ERP system served as the case study's population. Data were collected from semistructured interviews and relevant documents and then open coded and thematically analyzed. Triangulation was employed to increase the trustworthiness of interpretations. The primary themes that emerged from the analysis of this single case study revealed the importance of the city government adequately resourcing and staffing the organization, providing top management support, continuously communicating to clarify motivations for implementations, gaining concurrence, and maintaining a change management asset. Other city government end-users, managers, leaders, and vendors could benefit from results of this study by identifying and addressing the relevant principal CSFs, and then developing and deploying strategies for the implementation, control, and remediation phases to increase ERP systems' utility. City governments seeking to implement ERPs could effect social change by demonstrating fiscal stewardship of resources, adding fiscally efficient and efficacious operations directly supporting constituents, and increasing public confidence.

Syntactic anomalies reliably elicit P600 effects in natural language processing. A survey of previous work converged on a conclusion that the mean amplitude of the P600 seems to be associated with the goodness of fit of a target word with expectation generated based on already unfolded materials. Based on this characteristic of the P600 effects, the current study aimed to look for evidence indicating the influence of input statistics in shaping grammatical knowledge/representations, and as a result leading to probabilistically-based competition/expectation generation processes of online sentence processing. An artificial grammar learning (AGL) task with 4 different conditions varying in probabilities were used to test this hypothesis. Results from this task indicated graded mean amplitude of the P600 effects across conditions, and the pattern of gradience is consistent with the variation of the input statistics. The use of the artificial language to simulate natural language learning process was further justified with statistically undistinguishable P600 effects elicited in a natural language sentence processing (NLSP) task. Together, the results indicate that the same neural mechanisms are recruited for both syntactic processing of natural language stimuli and sentence strings in an artificial language.

The purpose of this study is to examine the use of ERP and outputs by six decision-makers in one SME manufacturing organization and provide artifacts targeted to improve their pricing decisions. Through elaborated action design research, we collect data to diagnosis decision-makers concerns and identify decision making biases and errors. Using insights and collaboration, we design, implement and evaluate seven artifacts targeted to minimize four biases identified – overconfidence bias, optimistic bias, planning fallacy and representativeness. The data collected during the diagnosis phase reveals that concerns fell into three primary themes: data, human interfaces, and cognitive bias. The seven combined artifacts implemented have a positive impact minimizing bias in this organization. This research reveals how artifacts such as policies, procedures, processes, reports and system modules help SME decision-makers mitigate cognitive biases and errors. Additionally, this study confirms that the eADR process can be an effective means of implementing incremental changes, evaluating impacts and increasing engagement in this environment. Limitations of this study include concurrent introduction of artifacts, single SME organization and embedded nature of the researcher.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder characterised by disturbed arousal, altered attention, and fear processing, and a reduction in the ability to perform cognitive tasks. Predominant neurophysiological models of PTSD have been focused on alterations in fear-related regulation, and few incorporate broader changes in generic executive control which may underlie many of the clinical symptoms and cognitive deficits in PTSD. This thesis aimed to investigate the neurophysiology of executive inhibitory control in PTSD using a Go/NoGo response inhibition task and converging functional imaging, structural imaging and electrophysiological measures. The first series of studies aimed to elucidate a normative neural network model of inhibitory control, and are consistent with normative control involving the activation of a mainly right-lateralised ventral lateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) network. Inhibitory control-related activation was found to be affected by levels of anxiety and changes in underlying neural structure; alterations in frontal cortical maturation and volume were related to additional activation of bilateral frontal cortical regions and the dorsal striatum, with anxiety increasing the demand on inhibitory control-related activation. In contrast to healthy participants, PTSD was associated with reduced inhibitory control as indexed by inhibitory behaviour, diminished activation of the right VLPFC, and slowed inhibition-related information processsing. PTSD participants relied on the greater activation of a left fronto-striatal inhibition network to support control, with the activation affected by levels of PTSD severity and comorbid anxiety. This left fronto-striatal activation in PTSD was related to underlying increases in fronto-striatal neural structure. Further, the ability to efficiently engage a left fronto-striatal network in PTSD during inhibitory control predicted better response to cognitive behavior for PTSD, consistent with the proposal that an improved ability to flexibly engage control systems may facilitate the resolution of PTSD symptoms. Taken together, this program of research extends current neurophysiological model of PTSD to show that PTSD involves a fundamental disturbance in the function and structure of key fronto-striatal response control networks associated with inhibitory control.

本文提出ERP在政府部門運用的研究目的，主要是希望在當今電子商務蓬勃發展的環境中，藉由ERP（Enterprise Resource Planning）－企業資源整體規劃之理念，提出GRP（Government Resource Planning）－政府機關整體資源規劃模式及概念，並以「外勞動態管理」為例子，提出外籍勞工管理業務如何橫跨部會機關組織範疇的水平整合與層級的垂直整合，進行全面性作業流程與資訊分享的統合，促進外籍勞工資料供應鏈之整合運作，以做為政府再造之參考。 本文除針對此觀念實務探討，亦針對目前政府機關再推動電子資料交換時的網路架構與模式提出意見，最後並提出一適合作為GRP電子資料交換之網路架構，希望經由此整合架構，對政府機關順利推動GRP時做出適當之貢獻。

回顧國內相關論文，多以設計及規劃個別管理制度之推行導入為主，較少著墨於各項管理制度之整合；企業為因應激烈競爭的經營環境，導入各項或部分管理制度系統，但因時空背景及規劃考慮因素不同，使得企業在推動這些管理系統容易忽略各管理制度的整合，造成許多無效率作業及資源的浪費，許多公司現正苦於各項管理制度之間的不一致，但成功的企業必須建立有效率的內部控制，即已整合完成各項管理制度之內部控制制度；故本研究以某數位影音公司為例，探討個案公司在原本內部控制制度架構上先後導入ISO 9001:2008品質管理系統及ERP系統的過程中，應用流程建立及持續改善導向的ISO 9001設計、建構的過程中，對應ERP模組功能及內部控制流程，整合流程電子表單及品質紀錄，以建構相對應之資訊系統模式的方法與程序，這其中導入時所面臨問題，及各項管理制度整合的問題，作為個案公司及後續企業面對各項管理制度整合問題及企業建立整體經營管理之參考。

<p>This paper addresses the question of how to make use of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems in companies in the process industry were there is a pervasive need of process standardization. ERP systems have the potential to contribute with standardization and integration of organizational data through an of-the-shelf solution. In practice results of ERP systems implementation has varied greatly. Considering their implications on business processes and the complexity of the systems this should not come as a surprise. ERP systems do not only imply standardization of data but also standardization of key processes in the company. The consequences on the individual organization are therefore hard to predict. Making strategic choices between different degrees of in-house developed systems, integration of solutions from many different suppliers or to only rely on the ERP systems consultants and their proposed implementation of solutions, can be a troublesome balance act. This paper describes a case study of the Swedish diary company Norrmejerier and the implementation of the ERP system IFS analyzed from a perspective of complex system and standardization. The use of IFS at Norrmejerier can be characterized as a loosely coupled integration with the ERP system as a central integration facilitator. This solution allowed the company to make use of standardization benefits, filling the need of special functionality and at the same time limiting the negative unexpected consequences such as decreased activity support and increased complexity. The key contributions of this paper are that it shows how ERP´s can contribute to standardization and integration efforts in IT environments with peculiar demands on functionality. Secondly it demonstrates how negative side effects related to implementation of ERP systems can be managed and limited.</p>

<p>Problembakgrund:</p><p>Företag investerar bl.a. i affärssystem (ERP-lösningar) för att dra nytta av de fördelar systemen förväntas leverera i form av bättre beslutsstöd och effektivare processer vilka är viktiga för att företag skall uppnå en högre nivå av konkurrenskraft och tillväxt. I grund och botten av alla fungerande IS (Informationssystem) ligger en nödvändig integration mellan verksamheten samt deras IT-infrastruktur, vilken är nödvändig för förverkligandet av de nyss nämnda fördelarna. Integrationen mellan verksamheters IT-infrastruktur kan vara komplex och svår att erhålla. ERP-lösningar består av moduler för verksamhetsspecifika funktioner vilka rent hypotetiskt möjliggör en fullständig integration genom standardisering. ERP-system är en lösning på detta integrationsproblem, men andra lösningar finns vilka är baserade på integrationsverktyg för integrering av befintliga arvssystem och även nya. Det är denna integrationsproblematik och ett genuint allmänt intresse för affärssystem som lett till att uppsatsens fokus lagts på att undersöka hur verksamheter uppnår en integrerad IT-infrastruktur.</p><p>Problemspecificering:</p><p>Hur kan verksamheter uppnå en integrerad IT-infrastruktur?</p><p>Syfte:</p><p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att beskriva och analysera hur verksamheter går tillväga för att uppnå en funktionellt integrerad IT-infrastruktur.</p><p>Metod & tillvägagångssätt:</p><p>Inledningsvis genomfördes en granskning av befintlig tidigare forskning inom området, för att ett underlag till den teoretiska referensramen som presenteras i denna uppsats skulle erhållas. Denna gav i sin tur upphov till konstruktionen av frågeformulären som användes vid insamlandet av det empiriska materialet.</p><p>Tidigare forskning:</p><p>Den tidigare forskningen kring integrering av IT-infrastruktur är riklig och huvuddelen av forskningen tycks fokusera på ERP-system levererade från en och samma leverantör. Detta kan vara en lösning eller metod som passar många företag, men långt ifrån alla. EAI är en metod som går ut på att arvssystem länkas samman med modernare system och därigenom hypotetiskt löser integrationsproblematiken.</p><p>Best-of-Breed (BoB) är en lösning som i dagsläget med funktionsmässiga samspel mellan ERP och EAI har visat sig vara ett intressant integrationsalternativ. BoB innebär att moduler från olika leverantörer implementeras sida vid sida. Företag som erfordrar specifika lösningar kan med fördel vända sig mot implementering enligt BoB principen, förutsatt att en integration kan verkställas. BoB har sina fördelar och nackdelar, en fördel är bl.a. att företagen får möjlighet att forma ett system som passar just deras önskningar och behov. En nackdel är integrationssvårigheter mellan delsystemen (modulerna) som måste lösas genom exempelvis integrationsverktyg. Även dubbellagring av data kan vara ett problem då data bli utspridd på flera databaser.</p><p>Resultat:</p><p>I och med denna uppsats undersökning framkommer det att verksamheter med fördel kan integrera funktioner för kärnverksamheten med hjälp av ett ERP-system. Detta blir extra avgörande om företaget tillverkar varor. Tjänsteproducerande verksamheter kan däremot med sina specifika krav och behov integrera befintliga eller nya IT-lösningar via integrationsmotorer.</p><p>Förutsatt att en öppen standard får fotfäste som byggsten för integrationsprodukter kan BoB-lösningar möjligen komma att framföras som ett bra alternativ till att uppnå en integrerad IT-infrastruktur.</p>

<p>Abstract</p><p>Title: Relevant factors that affect three small and midsize enterprises during an ERP-system implementation</p><p>Authors: Fredrik Dreimanis and Thomas Jylhä</p><p>Tutor: Peter Ekman</p><p>Keywords: ERP, implementation, SME</p><p>Problem: Which factors has relevance for small and midsize enterprises during an ERP-system implementation?</p><p>Purpose: The purpose with this essay is to describe and analyze what distinguishes an implementation for small and midsize enterprises.</p><p>Methodology:The authors have answered the problem with help of theories and articles within the subject of IT and economics and five interviews with companies in different areas of business.</p><p>Theoretical framework:The most difficult part with adapting a new ERP- system is the implementation phase. (Muscatello et al. 2003) The reason is that the standardization and changing of business processes is a common occurrence during an implementation. (Gattiker and Goodhue. 2002)</p><p>Analyze:The study shows that there are a lot of equal factors between the theoretical framework and the empirical study.</p><p>Conclusion: According to this study the reason for a small or midsize enterprise to adopt a new ERP-system is to get better control over their business. Improved control leads to increased revenues.</p>