Cheap and easy to use eye tracking can be used to turn a common display into a gaze-contingent display: a system that can react to the user's gaze and adjust its content based on where an observer is looking. This can be used to enhance the rendering on screens based on perceptual insights and the knowledge about what is currently seen. This thesis investigates how GCDs can be used to support aspects of depth and colour perception. This thesis presents experiments that investigate the effects of simulated depth of field and chromatic aberration on depth perception. It also investigates how changing the colours surrounding the attended area can be used to influence the perceived colour and how this can be used to increase colour differentiation of colour and potentially increase the perceived gamut of the display. The presented investigations and empirical results lay the foundation for future investigations and development of gaze-contingent technologies, as well as for general applications of colour and depth perception. The results show that GCDs can be used to support the user in tasks that are related to visual perception. The presented techniques could be used to facilitate common tasks like distinguishing the depth of objects in virtual environments or discriminating similar colours in information visualisations.

The diploma thehis deals with the consumer behaviour with putting emphasis on packagage at tea market for young people at age 20-30 in Czech republic. In-depth interview and the eye tracking technology methods are used. Thesis aims to create a model of consumer behaviour. The results suggest recommendation at this market.

The influence of packaging and wine label on customer decision making process. Brno, 2015 99 p. Master thesis. Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Business and Economics. Thesis supervisor Ing. Martin Souček, Ph.D. Thesis deals with customer behaviour and decision making process at wine market with special influence of package and label of the wine. Qualitative research was used in the practical part of the thesis. Two main methods were eye-tracking research and depth interviews with wine consumers. Based on the results a con-sumer behaviour model was created. Thesis contains marketing recommendations that could be used in wine label creating.

Cognitive control refers to the brain's ability to control attention and other cognitive functions in the service of intention-driven behaviors; moreover, it is an essential aspect in cognition. Cognitive control is commonly evaluated through the so-called conflict adaptation effect, which is revealed through trial-to-trial changes in performance after experiencing cognitive conflict. The conflict monitoring theory is a prominent theory intended to describe conflict adaptation and explain how cognitive control might be engaged in the face of conflict. A passive carryover account, originally aimed at explaining task switching and based on parallel distributed processing models, may represent a superior alternative to the conflict monitoring account. In the carryover account, passive inertia of the cognitive control state explains the trial-to-trial modulation of conflict effects. One problem with conflict adaptation is that the typical paradigms used to create conflict adaptation often include trial-to-trial repetitions that mimic the same performance pattern through priming. Conflict monitoring theory also has difficulty explaining other issues such as whether conflict adaptation is task-specific. A meta-analysis of the so-called conflict adaptation effect suggests trial-to-trial repetitions do not entirely account for conflict adaptation effects, but these effects do appear to be task-specific. The meta-analysis also suggests the withdrawal of control is episodic rather than temporal and conflict adaptation may be sensitive to experimental session length. A novel eye-tracking paradigm addresses the timing of control engagement. The results suggest dynamic regulation of attention coupled with conflict detection. This more tightly coupled detection and regulation process in the context of conflict adaptation is more consistent with a carryover account than what would be expected from the conflict monitoring theory. A subsequent eye-tracking paradigm further supported that trial-to-trial modulations of control are generally more consistent with a carryover account than they are with the conflict monitoring theory. Overall, the empirical evidence points toward a carryover model of cognitive control. / 2016-10-17

In the present work, we examine how the cognitive system responds to complex environments. It has been proposed that executive control, which is responsible for orchestrating high-level behavior in such environments, operates according to different broad processing modes, one geared towards stability and focus (“maintenance”), and the other that’s open to environmental influence (“updating”). Aging work has proposed that this latter mode is over-represented in older age, leading to deficits in many, but not all cognitive domains. Across three studies, we sought to identify the dynamics of the updating state in particular, and how those dynamics are shifted in older age. In Chapter 2, we used a paradigm designed specifically to enforce maintenance and updating states with an age-comparative sample, and found that older adults show increased behavioral costs (reaction times) and distractibility (distractor fixations) consistent with being “chronic updaters”. In Chapter 3 we probed the updating state by examining spontaneous fixations towards irrelevant cues, allowing us to identify how it occurs both in response to the task context, and independently from it. We found that older adults were more sensitive to global changes in the task context (single versus mixed-task blocks), but also showed a stronger tendency to update independently from the task. Younger adults, by contrast, were more prone to update in response to transient task events. In Chapter 4, we lay the groundwork to address these questions with neuroimaging, using machine learning to extract information regarding the task context (task set, targets, distractors, response-selection) in a task-switching paradigm on a trial-by-trial and moment-by-moment level. This opens the door for more directly measuring neural signatures of updating and gives a more high-fidelity measure to examine the dynamics of how and when it occurs. Together, this work provides some insight into the dynamics and age-differences involved in global processing states, which heretofore have been under-investigated in the literature. Additionally, we provide important analytic and methodological advancements for extending this work in the future.

abstract: The interaction between visual fixations during planning and performance in a dexterous task was analyzed. An eye-tracking device was affixed to subjects during sequences of null (salient center of mass) and weighted (non salient center of mass) trials with unconstrained precision grasp. Subjects experienced both expected and unexpected perturbations, with the task of minimizing object roll. Unexpected perturbations were controlled by switching weights between trials, expected perturbations were controlled by asking subjects to rotate the object themselves. In all cases subjects were able to minimize the roll of the object within three trials. Eye fixations were correlated with object weight for the initial context and for known shifts in center of mass. In subsequent trials with unexpected weight shifts, subjects appeared to scan areas of interest from both contexts even after learning present orientation. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Biomedical Engineering 2017

This diploma thesis is focused on exploring students' problem solving strategies. The tasks used in the research included tasks from the R-FCI test. 35 students participated in the research that was based on the eye-tracking method. Students' eye movements were tracked by camera Tobii TX300 during the problem solving periods. Qualitative analysis was then performed based on the data obtained by the research. Comparison between students who provided the correct and incorrect answers was carried out. Correctly answering students solved tasks faster than incorrectly answering students. Also they focused on relevant information in the tasks and the choice of correct answers was easier for them. Another step of the research was to analyze some students' problem solving strategies in depth. All materials that were used for the analysis were generated by the program Tobii Studio 3.2., and are enclosed in the appendix.

The competition in the global market is accelerating rapidly because of less technological gap, matured manufacturing level, and various changing customer needs. Increasingly customers choose products in terms of experience desires, psychological desires and whether the products can reflect their values, in addition to the main product functions. Moreover, there are a large number of small and medium sized manufacturing companies in the developing countries. OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) and simple mass production cannot generate good value for these manufacture companies, and they have been seeking new opportunities to create higher value for their products/services and satisfy different needs of customers. Mass customization is one of the main business forms in the future, which can best meet the needs of individual customer, especially psychological needs. The key to mass customization is to provide enough modules to meet individual needs with a limited cost increase. The problem has been how to identify the real user needs and individual differences. The purpose of this research is to develop a sound design methodology based upon the current product design theories and practices for future product innovation and sustainable growth of small and medium sized manufacturing enterprises. The research focuses on the user-product cognitive behaviours and the relationship between human attributes and product features. Orthogonal experiment, eye tracking technology and artificial neural network have been successfully applied in this research. The research has developed a user needs hierarchy model and added value hierarchy model, and a robust theoretical basis to predict and evaluate (individual) user needs for product design. The research has further made the following contributions: 1) The relationship between human attributes and product features has been established, which can help designers understand the differences of various customer groups; 2) The different effects of various influence factors on people’s cognition and preference choice based on vision have been analysed and discussed; 3) A new method to identify, cluster, and combine common needs and personalized needs in early design stage for mass customization has been developed; 4) The research results can be reused in the future design of the same or similar kind of products.

Context. Source codes with lower level of readability impose a higher cost to software maintainability. Research also exposed the importance of readability as a vital factor on software maintainability. Therefore, readability has recently investigated by software engineers. Readability involves human’s interactions making the study on readability difficult. In this study, we explore the readability of method chain and non-method chain in Java source codes with the means of an eye tracking device as a newly-introduced approach. Objectives. Objectives of this study are: 1. we investigated if the number of methods in a method chain affects the readability of Java source codes, and 2. we investigated the readability of two programming styles: method chain and non-method chain. Methods. To achieve both objectives of this study, two controlled experiments were conducted inside a laboratory with the means of an eye tracker device. In the first experiment, treatment groups were exposed separately to method chains with different number of methods. In the second experiment, the treatment groups were exposed separately to two different programming styles: method chain and non-method chain. Results. Participants of this study were students with the average age of 24.56 years old. Fixation durations of participants’ reading was measured in millisecond (ms). In the first experiment, the average of fixation durations per method with lower number of methods was 600.93 ms, and with higher number of methods was 411.53 ms. In the second experiment, the average of fixation durations per method for non-method chain style was 357.94 ms, and for method chain style was 411.53 ms. Conclusions. In the first experiment, the analysis of fixation durations indicates that method chains with higher number of methods are slightly more readable. Analysis of t-test (t − value = −0.5121, significance level = 0.05, and two-tailed prob-ability) confirms that the results of the first experiment does not show a significant difference at p < 0.05. The results of the second experiment show that non-method chain style is slightly more readable in comparison with method chain style. Analysis of t-test (t − value = 3.1675, significance level = 0.05, and two-tailed probability) confirms that the results of the second experiment show a significant difference at p < 0.05.

Syftet med mitt examensarbete är att undersöka användbarheten i FriendlyReader Web. Programmet är en e-tjänst som underlättar förståelse och överblick av digital materialet som textdokument, PDF m.m. Användbarheten har att testas genom att mäta ögonrörelser på 10 dyslektiker och 20 icke-dyslektiker. Vid ögonrörelsemätningar fick användarna utföra tre olika uppgifter i FriendlyReader Web. Användarna fick också ta fram en egen gränssnittprofil. Användarna har även att intervjuas med hjälp av ”Tänka-högt-protokoll” och detta skede efter ögonrörelsemätningarna. Här fick användare se sina egna ögonrörelser på en dator och kommentera detta. Till sist fick användarna svara på ett Webbformulär om hur de upplevde användbarheten i FriendlyReader Web. Sedan jämfördes båda gruppernas ögonrörelser för att se om det fanns några olik- och/eller likheter. Det viktigaste resultatet som kom fram i studien var att användarna tycker att FriendlyReader Web har ett enkelt gränssnitt och att gränssnittet fungera bra.