In this essay we will highlight the professional role and development of teachers and recreation centers during the 20th century. We will use the research of, among others, Finn Calander and Ann Pihlgren who have investigated and discussed the development of the recreation centers throughout the 20th century. The theoretical basis for the work is social constructivism and the socio-cultural perspective. By using this theories, we will attempt to explain how the recreation center and the recreations center teachers work has evolved and what has driven this development. Furthermore, we will discuss the impact that the teachers’ certification has on the school centers’ teachers and their work. The teachers’ certification has caused some confusion regarding the purpose of the recreation center teachers' mission, both in the universities where the new recreation center teachers’ are trained and among the recreation teachers. We will compare our reasoning to Lgr 11 to see what the governing documents provides in terms of guidelines and guidance for the recreation center teacher profession. The informants who have been interviewed in this work are four recreation center teacher with several years of experience in the profession. The schools where we conducted the interviews, were chosen on the basis of our prior internships there, and due to their geographical locations. The informants were interviewed about the schools they had previous experience of the profession and any disparity they experienced between their assigned work and the actual work, as well as, whether this had changed significantly during their time in the profession. The interviewed informants described that they are no longer comfortable in the professional role they serve at schools as they feel more like extra teachers, something which they have not at all received training for, rather than the recreation center teachers that they are.

Bakgrund: Depression är en sjukdom som kännetecknas av bland annat nedstämdhet, orkeslöshet och känslor av meningslöshet som skiljer sig från vanliga stämningssvackor. Depression beräknas år 2030 vara den ledande sjukdomsbördan i världen och är därför viktig att förebygga, upptäcka och behandla. Sjuksköterskan har här en unik möjlighet att i det vardagliga mötet med personer med depression göra en skillnad. Att känna meningsfullhet och begriplighet kan minska depressiva symtom och stärka hanterbarheten vilket innebär att ha en hög känsla av sammanhang, KASAM. Syfte: Att genom självbiografier beskriva upplevelser av att leva med depression. Metod: En kvalitativ beskrivande studie där självbiografier analyserats med hjälp av innehållsanalys. Resultat: Resultatet innehåller fyra teman. Det första temat En känsla av alienation tar upp meningslösheten och känslorna av att vara värdelös, identitetsförlust, overklighetskänslor samt ensamhet och isolering.  En känsla av att leva i en bottenlös tillvaro kännetecknas av tankar på döden och självmord, psykisk och fysisk smärta, rädsla, oro och ångest. En känsla av att vilja fly fokuserar på viljan att fly från sig själv, sjukdomen och verkligheten. En känsla av att inte fungera är fjärde temat och handlar om att vara ofokuserad och att känna sig orkeslös. Slutsats: Meningslöshet, att inte känna glädjen med att leva och att förlora självbilden är de upplevelser som är distinkta med att leva med depression, även närvaron av dödstankar är alltigenom märkbar i denna studie. Depression är en tyst och osynlig sjukdom som det sällan talas högt om vilket ökar risken för stigmatisering. Resultatet visar inget nytt men förstärker den forskning som finns och ger en djupare bild av depression ur det upplevda perspektivet. / Background: Depression is a disease that is characterized by dysphoria, weakness and feelings of meaninglessness that differs from normal mood-dips. Depression is assumed to be the leading burden of disease in the world by the year 2030 and is therefore important to prevent, detect and treat. The nurse have got a unique opportunity to make a difference in everyday encounters with persons with depression. To have a feeling of meaningfulness and comprehensibility can reduce depressive symptoms and strengthen the manageability which means to have a high sense of coherence, SOC. Aim: By autobiographies describe the experience of living with depression. Method: A qualitative descriptive study where autobiographies were analyzed with a content analysis. Result: The result contains four themes. The first theme A feeling of alienation recites futility/meaninglessness and the feelings of being worthless, loss of identity, feelings of derealisation and also feelings of loneliness and isolation. A feeling of living in an abysmal existence is characterized by thoughts of death and suicide, psychological and physical pain, fear and anxiety. A feeling of wanting to escape is focused on the will to escape from oneself, the disease and from the reality. A feeling of dysfunction is the fourth theme and is about being unfocused and feeling weak/decrepit/infirm/feeble. Conclusion: Meaninglessness, to not feel the joyfulness of living and to lose the self-image is the experiences that are distinct of living with depression, also the presence of thoughts of death is notable throughout this study. Depression is a silent and invisible disease that is rarely spoken loud about which increases the risk of stigma. The result doesn’t show anything new but enhances the existing research and gives a deeper image of depression from the lived perspective.

Master of Landscape Architecture / Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / Howard D. Hahn / The absence of participation in physical activity is a public health concern for all people, but even more of a problem for the estimated 52 million Americans with disabilities (Rimmer 2005). Besides the physical health benefits derived from physical activity, when a trail leads through a natural setting, research shows that significant sensory and cognitive benefits can also be gained which leads to greater well-being (Maller et al. 2005; Hull and Michael 1995; Kaplan 1995; Irvine and Katherine 2002). Furthermore, when trails are planned and constructed in natural settings, most of the attention is directed at minimizing environmental impacts at the exclusion of maximizing the physical, sensory, and cognitive experience of users. This shortcoming is compounded when the user has disabilities. Besides typical disability concerns related to mobility, disabilities to be better accommodated in trail design also include vision and hearing impairments. The focus of this research is investigating how trail planning and design in natural settings can better provide for the physical, sensory, and cognitive experience of users, particularly those users who have disabilities. Findings informed the development of Natural Trail Design Guidelines prepared for the City of Manhattan Parks and Recreation Department who is seeking to improve the City’s existing natural trails. Sample designs for trail enhancements at Anneberg Park and the Konza Prairie near Manhattan, Kansas were proposed. Once implemented and assessed to be found successful, the Natural Trail Design Guidelines might be transferable to other locations.

In der theoretischen Auseinandersetzung mit mobilen Internet-Diensten sind Quality of Service (QoS) und Quality of Experience (QoE) als hochkomplexe und verbundene Konzepte zu erkennen. QoS umfasst dabei die technische Sicht auf das Telekommunikationsnetz, charakterisiert durch leistungsrelevante Parameterwerte (z. B. Durchsatz und Latenz). QoE hingegen bezieht sich auf die Bewertung des Nutzererlebnisses (z. B. Zufriedenheit und Akzeptanz). Zur gemeinsamen Erklärung bedarf es einer multi- bzw. interdisziplinären Betrachtung zwischen Ingenieurs- und Humanwissenschaften, da neben der Technik auch der Mensch als Nutzer in den QoS-QoE-Zusammenhang involviert ist. Ein mehrschichtiges Modell erfasst die relevanten Einflussfaktoren und internen Zusammenhänge zwischen QoS und QoE sowohl aus Netz- als auch Nutzersicht. Zur Quantifizierung des Zusammenhangs konkreter Werte in einer empirischen QoE-Evaluation wurde ein umfangreiches psychophysikalisches Laborexperiment konzipiert. Das dafür entwickelte Netzemulations-Testbed erlaubt mobiltypische Netz- und Nutzungssituationen gezielt in einem Testparcours zusammenzubringen. Die formulierten Prinzipien zur Testrelevanz, -eignung und -effizienz berücksichtigen hierbei die Besonderheiten des Testaufbaus und -designs mit echten Endgeräten und Diensten. Die Ergebnisse von über 200 Probanden bestätigen die vorhergesagten QoS-QoE-Charakteristiken der sechs untersuchten Dienste als kontinuierlich-elastisch bzw. sprunghaft-fest. Dienstspezifisch lässt sich jeweils von einem angestrebten Grad der Nutzerzufriedenheit auf die notwendigen Werte der QoS-Netzparameter schließen, woraus sich ein QoS-QoE-Zufriedenheitskorridor zwischen einem unteren und oberen Schwellwert ergibt. Teilweise sind dabei QoS-unabhängige Faktoren, z. B. die Art der Präsentation der Stimuli in der App auf dem Endgerät, als ebenso relevant zu erkennen wie die QoS-Netzparameter selbst. / The thesis is centered on the relationship of Quality of Service (QoS) and Quality of Experience (QoE) for mobile Internet services. While QoS covers the technical view on the telecommunications network characterized by performance-related parameter values (e.g. throughput and latency), QoE refers to the assessment of the user experience (e.g. satisfaction and acceptability) in the use of the services. In the thesis QoS and QoE are revealed as highly complex and related concepts in theoretical contemplation. Integrating both concepts requires a multidisciplinary or interdisciplinary approach between engineering and human sciences to consider both - technological aspects of the network as well the human user. The designed multilayered model appropriately integrates the technical network view as well as the user's perspective by considering all relevant factors of influence and all internal relationships between QoS and QoE. The conducted extensive psychophysical laboratory experiment with real users, devices and services quantifies the relationship between specific QoS values and specific QoE values. A testbed developed for network emulation allows combining typical mobile network situations with typical usage situations in a controlled and focused manner. The three elaborated principles to test for relevance, suitability and efficiency take into account the special features of the test setup and test design. Test results gained from more than 200 volunteers confirm the predicted QoS-QoE-characteristics of the six tested mobile services to be either elastic or non-elastic. It is possible to conclude from the desired degree of user satisfaction on the necessary values of the QoS network parameters, which results in a QoS-QoE-corridor between lower and upper threshold values. Findings prove that QoS-independent factors, e.g. the type of presentation of the stimuli in the app on the user’s device, can be as relevant for QoE as the evaluated QoS network parameters themselves.

Informal caregiving for aging Canadians plays a vital role in the health care system, and scholars have noted the urgency and primacy of studying this important contribution provided by a relatively invisible cadre of volunteers, family members and friends. Despite the recent attention caregiving has received in the scholarly literature, it is dominated by quantitative research. The purpose of this qualitative inquiry was to explore the lived experiences of female caregivers in terms of their perspectives on caregiving and their own personal health and wellness. A sample of seven female caregivers was obtained using a combination of both purposive and snowball sampling. Through semi-structured interviews participants were asked to describe their experiences as a caregiver. A primary theme “one day at a time” emerged from the data. Within this overarching narrative were three sub-themes: “Intensive care”, “Transitions”, and “Support” found to characterize their caregiving realities including both positive and negative aspects. Capturing a rich understanding of the lived experience of female caregivers, intentionally including and honouring their voices, can inform the design and implementation of health promoting policies, programs, and interventions, as well as identify avenues and approaches to future research. / Graduate

Corrective emotional experience (CEE) innebär att patienten känslomässigt upplever och erfar nya och mer adaptiva sätt att möta tidigare, olösta konflikter i en trygg relation. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka och tydliggöra vad ”corrective emotional experience” består i och vilka metoder som kan skapa sådana erfarenheter. Vad händer i patienten, vilka interventioner använder terapeuten för att möjliggöra CEE för patienten, samt vilka indikationer finns för dessa interventioner? Som metod för detta examensarbete genomfördes en systematisk litteraturstudie. Via databassökning identifierades 16 kliniska studier om CEE från de senaste 15 åren. Studierna som hade måttlig (3 studier) till svag (13 studier) evidensstyrka utgör bas för analysen. Resultaten visade bl a på att CEE är viktigt för att patienten ska kunna förändra maladapativa mönster och att terapeuten har en avgörande roll i att erbjuda en trygg relation. Vikten av terapeutens förmåga till intersubjektivitet, ”bonding”, att kunna vara en trygg bas samt att anpassa sig efter patientens anknytningsmönster är kunskap som framkommer i denna studie. Slutsatser som kan dras av studien är att CEE är en viktig förändringsmekanism i psykoterapi. Mer forskning omkring CEE behövs dock för att ytterligare påvisa vad som är verksamt och varför, förslagsvis med särskilt fokus på psykoterapeutens uppdrag att bygga relation och allians.

League of Legends is one of the most played video games in the world with millions of hours played each year. I examine if both a player’s experience and level of familiarity with teammates within the League of Legends virtual environment have significant relationships with individual performance. Utilizing regression analysis I have concluded that individual experience does not have a statistically significant effect on individual performance and that individual familiarity has a statistically significant negative effect on individual performance.

Bakgrund: Endometrios är en kronisk gynekologisk sjukdom som drabbar mellan 5-10% av alla kvinnor i fertil ålder. Det finns okunskap inom området hos både vårdgivare och allmänheten. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva kvinnors erfarenheter av att leva med endometrios.                                         Metod: Via databaserna CINAHL, PubMed och EBSCO valdes nio kvalitativa studier ut. Resultaten har kvalitetsgranskats, analyserats och sammanställts. Resultat: Litteraturstudien visade att leva med endometrios innebar negativ påverkan på kvinnors fysiska, psykiska och emotionella hälsa. Tre huvudkategorier ”Att hantera sin vardag”, ”Att möta hälso- och sjukvården” och ”Att oroa sig för framtiden” sammanfattade olika aspekter av kvinnornas upplevelser. Socialt liv och relationer påverkades av sjukdomen till följd av mycket smärta. Tillståndet togs inte heller på allvar vid kontakter med hälso-och sjukvården vilket medförde att de drabbade inte fick den vård eller behandling som behövdes. Konklusion: Att leva med endometrios innebär en stor påfrestning för de drabbade. Kvinnorna är i behov av mer stöd och information från vården och det är viktigt att sjuksköterskan har den kunskap som behövs för att känna igen sjukdomen. / Background: Endometriosis is a chronic gynecological disease that affects 5-10% of all women of reproductive age. There is ignorance in public and in health care concerning this disease. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe women’s experiences of living with endometriosis. Method: Nine qualitative studies were selected through the databases CINAHL, PubMed and EBSCO. The results have been quality reviewed, analyzed and compiled. Results: The literature review showed that living with endometriosis meant negative impact on women's physical, mental and emotional health. Three main categories of "Coping with everyday life ", "Meeting the health service " and " Worry about the future," summarized the various aspects of women's experiences. Social life and relationships were affected by the disease as a result of a lot of pain. The health care didn’t take the illness seriously, which meant that the women did not get the care or treatment needed. Conclusion: Living with endometriosis results in great emotional distress in those affected. These women are in need of more support and information from health care providers. It is important that nurses have the knowledge needed to identify the disease.

Wilfrid Sellars has made familiar a distinction between manifest and scientific images of man-in-the-world. The manifest image is 'a sophistication and refinement of the image in terms of which man first came to be aware of himself as man-in-the-world' ([2], p.18)/ and in its methodology 'limits itself to what correlational techniques can tell us about perceptible and introspectible events' (p.19). The scientific image, on the other hand, 'postulates imperceptible objects and events for the purpose of explaining correlations among perceptibles.' (ib.) This thesis is centred on a consideration of two difficulties facing anyone who takes the manifest image seriously as an autonomous image of man. In chapter 1 I consider the connection between perception and its objects, and argue that there is a disharmony between the manifest and scientific accounts of this connection. But I also suggest that the manifest image, which incorporates a certain Cartesianism or internalism, cannot lightly be dispensed with in our understanding of the nature of experience. Chapter 2 is a companion piece to chapter 1: in it I argue that the manifest view of experience accords a certain metaphysical priority to secondary over primary qualities in the constitution of any world capable of being experienced; I also suggest that the scientific image is dependent on the manifest image/ and so cannot subvert it. In chapter 3 I turn to the other main area of difficulty: freedom. I argue that free will as the incompatibilist contrues it is constitutive of the time-order; but that it carries with it implicit internal contradictions. The conflict here lies within the manifest image; the scientific image discerns no such freedom/ and so incurs no such problems. But if I am right that freedom constitutes time/ it will not be an option for us to disembarrass ourselves of the contradictions. I also argue that there is a relation of mutual dependence between freedom/ incompatibilistically construed/ and internalism. The manifest image as a whole - deeply problematic as it is - is therefore grounded in and entailed by something quite ineluctable/ namely the reality of the time-series. This is the principal conclusion of the thesis. If I succeed here/ I provide support for the claim that our difficulties with the manifest image cannot be solved by abandoning it: the manifest image/ problems and all/ must just be lived with. The remainder of the thesis explores topics related to this main thrust. Chapter 4 is really an appendix to chapter 3; it shows how no parallel difficulties attend the constitution of experiential space/ because space is (unlike time) not transcendental. In chapter 5 I examine the commitments of the notion of the transcendental self/ whose existence was deduced in chapter 3 as a condition of freedom. In particular, I aim to show how that self inherits some of the difficulties of its parent concept of freedom; but also how a distinction between transcendental and empirical components in the self can help us with the problem of privacy.

Bakgrund och problemformulering: Tidigare forskning visar att 32 procent av Sveriges befolkning bor ensamma och många utav dem är äldre personer. Det är inte bara äldre som bor ensamma som upplever ensamhet utan även de som bor på boenden och har personer runt sig. Studien kommer beskriva hur en ensam äldre person kan bemötas på bästa sätt samt hur upplevelsen av ensamheten påverkas om den är självvald eller påtvingad. Syfte: att beskriva äldres upplevelse av ensamhet. Metod: En litteraturstudie har gjorts enligt Axelssons modell (2012), där kvalitativa artiklar har analyserats och sammanställts till fyra teman: ensamhetsfaktorer, att bli gammal, ensamhetens konsekvenser och att hantera ensamhet. Artiklarnas inklusionskriterier var att de handlade om personer äldre än 65 år. Artiklarna skulle inte vara äldre än sex år och bygga på kvalitativa studier. Resultat: Upplevelsen av ensamhet kan uppstå på olika sätt, den blir mest påtaglig vid förlusten av en partner. Att gå i pension har en betydande roll och kan orsaka att en persons livsrytm rubbas, ensamheten kan även uppstå när kroppen inte fungerar som den gjort innan. Ensamheten är något som varje individ upplever olika och därmed kan den uppfattas som både positiv och negativ. Det framkommer att sociala relationer har en positiv inverkan på ensamheten. Diskussion: Forskning har visat att åldern inte har en betydelse för upplevelsen av ensamhet. Upplevelsen bland yngre människor är relativt lika som hos äldre. Likaså verkar upplevelsen i olika delar av världen vara densamma. Genom vårdande samtal samt uppmuntran att aktivera sig kan ensamheten förhindras.