This dissertation investigates the expression of the indirect evidential subdomain in two languages in contact, i.e. the northern variety of Central Aymara and the variety of Spanish spoken in La Paz (Bolivia). For this aim, the study uses first-hand data collected in La Paz and El Alto (Bolivia) during 2014 and 2015. Data was elicited through: the “Family Problems Picture” task (San Roque et al. 2012), formulated by the members of the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics and created specifically for the activation of cognitive categories such as evidentiality and mirativity; the “Pear Story” designed for Wallace Chafe, professor at the University of California, to collect narrative texts that show how humans perceive, elaborate and verbalize experience; and, finally, personal narratives, traditional narratives and interviews. Thirty-three recordings (12h 48’) of 48 Spanish-Aymara bilingual speakers (17 males, age range: 18-64) were fully transcribed and annotated. The resulting corpus consists of 33 transcriptions of which 14 are in Aymara (c. 19 154 words), whereas 19 are in Spanish (c. 46 245 words). The dissertation is built around four research questions. First, the dissertation shows the functions of the forms identified in the data in both languages. The study identifies for each form both evidential and non-evidential functions. Indirect evidential functions are systematically analyzed and classified by combining Willett’s (1988) and Aikhnvald’s (2004) classifications. The analysis shows evidential functions of forms that have not been previously studied as such, i.e. digamos and diciendo in Spanish and sañani and sapxi in Aymara, but it also reveals unnoticed evidential functions for previously described forms. Second, the dissertation provides a clear view of the relationship between the evidential and the epistemic modal domain involved in the use of the forms identified. Two types of correlation are found. Both languages, indeed, show forms that only point out the way in which speakers acquired information and forms where the two domains overlap. Third, the dissertation investigates speakers’ epistemic stance, in terms of commitment, towards information involved in the use of the evidential forms identified. The study shows that the forms which convey merely evidential information express mainly a medium-high commitment degree, whereas the forms in which the distinction between the evidential and the epistemic modal domain is blurred indicate a low degree of commitment. Forth, the dissertation sheds light on the relationship between the expressions of the indirect evidential subdomain in the two languages. The study proposes a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the evidential types and subtypes in both languages. The results show a high degree of convergence between the two languages, suggesting also situations of influence of one language on the other.

As it is generally conceived, knowledge belongs to the individual: we imagine how a lightbulb suddenly illuminates above the scientist's head, a muse whispers in the philosopher's ear, cogs slide into place as wheels turn in the thinker's mind, and, "Eureka!" an idea is born. As an individualistic experience, knowledge is secure in the repository of the mind, a "steel trap" as it is so often referred, which can only be breached by the most sophisticated and precise methods. From these popular representations of knowledge, one can extrapolate further to conclude that knowledge is not made, it is received. All of these metaphors of knowledge present a passive subject waiting for knowledge to be imparted from the Cosmos. Much like knowledge, a disability and, reflexively, the knowledge of disability, is an individually sited matter; disability is something to be had, possessed, or owned, not shared. Similar to knowledge, disability is not actively produced, it just "is." And disability, too, is internally located, often being attributed as the outcome of physiological malfunction. It follows then, that because both knowledge and disability are separately regarded as individualistic phenomena, as located with(in) the individual, and as existing independently of him or her, that knowledge of disability would also share these characteristics. This study's objective, however, is to prove just the opposite: to position disability as a form of knowledge, and therefore, the knowledge of disability as the endpoint of an ongoing process of social interaction. I use discourse analysis to analyze interviews conducted with staff members of a university office responsible for providing academic accommodations to students with disabilities, in conjunction with documents authored and disseminated by this organization. My study conceives discourse as language in action. By this I mean that discourse creates the very social structures it is presumed to describe. I also understand discourse as reflexive, meaning that embedded within discourse are larger social and moral norms. Believing that analyzing discourse allows for normative beliefs on knowledge and disability to be clearly displayed, I ask the following questions: By what assumptions do members organize disability in their daily practice? What role does communication play in these processes of social organization? What resources or forms of evidence are necessary to determine, to produce knowledge of, disability? And does everyone have equal access to these resources? This study's findings hold broad implications for diverse stakeholders. For the field of Communication, this study affirms the need for revised ways of understanding communication, as it shows how antiquated ideations of communication as a linear exchange of information narrowly define what counts as knowledge. Additionally, this study also contributes to Disability Studies in that rather than arguing disability as a social artifact from an exclusively conceptual standpoint, it empirically makes a case for disability as the product of social interaction. For the organizational members consulted in this study, I offer recommendations for their praxis. The final, and arguably the most important, party that this study has implications for is the student with a disability. Because this study promotes a more inclusive approach to disability, and because it encourages a lesser burden of proof with respect to knowing disability, this study is of particular interest to the individuals who are classified as "disabled."

The purpose of this dissertation is a study of Korean evidentiality on the basis of presuppositional analysis. My claim is that Korean evidentiality can be accounted for under the binding theory of presupposition (Asher & Lascarides 1998; 2003; Asher 2000). The proposal I motivate in this dissertation is that interpretations of Korean evidentials can be handled using the same mechanism which resolves anaphoric expressions.Dynamic Semantics such as DRT and SDRT give a contribution to account for phenomena like anaphora bridging, presupposition, and accomodation bythe update procedure of the discourse structure. I investigate Korean evidentials by examining their distributions and functions in Korean grammar and specifying the types of information source in Korean evidential system. In particular,there are three evidential types in Korean: Direct te, Reportative tay, Inference ci. I propose that the Korean evidential system corresponds to B-1 system in Aikhenvald (2004). I also give an analysis of the intonation phrase of utterances featuring Korean evidentials with the autosegmental-metrical model of intonational phonology. Moreover, I argue that Korean evidentials are presupposition triggers. To verify my claim, I provide various tests such as negation, challengeability and the interrogative flip. All the tests support for classifying Korean evidentials as one category. I also review and compare three different theoretical frameworks: modal, illocutionary and presuppositional analysis. I reject a modal analysis and an illocutionary analysis and employ a presuppositional analysis for Korean evidentiality.I propose that Korean evidentiality can be explained in terms of SDRT(Asher & Lascarides 1998; 2003). Asher & Lascarides (1998) regard presupposition resolution as an integrated part of the task of building discourse relations. I also show that the speaker-dependency of evidentiality is explicitly associated with characteristics of indexicals. Just as in the line of work stemming from Hunter & Asher (2005), I demonstrated that Korean evidentials are anaphorically resolved by the extra-linguistic context as well as by the linguistic context. / text

This dissertation argues for the existence of functional attitude predicates, light attitudes, such as light say and light see. Two phenomena are identified as functional attitudes: evidentiality and logophoric say-complementizers. I propose that reportative evidential markers and logophoric licensing complementizers are cross-linguistic variations of overt morphosyntactic realizations of the same light attitude: a functionalized predicate say. The parallel between evidentiality and logophoricity drawn here highlights their properties that have not been discussed or formally accounted for until now, and explains why they are in a typological complementary distribution across the world's languages. At the same time, direct and reportative evidentials even within the same language exhibit a number of syntactic and semantic differences that have not been noticed in the literature before. I derive them from the analysis of reportative and direct evidentials as different kinds of functional predicates: say and perceive, respectively. After establishing the nature of evidentials, I develop their syntactic and semantic properties formally. I claim that light attitudes are hosted by a projection cP, which selects CP and has properties similar to that of the light verb projection vP, such as argument structure, thematic roles, and `flavors'. The semantic composition of light attitudes is based on that of lexical attitudes, for which I am following and expanding ideas from de-compositional semantics. This allows for a simple and conceptually motivated analysis that does not need any additional theoretical primitives. I develop novel methodology to test for evidential challengeability and newness of evidentials that take the between-evidential differences into account. The results support the representation of the evidential contribution as a presupposition.

abstract: This dissertation provides an account of evidentiality of a number of selected verbs of perception in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). The verbs are divided into three categories: activity, experiential, and source-based, following Viberg (1983). The data shows that the activity P.Vs in MSA are rarely used evidentially whereas the experiential and the source-based ones are commonly used to indicate evidential meaning. It also shows that while the source-based verb is mostly used with an inferred evidential meaning, the evidentiality encoded by the experiential perception verbs is determined by the complementation pattern and the person of the subject (first or third person subject). With the non-finite complement, these verbs indicate a direct evidentiality when having a first person subject, and a reported evidentiality when having a third person subject. With the finite CP complement, they indicate an indirect evidentiality. This corpus-based study also examines the grammaticalization of these verbs when used evidentially. I argue that only the verb ra’aa of the selected experiential verbs is fully grammaticalized, but only when it is in the past tense and followed by a verbal non-finite complement. In this usage, it becomes a light verb. The source-based verb badaa/yabduu when indicating an evidentiality, it is grammaticalized into copulative verb when followed by an adjectival predicate, and modal verb when followed by a finite complement. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation English 2019

No description available.

The present thesis consists of an introduction and the following papers: The aspect-evidentiality system of Middle Mongol. Ural-Altaic Studies, 13. (forthcoming) The tense-aspect system of Khorchin Mongolian. In: Pirkko Suihkonen &amp; Lindsay Whaley (eds.), Typology of Languages of Europe and Northern and Central Asia. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. (forthcoming) Aspect and epistemic notions in the present tense system of Khalkha Mongolian. Acta Linguistica Petropolitana. (forthcoming) Factual vs. evidential? - The past tense forms of spoken Khalkha Mongolian. In: Ad Foolen, Helen de Hoop, &amp; Gijs Mulder (eds.), Empirical Approaches to Evidentiality. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. (under review) Its purpose is to give an account of tense, aspect and evidentiality in three Mongolian varieties: Middle Mongol (MM) as spoken in the Mongol Empire, Khalkha Mongolian as spoken in the Mongolian state, and Khorchin Mongolian as spoken in eastern Inner Mongolia, China. MM started out with a tripartite tense distinction and a medium-sized aspectual system. Its past evidential system was tripartite with suffixes for firsthand, non-firsthand and evidentially neutral information. In Khorchin, which developed under the influence of Mandarin and Manchu, evidentiality was lost, and tense was simplified into a past / non-past distinction, alongside with a discontinuous proximal future / past marker. The aspect system underwent some changes, but retained its complexity. Khalkha, which developed under the influence of Turkic and Tibetan, underwent some shared innovations with Khorchin, but retained participles as a multifunctional unit within finite predicates, so that its aspectual system grew more complex. The past evidentiality distinctions of MM were basically retained, but the introduction of present tense evidentiality brought a number of changes: the evidentially neutral value shifted to signaling assimilated knowledge, and discontinuous future uses were introduced for all past markers. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Accepted. Paper 2: Accepted. Paper 3: Accepted. Paper 4: Submitted.</p><p> </p>

Much has been written on the position of the translator; the concept of ‘position’ being understood variously in terms of spatial, ideological, sociological, philosophical, or narratological orientation. The present research project contributes to this body of work through the empirical investigation of translator position as an epistemological function, examining patterns of evidential stance-taking in original vs. translated autobiographies. A defining characteristic of autobiographical writings is a NARRATOR=EXPERIENCER relationship: the narrator has privileged access to the memory from which the narrative is sourced. However, when an autobiography is translated, the connection between the narrator and the source of the narrative – the memory of the experiencer – is interrupted. The translation of an autobiography, then, presents an epistemological paradox: the translator’s first person discursive position is at odds with the evidential basis from which he or she narrates. This research aims to investigate the extent to which the translator’s occupation of the position of an autobiographical ‘I’ is purely nominal or extends to the experiential, asking whether the textual production of a translation reveals distance between the narrator and the autobiographical experiences being narrated – a NARRATOR≠EXPERIENCER relationship – or reveals empathetic identification between the narrator and the author, projecting a NARRATOR=EXPERIENCER relationship. Based on an assumed contrast between the phenomenological and narrative character of memories acquired by first-hand experience vs. memories based on other sources, a framework is developed for the analysis of evidential stance-taking in the narration of autobiographical memories. Focusing on the narration of acts of recollection and descriptions of how recalled experiences ‘seemed’ to the experiencer, patterns of complement choice (e.g. remember –ing vs. remember that) are differentiated on the basis of their construal of memories as being either ‘experiential’ or ‘non-experiential’ in character. Applying the framework to a purpose-built, bi-directional comparable corpus of translated vs. non-translated autobiographies in English and Japanese, the study reveals a tendency towards a less frequent construal of memories from an ‘experiential’ stance, and more frequent construal of memories from an ‘non-experiential’ stance in translated texts in both English and Japanese. However, variation in stance-taking exhibited between the individual texts comprising respective sub-corpora is also in evidence. The findings are interpreted as a manifestation of the NARRATOR≠EXPERIENCER relationship characteristic of translated texts in general, but also as a possible indicator of the influence of variable degrees of translator-author identification on individual translators’ negotiation of position.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / A evidencialidade à uma categoria lingÃÃstica utilizada como estratÃgia que permite a manipulaÃÃo das informaÃÃes quanto à fonte do conhecimento e ao grau de (des)comprometimento do produtor com essa fonte. No intuito de investigar a manifestaÃÃo dessa categoria na construÃÃo das dissertaÃÃes acadÃmicas no portuguÃs brasileiro contemporÃneo, objetiva-se: a) rediscutir o estatuto da evidencialidade como categoria lingÃÃstica; b)analisar as relaÃÃes entre modalidade e evidencialidade; c) verificar as estratÃgias utilizadas no uso das marcas de evidencialidade no trabalho cientÃfico de grau, do tipo dissertaÃÃo; d) identificar, descrever e analisar as marcas lingÃÃsticas evidenciais no trabalho cientÃfico de grau do tipo dissertaÃÃo; e) relacionar o uso de evidenciais com estratÃgias para efeito de (des)comprometimento na construÃÃo textual. Ao identificar e interpretar as marcas evidenciais na construÃÃo dos textos acadÃmicos, a pesquisa busca contribuir para a explicitaÃÃo dos efeitos de sentido vinculados à veiculaÃÃo das informaÃÃes de forma estratÃgica, jà que essas marcas sÃo utilizadas com propÃsitos diversificados, como por exemplo: recurso ao chamado âargumento de autoridadeâ, atenuaÃÃo da responsabilidade em relaÃÃo ao que à dito, modalizaÃÃo no contÃnuo entre a certeza e a nÃo-certeza, sinalizando que algo nÃo està sendo dito de forma categÃrica e sugerindo um grau de (des)comprometimento em relaÃÃo à verdade da proposiÃÃo, como tambÃm um posicionamento crÃtico em relaÃÃo à fonte da informaÃÃo, permitindo uma correta avaliaÃÃo do conteÃdo assimilado pelo leitor, dentre outros. A anÃlise, orientada por pressupostos funcionalistas, conta com uma dimensÃo teÃrica, voltada para a rediscussÃo dos limites conceituais entre as categorias modalidade e evidencialidade, e uma dimensÃo analÃtica, que, em constante diÃlogo com a teoria, investiga, qualitativa e quantitativamente, o uso de marcas da evidencialidade na dissertaÃÃo acadÃmica, trabalho que à requisito para a obtenÃÃo do tÃtulo de mestre. A escolha do gÃnero para a constituiÃÃo do corpus justifica-se pela suposiÃÃo de que esse à um dos gÃneros textuais que apresenta maior quantidade de informaÃÃo cuja fonte nÃo à o prÃprio autor, o que condiciona o uso das marcas de evidencialidade na relaÃÃo observÃvel com o grau de (des)comprometimento do produtor relativamente à informaÃÃo veiculada. A obtenÃÃo das 290 ocorrÃncias para esta pesquisa concretizou-se a partir da organizaÃÃo de um corpus constituÃdo por dez dissertaÃÃes acadÃmicas da Ãrea de CiÃncias Humanas, das quais se utilizaram, como material de anÃlise, a introduÃÃo e a conclusÃo. Os resultados obtidos verificaram os efeitos de sentido associados ao uso de meios de expressÃo evidencial na construÃÃo da argumentaÃÃo em dissertaÃÃes, comprovando que a evidencialidade no discurso acadÃmico, em particular no corpus coletado, à mais utilizada para promover um baixo comprometimento, tendo o verbo como o meio lingÃÃstico mais utilizado e as noÃÃes evidenciais inferencial e citativa como as mais freqÃentes. / Evidentiality is a linguistic category used as a strategy to deal with information, considering the producerâs source of knowledge and his extent of (un)commitment to this source. In order to investigate the manifestation of this category in the construction of academic dissertations written in contemporary Brazilian Portuguese, this work aims to: a) rediscuss the status of the evidentiality as a linguistic category; b) analyse the relationship between modality and evidentiality; c) verify the strategies used to indicate evdentiality in scientific works such as dissertations; d) identify, describe and analyse linguistic marks of evidentiality in such works; e) relate the use of evidentials to strategies of (un)commitment in the production of a text. Though the identification of evidentiality marks in academic texts, this work aims to contribute to explicit the sense effects related to the strategic transmition of information, since these marks are used with different purposes, like: use of the authority argument, reduction of responsibility in relation to what is being said; certainty/uncertainty modalization, suggesting that something is being said in a non-categorical way, suggesting a certain degree of (un)commitment in relation to the truth of the proposition, as well as showing a critical position in relation to the source of information, allowing a correct evaluation of the content taken in by the reader; among other purposes. The analysis, based on functionalist presuppositions, rediscusses the conceptual limits between modality and evidentiality. It investigates, in terms of both quality and quantity, the use of evidentiality marks in academic dissertations. This genre was chosen due to the supposition that it is one of the textual genres whose source of information is mostly not the author himself. This fact influences the use of evidentiality marks in relation to the degree of the producerâs (un)commitment to the information provided. The 290 ocurrencies were collected from a corpus which comprises 10 academic dissertations in Humanity Studies. Only the introduction and the conclusion sections of these Works were considered. The results showed that the sense effects are associated to the use of evidentiality expressions in the kind of argumentation process in dissertations. This proves that the evidentiality in the academic discourse, particularly in the corpus collected, is used especially to assure a lower degree of commitment, being the verb the linguistic means most chosen to express this, and the inferential and quotative evidentiality notions as the most frequent ones.

CARIOCA, Claudia Ramos. A manifestação da evidencialidade nas dissertações acadêmicas do português brasileiro contemporâneo. 2005. 115f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Linguística) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza-CE, 2005. / Submitted by nazareno mesquita (nazagon36@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-07-01T13:46:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_diss_CRCARIOCA.pdf: 443992 bytes, checksum: c43c7481c2f112196bbce30bacbfefed (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-08-02T17:00:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_diss_CRCARIOCA.pdf: 443992 bytes, checksum: c43c7481c2f112196bbce30bacbfefed (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-08-02T17:00:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_diss_CRCARIOCA.pdf: 443992 bytes, checksum: c43c7481c2f112196bbce30bacbfefed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Evidentiality is a linguistic category used as a strategy to deal with information, considering the producer’s source of knowledge and his extent of (un)commitment to this source. In order to investigate the manifestation of this category in the construction of academic dissertations written in contemporary Brazilian Portuguese, this work aims to: a) rediscuss the status of the evidentiality as a linguistic category; b) analyse the relationship between modality and evidentiality; c) verify the strategies used to indicate evdentiality in scientific works such as dissertations; d) identify, describe and analyse linguistic marks of evidentiality in such works; e) relate the use of evidentials to strategies of (un)commitment in the production of a text. Though the identification of evidentiality marks in academic texts, this work aims to contribute to explicit the sense effects related to the strategic transmition of information, since these marks are used with different purposes, like: use of the authority argument, reduction of responsibility in relation to what is being said; certainty/uncertainty modalization, suggesting that something is being said in a non-categorical way, suggesting a certain degree of (un)commitment in relation to the truth of the proposition, as well as showing a critical position in relation to the source of information, allowing a correct evaluation of the content taken in by the reader; among other purposes. The analysis, based on functionalist presuppositions, rediscusses the conceptual limits between modality and evidentiality. It investigates, in terms of both quality and quantity, the use of evidentiality marks in academic dissertations. This genre was chosen due to the supposition that it is one of the textual genres whose source of information is mostly not the author himself. This fact influences the use of evidentiality marks in relation to the degree of the producer’s (un)commitment to the information provided. The 290 ocurrencies were collected from a corpus which comprises 10 academic dissertations in Humanity Studies. Only the introduction and the conclusion sections of these Works were considered. The results showed that the sense effects are associated to the use of evidentiality expressions in the kind of argumentation process in dissertations. This proves that the evidentiality in the academic discourse, particularly in the corpus collected, is used especially to assure a lower degree of commitment, being the verb the linguistic means most chosen to express this, and the inferential and quotative evidentiality notions as the most frequent ones. / A evidencialidade é uma categoria lingüística utilizada como estratégia que permite a manipulação das informações quanto à fonte do conhecimento e ao grau de (des)comprometimento do produtor com essa fonte. No intuito de investigar a manifestação dessa categoria na construção das dissertações acadêmicas no português brasileiro contemporâneo, objetiva-se: a) rediscutir o estatuto da evidencialidade como categoria lingüística; b)analisar as relações entre modalidade e evidencialidade; c) verificar as estratégias utilizadas no uso das marcas de evidencialidade no trabalho científico de grau, do tipo dissertação; d) identificar, descrever e analisar as marcas lingüísticas evidenciais no trabalho científico de grau do tipo dissertação; e) relacionar o uso de evidenciais com estratégias para efeito de (des)comprometimento na construção textual. Ao identificar e interpretar as marcas evidenciais na construção dos textos acadêmicos, a pesquisa busca contribuir para a explicitação dos efeitos de sentido vinculados à veiculação das informações de forma estratégica, já que essas marcas são utilizadas com propósitos diversificados, como por exemplo: recurso ao chamado “argumento de autoridade”, atenuação da responsabilidade em relação ao que é dito, modalização no contínuo entre a certeza e a não-certeza, sinalizando que algo não está sendo dito de forma categórica e sugerindo um grau de (des)comprometimento em relação à verdade da proposição, como também um posicionamento crítico em relação à fonte da informação, permitindo uma correta avaliação do conteúdo assimilado pelo leitor, dentre outros. A análise, orientada por pressupostos funcionalistas, conta com uma dimensão teórica, voltada para a rediscussão dos limites conceituais entre as categorias modalidade e evidencialidade, e uma dimensão analítica, que, em constante diálogo com a teoria, investiga, qualitativa e quantitativamente, o uso de marcas da evidencialidade na dissertação acadêmica, trabalho que é requisito para a obtenção do título de mestre. A escolha do gênero para a constituição do corpus justifica-se pela suposição de que esse é um dos gêneros textuais que apresenta maior quantidade de informação cuja fonte não é o próprio autor, o que condiciona o uso das marcas de evidencialidade na relação observável com o grau de (des)comprometimento do produtor relativamente à informação veiculada. A obtenção das 290 ocorrências para esta pesquisa concretizou-se a partir da organização de um corpus constituído por dez dissertações acadêmicas da área de Ciências Humanas, das quais se utilizaram, como material de análise, a introdução e a conclusão. Os resultados obtidos verificaram os efeitos de sentido associados ao uso de meios de expressão evidencial na construção da argumentação em dissertações, comprovando que a evidencialidade no discurso acadêmico, em particular no corpus coletado, é mais utilizada para promover um baixo comprometimento, tendo o verbo como o meio lingüístico mais utilizado e as noções evidenciais inferencial e citativa como as mais freqüentes.