Orientador: Paulo César Lodi / Resumo: Esse trabalho avaliou as propriedades do poliestireno expandido (EPS) para verificar a viabilidade e emprego deste em obras geotécnicas. Foram estudadas as propriedades mecânicas e hidráulicas do material, por meio de ensaios de resistência ao cisalhamento direto, compressão triaxial, compressão uniaxial simples e cíclica, absorção de água, permeabilidade e empuxo conforme as normas vigentes e métodos utilizados pela literatura corrente. Utilizou-se uma gama variada de massas específicas de EPS (10, 15, 20, 25 e 30 kg/m3), incluindo duas recicladas (10 e 12,5 kg/m³). Os principais resultados mostram que os parâmetros de resistência ao cisalhamento direto apresentam variações crescentes conforme aumenta-se a massa específica, assim como os valores de resistência à compressão simples e cíclica. O mesmo é valido para o módulo de elasticidade, que também aumenta com a massa específica. As amostras de baixa massa específica apresentaram um significante intercepto coesivo, enquanto que as maiores possuem elevada parcela de ângulo de atrito. Os parâmetros de absorção de água tendem a diminuir com o aumento da massa específica e todas apresentaram valores muito proximos de permeabilidade. Além disso, valor de 20 kg/m³ é um valor de transição da massa específica com relação ao comportamento das amostras. / Abstract: This work evaluated the properties of expanded polystyrene (EPS) to verify its feasibility and use in geotechnical works. The mechanical and hydraulic properties of the material were studied by tests of direct shear strength, triaxial, simple and cyclic uniaxial compression, water absorption, permeability and thrust according to current standards and methods used in the current literature. A wide range of specific masses (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 kg/m³) were used, including two recycled (10 and 12.5 kg/m³). The main results show that the direct shear strength parameters show increasing variations as the specific mass increases, as well as the simple and cyclic compressive strength values. The same is true for the modulus of elasticity, which also increases with the specific mass. The samples of low specific mass presented a significant cohesive intercept, while the larger ones had a high proportion of friction angle. Water absorption parameters tend to decrease with increasing specific mass and all presented very close permeability values. In addition, a value of 20 kg/m³ is a specific mass transition value with respect to sample behavior. / Mestre

Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC) with a small thickness, high tensile and compressive strength has been combined with lightweight materials to create sandwich elements. Due to the low strength of the core materials in the sandwich elements, the additional shear connector devices were suggested to improve the load capacity. However, it raised an idea of using a higher strength material core, Expanded Polystyrene Concrete (EPC), without any connector devices to create a new type of lightweight sandwich element, which can be an answer for not only developing lightweight structures but also solving environmental problems. In this thesis, this novel idea was gradually realized with a study on TRC-EPC sandwich beams. Firstly, experimental material tests on EPC showed the possibility to recycle EPS waste for EPC with a density of around 950 kg/m3. Thus, an EPC with a density of 920 kg/m3 and a compressive strength of 5.2 N/mm2 was chosen for the core to realize the concept for TRC-EPC sandwich with 18 experimental beams. Bending tests of six series with shear-to-depth-ratio (a/d) from 1.5 to 5.2 were implemented to study load responses of this type of sandwich beam. The failure moments of all the specimens were smaller than the nominal moment strength of the cross section. The load capacities of the specimens depend strongly on the ratio a/d. The calculations for the shear capacity according to standards as well as shear calculation approaches were implemented. Due to their generalized form, ACI 318-05 and EC2 offer conservative results for a/d<5.2. The dependence of the shear capacity on a/d could be better described with CEB-FIB Model Code 1990. For the beams with 1.5<a/d and a/d<2.1, Strut and Tie Model gave the most suitable results. In case a/d>2.1, ZINK’s model offered better results than the others. Besides, a new proposed equation for the shear capacity of TRC-EPC sandwich beams depending on the a/d was also suggested. In order to model the load response of the six experimental series, FEM models with ATENA developed. The models with and without a consideration of the bond between the textile and fine HSC in the TRC layer underestimated the load capacity with tolerance 26% and 28 % respectively. The tolerances for the deflections in the models with a/d>2.5 were around 22 % and 23%. Finally, an engineering model originally based on sandwich theory was developed to model the load-deflection response of this type of sandwich beams. The model could predict the displacement with tolerances from -24 % to 12 %. The load capacity of TRC-EPC sandwich beams was underestimated with a tolerance in the range of 15- 34 %. / In dieser Arbeit wurde eine neue Sandwichkonstruktion untersucht, für die Textilbeton, ein Werkstoff mit geringer Dicke und gleichzeitig hoher Zug- und Druckfestigkeit, mit leichten Kernmaterialien kombiniert wurde. Aufgrund der geringen Festigkeit der Kernmaterialien werden in vielen Sandwichkonstruktionen zusätzliche Schubverbinder benötigt, um eine ausreichende Tragfähigkeit zu erreichen. Dies führte zu der Idee, Expanded Polystyrene Concrete (EPC) als höherfestes Kernmaterial zu verwenden, das keine zusätzlichen Verbindungsmittel benötigt. Damit entsteht eine neuartige Sandwichkonstruktion, die nicht nur eine Lösung für die Entwicklung neuer leichter Strukturen ist, sondern auch für Umweltprobleme. Diese Idee wurde in dieser Arbeit durch theoretische und experimentelle Untersuchungen an Textilbeton-EPC-Sandwichbalken umgesetzt. Zunächst wurden Materialuntersuchungen an EPC durchgeführt, um nachzuweisen, dass es möglich ist, EPC mit einer Dichte von rund 950 kg/m³ mit recyceltem EPS herzustellen. Für die anschließenden Untersuchungen an 18 Sandwichbalken wurde dann ein EPC mit einer Dichte von 920 kg/m³ und einer Druckfestigkeit von 5,2 N/mm² ausgewählt. In 6 Serien von Sandwichbalken wurden 4-Punkt-Biegeversuche mit Schubschlankheiten von 1,5 bis 5,2 durchgeführt. Die Bruchmomente aller Balken waren geringer als die rechnerische Momententragfähigkeit des Querschnitts und die Tragfähigkeit war stark von der Schubschlankheit abhängig. Es wurden Berechnungen zur Schubtragfähigkeit nach den verschiedenen internationalen Normen durchgeführt. Aufgrund ihrer allgemeingültigen Form ergaben ACI 318-05 und EC2 sehr konservative Ergebnisse für Schubschlankheiten kleiner als 5,2. Die Formulierung des CEB-FIB Model Code 1990 war besser geeignet, die Abhängigkeit der Schubtragfähigkeit von der Schubschlankheit abzubilden. Für die Balken mit Schubschlankheiten a/d=1,5 bis 2,1 brachten Stabwerkmodelle ausreichend gute Ergebnisse. In Fällen mit a/d>2,1 ergab das Modell von Zink die besten Übereinstimmungen. Um die Abhängigkeit der Schubtragfähigkeit von der Schubschlankheit besser erfassen zu können, wurde eine neue Berechnungsgleichung für Textilbeton-EPC-Balken vorgeschlagen. Um das Last-Verformungsverhalten der experimentellen Untersuchungen beschreiben zu können, wurden FEM-Modelle mit der Software ATENA entwickelt. Es wurden verschiedene Modelle untersucht, die den Verbund zwischen dem textilen Gelege und dem Feinbeton unterschiedlich stark berücksichtigten. Die Tragfähigkeit der untersuchten Balken wurde mit den FEM-Modellen um ca. 26% bis 28% unterschätzt. Die Abweichungen in den berechneten Durchbiegungen betrugen für die Balken mit a/d>2,5 ca. 22% bis 23%. Abschließend wurde ein Ingenieurmodell auf Grundlage der Sandwichtheorie entwickelt, mit dem das Last-Verformungsverhalten dieser Sandwichkonstruktion gut beschrieben werden kann. Mit dem Modell ergaben sich Abweichungen von -24% bis +12% zwischen experimentellen und theoretisch ermittelten Verformungen. Die Tragfähigkeit wurde mit einer Abweichung von 15% bis 34% unterschätzt.

Šiame baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjama polistireninio putplasčio stiprumo savybės. Teorinėje dalyje pateikta literatūros analizė, bendros žinios apie polistireninį putplastį, gamybos būdai, panaudojimo galimybės. Išnagrinėta trijų didžiausių gamintojų Lietuvoje siūloma produkcija. Apžvelgti reikalavimai pastatų atitvarų šiluminei varžai, išnagrinėta termoizoliacinio sluoksnio storio pokytis nuo TSRS laikų iki dabar. Eksperimentinėje dalyje aprašomos naudotos medžiagos; jų charakteristikos; gniuždomasis stipris; šliejamasis stipris; išnagrinėta skirtingo tankio bandinių mikrostruktūra ir makrostruktūra. Aprašomi rezultatai, naudojant statistinės analizės programą atliekama jų analizė, suformuluojamos išvados. / The present work of Master degree studies analyzes the properties of expanded polystyrene.Theoretical par of this work introduces analysis of references, general information on expanded polystyrene, manner of production and fields of application. The work analyzes production offered by three biggest manufacturers in Lithuania, reviews the requirements applicable to thermal resistance of enclosures of the building, analyses alteration of thickness of a heat insulation layer comparing the situation in Soviet Union time and nowadays. Experimental part describes the used material, their properties, compressive strength, shear strength; analyses microstructure and macrostructure of samples of different density. The work presents the results and analysis of the results by applying software of statistical analysis; formulation of conclusions.

[pt] Este estudo apresenta o comportamento de solos reforçados com adição de pérolas de EPS (Poliestireno Expandido) através de estudo experimental. Os solos utilizados foram: um solo argiloso de origem coluvionar, uma areia limpa, mal graduada e bentonita. Foram realizados ensaios de caracterização física e de caracterização mecânica, como ensaios de compactação Proctor Normal, ensaios triaxiais consolidados isotropicamente drenados (CID) e ensaios de cisalhamento direto para buscar estabelecer padrões de comportamento que possam explicar a influência da adição de pérolas de EPS, relacionando-a com os parâmetros de resistência ao cisalhamento. Os ensaios triaxiais CID foram realizados em amostras de solo argiloso compactadas na densidade máxima seca e umidade ótima, com teores de pérolas de EPS de 0 por cento, 0,25 por cento, 0,50 por cento, 0,75 por cento e 1 por cento, em relação ao peso seco do solo e os ensaios triaxiais CID em amostras de areia foram realizados para uma densidade relativa de 50 por cento e umidade de 10 por cento, com teores de pérolas de EPS de 0 por cento, 0,50 por cento e 0,75 por cento, em relação ao peso seco do solo. Os ensaios de cisalhamento direto com bentonita foram realizados com teores de pérolas de EPS de 0 por cento, 0,50 por cento e 0,75 por cento, em relação ao peso seco do solo. Os resultados mostraram que o tipo de solo, o teor de pérolas de EPS e o nível de tensão confinante influenciam positivamente o comportamento mecânico final dos compósitos com relação aos parâmetros de resistência, porém não há uma tendência de comportamento bem definida ao analisar cada fator independentemente. Portanto, o uso de pérolas de EPS em obras geotécnicas de carregamento estático contribuiria com o menor consumo de material natural e a consequente redução dos custos de transporte e volume de material mobilizado. / [en] This study presents the behavior of soils reinforced with EPS (Expanded Polystyrene) beads through experimental study. The soils used were a coluvionar soil, a clean and barely graduated sand and bentonite. Physical characterization, Standard Proctor, consolidated drained triaxial and direct shear tests were performed to establish patterns of behavior that may explain the influence of the addition of expanded polystyrene beads, linking it with shear strength parameters. The CID triaxial was performed on samples of clayey soil compacted within the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content with expanded polystyrene beads ratios of 0 percent, 0.25 percent, 0.50 percent, 0.75 percent and 1 percent by dry weight of soil. CID triaxial tests on sand samples were made to a relative density of 50 per cent and 10 per cent of moisture content, with EPS beads ratios of 0 percent, 0.50 percent and 0.75 percent by dry weight of soil. The direct shear tests with bentonite were made with EPS beads ratios of 0 percent, 0.50 percent and 0.75 percent by dry weight of soil. The results showed that the kind of soil, the EPS content and level of confining stress level influence positively on the final mechanical behavior of the composites with respect to strength parameters, but there is no well-defined pattern of behavior to examine each factor independently. Therefore, the use of EPS beads in geotechnical works, contribute to lower consumption of natural material and the consequent reduction in transport costs and volume of mobilized material.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:58:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GeorgeCS_DISSERT.pdf: 2052095 bytes, checksum: 94bcb92ee6c4f6a8299833c1b6b33205 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-12 / New materials made from industrial wastes have been studied as an alternative to traditional fabrication processes in building and civil engineering. These materials are produced considering some issues like: cost, efficiency and reduction of nvironmental damage. Specifically in cases of materials destined to dwellings in low latitude regions, like Brazilian Northeast, efficiency is related to mechanical and thermal resistance. Thus, when thermal insulation and energetic efficiency are aimed, it s important to increase thermal resistance without depletion of mechanical properties. This research was conducted on a construction element made of two plates of cement mortar, interspersed with a plate of recycled expanded polystyrene (EPS). This component, widely known as sandwich-panel, is commonly manufactured with commercial EPS whose substitution was proposed in this study. For this purpose it was applied a detailed methodology that defines parameters to a rational batching of the elements that constitute the nucleus. Samples of recycled EPS were made in two different values of apparent specific mass (&#961; = 65 kg/m?; &#961; = 130 kg/m?) and submitted to the Quick-Line 30TM that is a thermophysical properties analyzer. Based on the results of thermal conductivity, thermal capacity and thermal diffusivity obtained, it was possible to assure that recycled EPS has thermal insulation characteristics that qualify it to replace commercial EPS in building and civil engineering industry / Novos materiais desenvolvidos a partir de res?duos industriais v?m sendo estudados como alternativa aos modelos tradicionalmente empregados na constru??o civil. Para desenvolvimento desses materiais s?o considerados fatores como: custo, efici?ncia e redu??o de passivo ambiental. No caso espec?fico de materiais para aplica??o em habita??es situadas em baixas latitudes, como no Nordeste do Brasil, a efici?ncia diz respeito ?s resist?ncias mec?nica e t?rmica, onde o aumento da resist?ncia t?rmica, sem comprometimento da resist?ncia mec?nica, ? desej?vel quando se buscam a isola??o t?rmica e a efici?ncia energ?tica das edifica??es. No presente trabalho s?o apresentados os resultados do estudo de um elemento construtivo composto de placas de argamassa de cimento intercaladas por placa de EPS reciclado, constituindo um painel sandu?che para emprego na ind?stria da constru??o civil. Estuda-se detalhadamente a metodologia de execu??o desses pain?is, definindo-se par?metros para dosagem racional dos materiais que comp?em o n?cleo. Foram confeccionados corpos de prova com massas espec?ficas aparentes de 65 kg/m? e 130 kg/m?. As propriedades termof?sicas dos corpos de prova foram analisadas utilizando-se o equipamento Quick-Line 30TM, que forneceu dados de condutividade t?rmica, capacidade calor?fica e difusividade t?rmica. Com base nos resultados obtidos foi poss?vel constatar as boas caracter?sticas do EPS reciclado como material termoisolante, estando esse apto ? substitui??o do EPS comercial em pain?is de constru??o

On many structures there ocurred a problem of expanded polystyrene-based thermal insulation material degradation caused by high temperatures close to glazed areas. In a theoretical part of this Master’s Thesis there are the most common thermal insulation materials described, followed by a brief desciption of flat roof waterproofing materials and a thermal stress of structures. An experimental part describes a design of a methodology for evaluation of thermal resistance properties of foamed insulants in flat roofs and several experiments carried out according to the methodology.

The master thesis named Hotel at Vysočina solves project documentation in the degree for building construction. The hotel has three floors. The object is without a cellar. As roofing is used a flat and oblique roof. Walling system is called POROTHERM with contact insulation from expanded polystyrene EPS-F.

Thesis deals with options of use waste from insulating materials. Theoretical part of thesis describes waste and insulating materials used in civil engineering. Practical part of thesis describes utilization of waste from mineral wool. Its output are options of use waste from mineral wool and selected physical properties of recycled material.

Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC) with a small thickness, high tensile and compressive strength has been combined with lightweight materials to create sandwich elements. Due to the low strength of the core materials in the sandwich elements, the additional shear connector devices were suggested to improve the load capacity. However, it raised an idea of using a higher strength material core, Expanded Polystyrene Concrete (EPC), without any connector devices to create a new type of lightweight sandwich element, which can be an answer for not only developing lightweight structures but also solving environmental problems. In this thesis, this novel idea was gradually realized with a study on TRC-EPC sandwich beams. Firstly, experimental material tests on EPC showed the possibility to recycle EPS waste for EPC with a density of around 950 kg/m3. Thus, an EPC with a density of 920 kg/m3 and a compressive strength of 5.2 N/mm2 was chosen for the core to realize the concept for TRC-EPC sandwich with 18 experimental beams. Bending tests of six series with shear-to-depth-ratio (a/d) from 1.5 to 5.2 were implemented to study load responses of this type of sandwich beam. The failure moments of all the specimens were smaller than the nominal moment strength of the cross section. The load capacities of the specimens depend strongly on the ratio a/d. The calculations for the shear capacity according to standards as well as shear calculation approaches were implemented. Due to their generalized form, ACI 318-05 and EC2 offer conservative results for a/d<5.2. The dependence of the shear capacity on a/d could be better described with CEB-FIB Model Code 1990. For the beams with 1.5<a/d and a/d<2.1, Strut and Tie Model gave the most suitable results. In case a/d>2.1, ZINK’s model offered better results than the others. Besides, a new proposed equation for the shear capacity of TRC-EPC sandwich beams depending on the a/d was also suggested. In order to model the load response of the six experimental series, FEM models with ATENA developed. The models with and without a consideration of the bond between the textile and fine HSC in the TRC layer underestimated the load capacity with tolerance 26% and 28 % respectively. The tolerances for the deflections in the models with a/d>2.5 were around 22 % and 23%. Finally, an engineering model originally based on sandwich theory was developed to model the load-deflection response of this type of sandwich beams. The model could predict the displacement with tolerances from -24 % to 12 %. The load capacity of TRC-EPC sandwich beams was underestimated with a tolerance in the range of 15- 34 %. / In dieser Arbeit wurde eine neue Sandwichkonstruktion untersucht, für die Textilbeton, ein Werkstoff mit geringer Dicke und gleichzeitig hoher Zug- und Druckfestigkeit, mit leichten Kernmaterialien kombiniert wurde. Aufgrund der geringen Festigkeit der Kernmaterialien werden in vielen Sandwichkonstruktionen zusätzliche Schubverbinder benötigt, um eine ausreichende Tragfähigkeit zu erreichen. Dies führte zu der Idee, Expanded Polystyrene Concrete (EPC) als höherfestes Kernmaterial zu verwenden, das keine zusätzlichen Verbindungsmittel benötigt. Damit entsteht eine neuartige Sandwichkonstruktion, die nicht nur eine Lösung für die Entwicklung neuer leichter Strukturen ist, sondern auch für Umweltprobleme. Diese Idee wurde in dieser Arbeit durch theoretische und experimentelle Untersuchungen an Textilbeton-EPC-Sandwichbalken umgesetzt. Zunächst wurden Materialuntersuchungen an EPC durchgeführt, um nachzuweisen, dass es möglich ist, EPC mit einer Dichte von rund 950 kg/m³ mit recyceltem EPS herzustellen. Für die anschließenden Untersuchungen an 18 Sandwichbalken wurde dann ein EPC mit einer Dichte von 920 kg/m³ und einer Druckfestigkeit von 5,2 N/mm² ausgewählt. In 6 Serien von Sandwichbalken wurden 4-Punkt-Biegeversuche mit Schubschlankheiten von 1,5 bis 5,2 durchgeführt. Die Bruchmomente aller Balken waren geringer als die rechnerische Momententragfähigkeit des Querschnitts und die Tragfähigkeit war stark von der Schubschlankheit abhängig. Es wurden Berechnungen zur Schubtragfähigkeit nach den verschiedenen internationalen Normen durchgeführt. Aufgrund ihrer allgemeingültigen Form ergaben ACI 318-05 und EC2 sehr konservative Ergebnisse für Schubschlankheiten kleiner als 5,2. Die Formulierung des CEB-FIB Model Code 1990 war besser geeignet, die Abhängigkeit der Schubtragfähigkeit von der Schubschlankheit abzubilden. Für die Balken mit Schubschlankheiten a/d=1,5 bis 2,1 brachten Stabwerkmodelle ausreichend gute Ergebnisse. In Fällen mit a/d>2,1 ergab das Modell von Zink die besten Übereinstimmungen. Um die Abhängigkeit der Schubtragfähigkeit von der Schubschlankheit besser erfassen zu können, wurde eine neue Berechnungsgleichung für Textilbeton-EPC-Balken vorgeschlagen. Um das Last-Verformungsverhalten der experimentellen Untersuchungen beschreiben zu können, wurden FEM-Modelle mit der Software ATENA entwickelt. Es wurden verschiedene Modelle untersucht, die den Verbund zwischen dem textilen Gelege und dem Feinbeton unterschiedlich stark berücksichtigten. Die Tragfähigkeit der untersuchten Balken wurde mit den FEM-Modellen um ca. 26% bis 28% unterschätzt. Die Abweichungen in den berechneten Durchbiegungen betrugen für die Balken mit a/d>2,5 ca. 22% bis 23%. Abschließend wurde ein Ingenieurmodell auf Grundlage der Sandwichtheorie entwickelt, mit dem das Last-Verformungsverhalten dieser Sandwichkonstruktion gut beschrieben werden kann. Mit dem Modell ergaben sich Abweichungen von -24% bis +12% zwischen experimentellen und theoretisch ermittelten Verformungen. Die Tragfähigkeit wurde mit einer Abweichung von 15% bis 34% unterschätzt.

Purpose: This project compares two foundation insulation materials: cellular plastic and cellular glass. Currently, cellular plastic is the most used material for foundation insulation. While cellular glass is not widely utilized. Its disadvantage lies in its higher cost, which makes contractors prefer the cheaper alternative, cellular plastic. Cellular glass exhibits exceptional properties, including its notable attributes of high load-bearing capacity and superior moisture resistance. The aim of this study is to demonstrate how material savings can be achieved by using cellular glass instead of cellular plastic in the load-bearing parts of the foundation. In addition to cost savings, the study also includes the analysis of carbon dioxide emissions during the production of these materials and specific heat losses through the material. Method: To facilitate understanding of the study, two different buildings were visualized: a two-story building and a seven-story building. The choice of different building sizes aimed to investigate how different loads on foundation insulation affect insulation material costs, carbon dioxide emissions, and the heating requirements of the buildings. Revit and AutoCAD were used for modelling and visualization. Flixo and manual calculations were employed for energy calculations, while manual calculations were used for structural calculations. One Click LCA Software was used to determine the carbon dioxide emissions for the different foundation insulation scenarios. Results: The study suggests that for buildings with lighter loads, cellular plastic is a cost-effective choice, while a hybrid insulation approach combining cellular glass and cellular plastic is the best option considering environmental factors. However, for buildings with higher loads, cellular glass outperforms cellular plastic both in terms of economics and the environment. Nonetheless, a combination of cellular glass and cellular plastic remains the most favourable choice among the three scenarios, as energy losses are approximately the same due to the similar thermal conductivity values of these materials. Conclusion: Hybrid insulation proves to be the most advantageous option in terms of both the environment and economics for both types of buildings studied: the two-story residential building and the seven-story residential building. By using cellular glass F for the load-bearing structures and cellular plastic EPS S60 for the ground slab, effective insulation is achieved. The use of cellular glass F results in material savings, such as cellular plastic XPS 700, which has half the load-bearing capacity of cellular glass F. Additionally, reducing the use of extra concrete for load-bearing foundation constructions decreases the load on the foundation insulation material.