Previous research has shown increased saccade latencies in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment; however, this is not well-understood in patients with delirium. The present study investigates eye-tracking metrics to evaluate the feasibility of using eye-tracking to discern delirious patients from disease control patients. We recruited 24 participants from the inpatient and intensive care units (ICU) at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and assessed for delirium via CAM-S, a screening tool for delirium. Participants were instructed to follow a dot stimulus as it moves across the laptop screen as their eye movements were simultaneously tracked by a Tobii Pro Fusion eye-tracker. Our experimental paradigm involved gap saccades (central fixation extinguishes before the centrifugal target appears), overlap saccades (central fixation remains after centrifugal target onset), horizontal smooth pursuit, and circular smooth pursuit tasks. The eye-tracking metrics discussed in this study are the calibration and validation accuracies, saccade latencies and total target gaze duration. Our eye-tracking method was able to capture subjects’ gaze direction and path, but further research is needed to draw strong conclusions about the feasibility to detect oculomotor abnormalities in patients with delirium.

An experimental study at a large research university evaluated the role of image resolution on 60 participant's locomotion tasks in an interior virtual desktop wayfinding environment. Four virtual environments were developed using different resolutions for wayfinding images including high level 150 ppi, medium high level 100 ppi, medium level 75 and low level 30 ppi images. The environment was designed to accommodate forward, backward, sideways and figure 8 locomotion tasks as defined by the VEPAB. The effects of the different image resolutions on time-on-task performance scores to navigate through the environment, object-based visual attention as recorded by two eye movements - saccade and gaze fixation detections in viewing the images and the perceived usability of the computer system and virtual environment as measured by two post tests - the System Usability Scale and the Virtual Environment Presence Questionnaire were evaluated. Eye movement scores were collected with an eye tracking system that used the dark pupil method of eye analysis with a video lipstick camera. Results indicate that image resolution has a statistically (p < .05) significant effect on time-on-task performance wayfinding tasks and on object-based visual attention as indicated by gaze fixation scores. Participants fixated longer on lower resolution images, which affected their time-on-task performance. Resolution did not have a statistically significant effect on the perceived usability of the computer system or virtual environment.

Det klassiska gorillaexperimentet av Simons och Chabris (1999) är ett populärt experimentför att testa selektiv uppmärksamhet. Syftet med den här studien har varit att med eye trackingundersöka hur uppfattningsförmågan påverkas av distraktionsuppgifter medgorillaexperimentet som stimuli. Vidare har studien undersökt sambandet mellanuppmärksamhet och spelvana. Frågeställningarna i arbetet har handlat om personen sergorillan och är medveten om att ha sett den, om personen sett gorillan utan att ha varitmedveten om det samt om räkningen påverkat uppfattningsförmågan. Metoden som använts iarbetet är experiment med hjälp av eye tracking där en video visats för testpersonerna.Resultatet visade att vissa testpersoner som inte medvetet såg gorillan ändå tittade på den.Vidare visade resultatet det fanns en korrelation mellan spelvana och hur länge somtestpersonen tittat på gorillan där de med hög spelvana blivit mindre distraherade av gorillan.Slutsatserna handlade om att den här kunskapen kan användas i vidare forskning för attstudera vilka andra stimuli som också uppfattas utan att vi är medvetna om detta, och att eyetracking som metod är väldigt bra för detta då det definitivt går att säga vad ögonen rentfysiskt tittat på oberoende på testpersonens egen upplevelse av det är.

Studies have shown that composition and L2 writing teachers give different scores (Golombek, Weigle, Boldt, & Valsecchi, 2003) and focus on different features (Brown, 1991) when assessing student writing, which is assumed to be due to the differences in their background and training (Santos, 1992; Atkinson & Ramanathan, 1995). Error gravity is thought to be one reason why composition and L2 writing teachers give different scores (Rifkin & Roberts, 1995). Common methods for examining error gravity were to analyze scores and responses given by the raters and to have raters reflect on the rating process and analyze their responses. Only one study had used eye-tracking methodology to explore the raters’ reading behaviors (Eckstein, Briney, Chan & Blackwell, 2018). The current study built on Eckstein et al.’s study to examine how composition and L2 writing teachers rate grammar errors differently. The researchers identified three native-like errors and three nonnative-like errors and introduced them into eight paragraphs written by students in a first-year composition class. The researchers asked composition and L2 writing teachers to read and assess the eight paragraphs while an eye-tracker measured their eye-movements. We assume that what raters look at while assessing the paragraphs reflects what they are cognitively processing (Rayner, 1998). The results indicate that composition and L2 writing teachers assign significantly different scores to grammar (L2 writing teachers assign higher scores), yet their reading behaviors are similar. This indicates that teachers with different backgrounds do not process grammar errors differently, but rather reach different scores based on other differences.

The master thesis examines how packaging of cosmetic products can influence the choice of consumers. It analyses the behaviour of 18 - 74 years old female consumers who are users of cosmetic products. For data collections were used qualitative and quantitative research methods. The main objective of the thesis is to propose appropriate recommendations for cosmetics packaging.

Toufarová, I. The influence of a small-format advertisement of multimedia works on a consumer. Diploma thesis. Brno: Mendel University, 2017. Diploma thesis is solving problematic of an influence of a small-format advertisement of multimedia works on consumer. Nine assumes were formulated concentrated on an effectiveness of a small format posters of movies and theatres plays and their localization on hoardings. Eye tracking technology in connection with in-depth interviews and memorability tests were used to verify these assumes. In total were tested 57 students of Faculty of Business and Economics of Mendel University in Brno. All participants were separated into two groups because of using A/B testing. The main objective of this work is to provide general recommendations for making a small-format advertisement of multimedia works and their localization on hoardings.

This diploma thesis focuses on the impact of influencer marketing on the behavi-our of women in the 18-34 age group in the market of decorative cosmetics. Pri-mary research was conducted by using eye-tracking technology, in-depth inter-view and survey method. All of these methods examine the attitude towards in-fluencers with the aim of identifying consumer behaviour in the industry of de-corative cosmetics in relation to social media and influencers. The results of all research methods form the recommendation on the effective campaign making with influencers in the industry of decorative cosmetics.

This thesis deals with the issue of social networks and their use in the promotion of a tourist destination. Using eye tracking method, in-depth interviews and survey research, factors affecting consumers on social networks and consumer preferences in this area were identified. Focus lies on the importance of influencers used in the promotion of a destination and their impact on consumers‘ decision-making process. Therefore, factors influencing the visual perception of posts promoting a tourist destination on the social network Instagram were elaborated. By using research methods and analyzing factors, the goal of the work was achieved, namely to propose appropriate recommendations for promoters of tourist destinations.

This dissertation discusses the effects of dyslexia on reading behavior and cognition. It does so by first outlining the overall incidence of dyslexia, providing current definitions, giving a history of scientific inquiry and discussing relevant contemporary research. Thirteen different analyses are then discussed (ten a priori and three post-hoc). Individuals with dyslexia were found to have increased fixation duration, first run dwell time, total dwell time, and refixation probability. The dyslexia group was also highly sensitive to lexical predictability. Within the reading network, the BOLD response was depressed in dyslexia during reading in the following regions: the left medial and inferior temporal gyrus, the left temporal pole, the right cerebellum, right occipital gyrus and the right parahippocampal gyrus. A second regions of interest analysis in the reading network revealed dyslexia was associated with a depressed BOLD response to lexical predictability in the following regions: left supplementary motor area, posterior middle frontal gyrus, and the left temporal pole. A regions of interest analysis in the oculomotor network revealed a depressed BOLD response in the following regions during reading: the left parietal eye fields and the cerebellum. One oculomotor region had a depressed BOLD response to lexical predictability due to dyslexia: the left frontal eye fields. This sensitivity to lexical predictability and depression in the BOLD response is suggestive of reduced input into higher cortical areas. Future study should be focused on finding the common origin of this bottom-up deficit.

Children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) are at risk for reading disability and academic failure, and there remains a lack of scientific consensus about the underlying deficits that may explain their language difficulties. This study examined how language ability predicts preschoolers' eye movements during a naturalistic storybook reading task, a possible indicator of comprehension processes in real-time. We used eye-tracking measures to examine comprehension processes in 49 preschoolers with wide-ranging language abilities, using language skill as a continuous predictor variable. Participants viewed and listened to a storybook presented on an eye-tracking computer. Portions of each illustration that corresponded with a noun phrase in the text were considered target images during the time course of the spoken referent. Eye-tracking analyses revealed that children had similar latency to target images regardless of language level. However, language ability was a significant predictor of proportion of fixations; children with higher language skills had more fixations on target images and less fixations on control images than children with lower language skills. These results suggest that children with lower language abilities attended to the story but did not sufficiently sustain attention to relevant images and continued to attend to extraneous images after the onset of spoken noun phrases. Speech-language pathologists and early childhood educators should be aware that children with language difficulties may need help identifying what is most important to attend to during shared storybook reading.