À la suite de notre travail de maîtrise, qui a porté sur la Representação do Outro na História de Japam de Luis Fróis, et toujours à partir du même texte long et complexe de Fróis, mais placé dans le contexte extrêmement significatif d’autres écrivains portugais traitant de l’Expansion en Orient - , nous avons souhaité orienter notre recherche dans une nouvelle optique visant à comprendre comment l’histoire de la mission chrétienne au Japon - que Fróis nous raconte en détail-, a eu, dès son origine, une très nette conscience de la nécessité de connaître l’Autre, son histoire particulière, ses traditions et sa culture. C’est à partir de cette connaissance, dont Fróis veut être le premier diffuseur pour ce qui est du Japon, que l’on pouvait concevoir une présence efficace des missionnaires et en particulier des jésuites, il s’agissait de connaître suffisamment bien les us et coutumes des autochtones pour parvenir à maximiser l’efficacité rhétorique et missionnaire au Japon et, en général dans tout l’Orient. C’est donc en suivant cette perspective que nous abordons l’œuvre monumentale de Fróis mais en prenant le théâtre Nô, résultat d’une conception religieuse et aristocratique de la vie, et qui à son tour, a été utilisé comme une des «armes théologiques» mise en œuvre par les jésuites dans leur mission au Japon. Sans l’interférence d’éléments d’autre nature, cette situation a permis que, dans une certaine logique permettant d’aborder l’autre, cette démarche a pu être entreprise en se centrant sur les éléments culturels – et c’est justement là que nous voulons développer l’étude de cas, à laquelle nous nous référons avec le plus de pertinence: le théâtre Nô. Il ne s’agit pas ici d’une stratégie isolée, mais plutôt d’une pratique bien spécifique qui a contribué, comme beaucoup d’autres, au travail de la mission chrétienne, selon la conception et la description de Valignano et Fróis. En effet notre objectif est de souligner la manière dont certains éléments culturels, apparemment éloignés de la mission d’évangélisation, ont eu finalement une présence et joué un rôle tout à fait central. C’est pour cette raison qu’ici le théâtre Nô peut être perçu comme une étude de cas, en le considérant comme une stratégie paradigmatique de la mission. L’Expansion Maritime, dans son ensemble et particulièrement dans le cas du Portugal, a été une grande aventure de l’altérité à l’aube de la culture moderne. C’est en considérant le caractère international de la Compagnie de Jésus et aussi son indépendance relative par rapport à n’importe quel pouvoir politique, que nous avons essayé d’aborder sa mission chrétienne et de mettre en évidence les affinités idéologiques et stratégiques moins pragmatiques dans sa relation avec l’autre. Cet ensemble de circonstances singulières a permis que, dès lors que l’approximation de l’autre devenait plus étroite, c’était la nature même de l’autre qui s’imposait avec une présence bien plus importante, bien au-delà de n’importe quel autre intérêt qui aurait pu résulter de ce contact. / Following the previous research made for the Master's Thesis “The Representation of the Other on Luis Frois' History of Japam", we departure now - using the same long and complex text – focusing mostly on the significant writers in the context of the Portuguese Expansion to the East to understand the history of the Christian mission in Japan. Minutely narrated by Fróis since its beginning, showcasing a profound need for a knowledge of the "other", of his peculiar history, his traditions and his culture. Fróis became one of the first heralds of this knowledge, that in regard to Japan, could allow an effective presence of missionaries, in Japan particularly and in the East in general. To know enough about the culture and its indigenous habits was of the upmost importance to him, as for every other missionary. On this depended the successes of his mission. Such is our approach to the monumental work of Fróis, paying special attention, to the Noh Theater, as a case study, the result of a religious and aristocratic conception of life. That was one of the "theological weapons" used by Jesuit missionaries in Japan. The separation of spurious commitments, allowed in the logic of the approach to the other, have been valued cultural elements - and is perhaps precisely where we intend to put the case study that we reported in the most cohesive manner, the Noh theater. Not as a loose strategy, but as a specific practice that contributed, like many others, to work for missionary activities, as Valignano and Fróis have conceived and described. In fact, what this study intends to do is to emphasize how certain cultural elements, the game seemed distant from the work of evangelization, were eventually present in it and sometimes constituted a fundamental piece. That's why the Noh theater, as a case study can be seen as a paradigm of the missionary strategy. The Maritime Expansion as a whole - and in the Portuguese case in particular - is the great adventure of the otherness at the dawn of modern culture. Given the international character of the Society of Jesus and its relative independence from any political power, we will try and approach its missionary work highlighting the ideological and less pragmatic strategic seams in its relationship with the other. This set of unique circumstances that allowed the approach to the other have weighed over the other in himself, in what he has idiosyncratic, impenetrable and inviolable, to the detriment of the interest that could stem from that contact. / Na sequência do trabalho desenvolvido na Tese de Mestrado sobre a Representação do Outro na Historia de Japam de Luís Fróis, propomo-nos agora, e utilizando o mesmo longo e complexo texto de Fróis, tentar, embora contextualizando-o no quadro de um conjunto extremamente significativo de outros escritores portugueses sobre a Expansão no Oriente, compreender como a história da missionação cristã do Japão, que Fróis minuciosamente nos narra, desde o início incorporou uma funda necessidade de conhecimento do outro, da sua história peculiar, das suas tradições e da sua cultura. Só esse conhecimento, de que Fróis se faz um dos primeiros arautos no que ao Japão diz respeito, poderia permitir uma eficaz presença dos missionários, em particular jesuítas, no Japão, e no Oriente em geral. Importava-lhe, pois, como a todos os outros missionários, conhecer o suficiente sobre a cultura e os hábitos autóctones para poder ter o máximo de eficácia retórica e missionária no Japão. É este o processo que vamos seguir na nossa aproximação à monumental obra de Fróis, detendo-nos, como estudo de caso, no que é o Teatro Nô, fruto de uma concepção religiosa e aristocrática da vida, e que foi uma das “armas teológicas” utilizada pelos Jesuítas na missionação do Japão. A separação aqui de compromissos espúrios permitiu que na lógica da aproximação ao outro se tenham valorizado os elementos culturais – e é talvez justamente aí que pretendemos colocar o estudo de caso a que nos reportamos de forma mais coesa, o teatro Nô. Não como uma estratégia solta, mas como uma prática específica que contribuiu, como muitas outras, para o trabalho de missionação, tal como Valignano e Fróis o conceberam e descreveram. Na realidade, o que este trabalho pretende fazer é sublinhar a forma como certos elementos culturais, à partida parecendo distantes do trabalho de evangelização, estiveram afinal presentes nele e por vezes constituíram uma peça fundamental. É por isso que o teatro Nô, sendo um estudo de caso, pode em nosso entender ser considerado como uma estratégia paradigmática da missionação. A Expansão Marítima no seu conjunto, e no caso português em particular, é a grande aventura da alteridade no dealbar da cultura moderna. Tendo em conta o carácter internacional da Companhia de Jesus e a sua relativa independência face a qualquer poder político, tentaremos abordar a sua missionação procurando evidenciar as costuras ideológicas e estratégicas menos pragmáticas na sua relação com o outro. Esse conjunto de circunstâncias singulares permitiu que na aproximação ao outro tenha pesado mais o outro em si mesmo, no que ele tem de idiossincrático, intransponível e inviolável, em detrimento do interesse que poderia decorrer desse contacto.

<p>The purpose with this essay is to enlighten the small business´ existence at times of expansion, identify threats and possibilities and also to try to find ways to encourage growth in the small business.</p><p>To answer our purpose we carried out a literature study to later implement six interviews with small business leaders. We separated the companies into three categories; small business without employees, small business with 2-5 employees and small business with 6-10 employees.</p><p>We confirm that the main reason why small business leaders think both once and twice before hireing new labour force are because of the high costs. The change in government has so far not given the small business what was promised, but there is still hope for improvement and simplification.</p><p>The economic part of owning a company has been pointed out as the greatest threat in relation with expansion and the big responsibility in another persons possibilities to earn his/her living is also burdensome. The possibility to take on more work increases with the number of workers, which is positive.</p>

<p>Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att jämföra fyra olika företag inom projektlednings- och byggbranschen som har expanderat eller håller på att expandera. Vi har undersökt de utmaningar och problem som uppkommer och tagit fasta på två av dem, hur organisationen bör struktureras samt ledarskapet.</p><p>Metod: Vår studie är av kvalitativ form och baseras på teori i form av litteratur, akademiska tidskrifter och intervjuer. Vi har använt oss av ostrukturerade intervjuer med fyra respondenter från fyra olika företag.</p><p>Resultat & slutsats: Slutsatsen är att problemen som uppkommer kan lösas på olika sätt eftersom alla yra företag är framgångsrika men vissa saker kan göras bättre än andra.. Ledarens roll samt hur organisationen är uppbyggd är en viktig del i om företaget skall ha en framgångsrik och effektiv expansion eller inte.</p><p>Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Då vi bara undersökt hur det ser ut i projekt- och byggledningsbranschen samt hur det ser ut från personer i ledande befattningar är våra förslag till vidare studier att intervjua anställda i företagen för att få deras bild av expansion. Hur det ser ut ur deras synvinkel och vilka utmaningar de uppfattar som de främsta.</p><p>Uppsatsens bidrag: Denna studie kan användas av företag som är i början av expansionsfasen eller som har funderingar på att expandera. Både företag i liknande bransch eller inte kan ta del av denna undersökning. Genom att vi är anställda inom en av organisationerna som undersöks kan företag som läser detta få en inblick i hur en vanlig anställd ser på expansion och dess följder och inte bara ur en ledares perspektiv.</p> / <p>Aim: The purpose of this study is to compare four different project management companies in the construction business that expand or already have expanded. We have examined what problems and challenges that can appear when a company expand and we have especially focused on two of them, how the organisation should be structured and the leadership</p><p>Method: Our study has a qualitative approach and is based on theory in form of literature, academic journals and unstructured interviews with four respondents from four different companies.</p><p>Result & Conclusions: Our conclusion is that it can be solved in a numerous of ways because all these four companies are successful but certain things can be solved in better ways than others. The role of the leader and how the organisation is structured have an important part if a company will have a successful and effective expansion or not.</p><p>Suggestions for future research: Since we just have examined the challenges of expansion in project management companies in the construction business and interviewed only persons who have some kind of leader roles in their company our suggestions for further research is to interview the employees in the companies to get their opinion of expansion. How it all looks from their point of view and what challenges they think are the most existing.</p><p>Contribution of the thesis: This study can be used by companies who are in the beginning of expansion or companies who have thoughts of expansion. Both companies in similar business or not can use this study. Since we are working in one of the organisations that are examined it can be interesting not only just to see the challenges with organisational structure and leadership. It can also be interesting for the reader to see what a normal worker thinks of expansion and the challenges, not only from the view of the leader.</p>

The purpose with this essay is to enlighten the small business´ existence at times of expansion, identify threats and possibilities and also to try to find ways to encourage growth in the small business. To answer our purpose we carried out a literature study to later implement six interviews with small business leaders. We separated the companies into three categories; small business without employees, small business with 2-5 employees and small business with 6-10 employees. We confirm that the main reason why small business leaders think both once and twice before hireing new labour force are because of the high costs. The change in government has so far not given the small business what was promised, but there is still hope for improvement and simplification. The economic part of owning a company has been pointed out as the greatest threat in relation with expansion and the big responsibility in another persons possibilities to earn his/her living is also burdensome. The possibility to take on more work increases with the number of workers, which is positive.

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att jämföra fyra olika företag inom projektlednings- och byggbranschen som har expanderat eller håller på att expandera. Vi har undersökt de utmaningar och problem som uppkommer och tagit fasta på två av dem, hur organisationen bör struktureras samt ledarskapet. Metod: Vår studie är av kvalitativ form och baseras på teori i form av litteratur, akademiska tidskrifter och intervjuer. Vi har använt oss av ostrukturerade intervjuer med fyra respondenter från fyra olika företag. Resultat &amp; slutsats: Slutsatsen är att problemen som uppkommer kan lösas på olika sätt eftersom alla yra företag är framgångsrika men vissa saker kan göras bättre än andra.. Ledarens roll samt hur organisationen är uppbyggd är en viktig del i om företaget skall ha en framgångsrik och effektiv expansion eller inte. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Då vi bara undersökt hur det ser ut i projekt- och byggledningsbranschen samt hur det ser ut från personer i ledande befattningar är våra förslag till vidare studier att intervjua anställda i företagen för att få deras bild av expansion. Hur det ser ut ur deras synvinkel och vilka utmaningar de uppfattar som de främsta. Uppsatsens bidrag: Denna studie kan användas av företag som är i början av expansionsfasen eller som har funderingar på att expandera. Både företag i liknande bransch eller inte kan ta del av denna undersökning. Genom att vi är anställda inom en av organisationerna som undersöks kan företag som läser detta få en inblick i hur en vanlig anställd ser på expansion och dess följder och inte bara ur en ledares perspektiv. / Aim: The purpose of this study is to compare four different project management companies in the construction business that expand or already have expanded. We have examined what problems and challenges that can appear when a company expand and we have especially focused on two of them, how the organisation should be structured and the leadership Method: Our study has a qualitative approach and is based on theory in form of literature, academic journals and unstructured interviews with four respondents from four different companies. Result &amp; Conclusions: Our conclusion is that it can be solved in a numerous of ways because all these four companies are successful but certain things can be solved in better ways than others. The role of the leader and how the organisation is structured have an important part if a company will have a successful and effective expansion or not. Suggestions for future research: Since we just have examined the challenges of expansion in project management companies in the construction business and interviewed only persons who have some kind of leader roles in their company our suggestions for further research is to interview the employees in the companies to get their opinion of expansion. How it all looks from their point of view and what challenges they think are the most existing. Contribution of the thesis: This study can be used by companies who are in the beginning of expansion or companies who have thoughts of expansion. Both companies in similar business or not can use this study. Since we are working in one of the organisations that are examined it can be interesting not only just to see the challenges with organisational structure and leadership. It can also be interesting for the reader to see what a normal worker thinks of expansion and the challenges, not only from the view of the leader.

With the development of wireless communications and mobile computing technologies, the applications of moving objects have been developed in many topics, for example, traffic monitoring, mobile E-Commerce, Navigation System, and Geographic Information System. The feature of the moving objects is that objects change their locations continuously. Conventional spatial databases can not support to store the moving objects efficiently, because the databases must be updated frequently. Therefore, it is important to index moving objects for efficiently answering queries about moving objects. Among the spatial indexing methods for predicting current and future data, the approach of parametric spatial access methods has been applied largely, since it needs little memory space to preserve parametric rectangles, and it still provides good performance, so it is adopted generally. The methods of this approach include the TPR-tree, the TPR*-tree, the Bx-tree, and the Bxr-tree. Among those methods, the Bxr-tree improves CPU performance of TPR-tree by expanding query region first, and improves I/O performance of the Bxr-tree by expanding the data blocks additionally. However, the query process of the B$^x_r$-tree is too rough such that it costs too much CPU and I/O time to check the useless data. Therefore, in this thesis, we propose a new data structure and a new query processing method named Adjustable Expanded Index (AEI), to improve the disadvantages of the Bxr-tree. In our method, we let each block records the maximum and minimum speeds of each of eight directions, instead of only the maximum speed of each of four directions in the Bxr-tree method. Based on the data structure, the query region can be expanded in each of eight directions individually, instead of being expanded in each of four directions once in the Bxr-tree method. Moreover, in our AEI method, the data blocks can be expanded according to the direction toward the query region, instead of being expanded in four directions in the Bxr-tree method. In this way, the query process of AEI checks less number of data blocks because it considers the minimum speed of each of eight directions. Furthermore, the objects are divided into four groups in AEI according to their directions, while the Bxr-tree method does not. Only the objects moving to query region will be checked in the query process of AEI. Therefore, we can reduce more number of retrieved data blocks and the number of I/O operations in our method than the Bxr-tree. From our simulation, we show that the query process of the AEI method is more efficient than that of the Bxr-tree in term of the average numbers of retrieved data blocks and I/O operations.

This thesis analyzes the historical capitalism in a historical context. ccumulation cycles, hegemonic transitions, and their interrelated structures n the historical capitalism will be discussed alongside inspired prose, and completed final drafts. The thesis will also trace the causes and effects of accumulation cycles and hegemonic transitions and will seek to answer questions such as how and why those cycles and transitions ocur, what are the determinants and how and why those determinants effect those processess, Thus, the purpose of this study is to obtain a full perspective of the historical capitalism by analyzing past and present accumulation cycles and hegemonic shifts respectively to provide basis for explaining not only incessant cycles and transitions of the historical capitalism but also current developments in International Relations.

This work focuses on the chemical substitution of cations and anions in the frameworks of materials that have been known to exhibit negative thermal expansion (NTE). Zr2(PO4)2(SO4) is a member of the A(2)M(3)O(12) family which has been known to exhibit NTE. We have shown that Zr2(PO4)2(SO4) exhibits anisotropic positive thermal expansion. We have also shown that this material has been characterized in the wrong space group. Hf2(PO4)2(SO4) behaves similarly to Zr2(PO4)2(SO4) and follows this trend. Under pressure, Hf2(PO4)2(SO4) appears to undergo a phase transition. We have still yet to determine what space group the materials transitions to. While many members of the AX(2)O(7) family of frameworks have been fully characterized, the thermal expansion of PbP2O7 has yet to be reported. We were unable to obtain a reproducible procedure for synthesis of PbP2O7 from its precursor. Finally, variable temperature and variable pressure studies were performed on ZrMo2O8 in an attempt to learn more about the local structure. We found that space groups P213 and Pa-3 gave poor fits of the local structure at low r. Behavior of the nearest neighbor Zr-Mo distance was very similar to the bulk CTE. On compression, pressure induced amorphization is observed in ZrMo2O8. All interatomic correlations above 4 angstroms are washed out. Zr-O-Mo linkages remain well defined and do not massively deform as the pressure is increased. Finally, we we observed that Zr-O-Mo linkages change geometry reversibly as the pressure is increased.

This thesis explores the thermal expansion and high pressure behavior of some materials with the ReO₃ structure type. This structure is simple and has, in principle, all of the features necessary for negative thermal expansion (NTE) arising from the transverse thermal motion of the bridging anions and the coupled rotation of rigid units; however, ReO₃ itself only exhibits mild NTE across a narrow temperature range at low temperatures. ReO₃ is metallic because of a delocalized d-electron, and this may contribute to the lack of NTE in this material. The materials examined in this thesis are all based on d⁰ metal ions so that the observed thermal expansion behavior should arise from vibrational, rather than electronic, effects. In Chapter 2, the thermal expansion of scandium fluoride, ScF₃, is examined using a combination of in situ synchrotron X-ray and neutron variable temperature diffraction. ScF₃ retains the cubic ReO₃ structure across the entire temperature range examined (10-1600 K) and exhibits pronounced negative thermal expansion at low temperatures. The magnitude of NTE in this material is comparable to that of cubic ZrW₂O₈, which is perhaps the most widely studied NTE material, at room temperature and below. This is the first report of NTE in an ReO₃ type structure across a wide temperature range. Chapter 3 presents a comparison between titanium oxyfluoride, TiOF₂, and a vacancy containing titanium hydroxyoxyfluoride, Tiₓ(O/OH/F)₃. TiOF₂ was originally reported to adopt the cubic ReO₃ structure type under ambient conditions, therefore the initial goal for this study was to examine the thermal expansion of this material and determine if it displayed interesting behavior such as NTE. During the course of the study, it was discovered that the original synthetic method resulted in Tiₓ(O/OH/F)₃, which does adopt the cubic ReO₃ structure type. The chemical composition of the hydroxyoxyfluoride is highly dependent upon synthesis conditions and subsequent heat treatments. This material readily pyrohydrolyizes at low temperatures (~350 K). It was also observed that TiOF₂ does not adopt the cubic ReO₃ structure; at room temperature it adopts a rhombohedrally distorted variant of the ReO₃ structure. Positive thermal expansion was observed for TiOF₂ from 120 K through decomposition into TiO₂. At ~400 K, TiOF₂ undergoes a structural phase transition from rhombohedral to cubic symmetry. High pressure diffraction studies revealed a cubic to rhombohedral phase transition for Tiₓ(O/OH/F)₃ between 0.5-1 GPa. No phase transitions were observed for TiOF₂ on compression. In Chapter 4, an in situ variable pressure{temperature diffraction experiment examining the effects of pressure on the coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) for ScF₃ and TaO₂F is presented. In the manufacture and use of composites, which is a possible application for low and NTE materials, stresses may be experienced. Pressure was observed to have a negligible effect on cubic ScF₃'s CTE; however, for TaO₂F the application of modest pressures, such as those that might be experienced in the manufacture or use of composites, has a major effect on its CTE. This effect is associated with a pressure-induced phase transition from cubic to rhombohedral symmetry upon compression. TaO₂F was prepared from the direct reaction of Ta₂O₅ with TaF₅ and from the digestion of Ta₂O₅ in hot hydro uoric acid. The effects of pressure on the two samples of TaO₂F were qualitatively similar. The slightly different properties for the samples are likely due to differences in their thermal history leading to differing arrangements of oxide and uoride in these disordered materials. In Chapter 5, the local structures of TiOF₂ and TaO₂F are examined using pair distribution functions (PDFs) obtained from X-ray total scattering experiments. In these materials, the anions (O/F) are disordered over the available anion positions. While traditional X-ray diffraction provides detailed information about the average structures of these materials, it is not suffcient to fully understand their thermal expansion. Fits of simple structural models to the low r portions of PDFs for these materials indicate the presence of geometrically distinct M{X{M (M = Ti, Ta; X = O, F) linkages, and a simple analysis of the TaO₂F variable temperature PDFs indicates that these distinct links respond differently to temperature.

The A2Mo3O12 family, where A3+ is a large trivalent cation, can show interesting thermal properties such as negative thermal expansion, also known as thermomiotic behavior, where the overall volume of the material contracts with increasing temperature. A selection of compounds in this family, namely HfMgMo3O12, In2Mo3O12, Y2Mo3O12, Al2Mo3O12, In(HfMg)0.5Mo3O12, and In1.5(HfMg)0.25Mo3O12, have been synthesized using solid-state and mechanical activation techniques as well as a simplified sol-gel approach (Al2Mo3O12). Coefficients of thermal expansion were found to range from large-negative to low-positive in the orthorhombic phase, including near-zero in In(HfMg)0.5Mo3O12 and In1.5(HfMg)0.25Mo3O12. This set of materials provided insight into the role of low-frequency phonon modes in open-framework materials. Low-temperature heat capacity and thermal conductivity measurements confirmed that low-frequency modes were active in thermomiotic materials, and also present to some extent in all members of the open-framework A2Mo3O12 family examined. A clear correlation exists between the magnitude and sign of the coefficient of thermal expansion in the orthorhombic phase and the contribution of low-energy modes to the low-temperature heat capacity, with negative thermal expansion materials having a larger contribution. The low-frequency phonon modes result in low thermal conductivity and reduced phonon mean free paths when compared to conventional ceramics and indicate that these low values are characteristic of open-framework materials in NTE families even if the materials in the families are not thermomiotic themselves.