L'objectif de cette thèse est de développer une nouvelle méthodologie pour la détection active de défaillances, basée sur approche multimodèle et robuste des fautes. Ce travail prolonge des recherches effectuées dans le projet Metalau de l'Inria. L'apport essentiel de cette thèse est la prise en compte de modèles évoluant en boucle fermée. On utilise une approche multi-modèle pour modéliser le modèle en fonctionnement normal et le modèle défaillant. Les avantages potentiels de l'utilisation d'un feedback dynamique linéaire et ses propriétés de robustesse sont analysés dans la construction de signaux de détection auxiliaires. On compare les résultats obtenus avec ceux du cas boucle ouverte. La formulation du problème de détection active dans le cas d'un modèle en boucle fermée est nouvelle et repose sur la prise en considération de la norme du signal de détection auxiliaire comme critère d'optimisation. On considère aussi des fonctions coût plus générales, telles celles qui sont utilisées pour mesurer la performance de feedbacks dans des problèmes de la théorie de la commande linéaire robuste. La solution complète repose sur la résolution de plusieurs problèmes d'optimisation non standards / The aim is to develop a novel theory of robust active failure detection based on multi-model formulation of faults. The original method was already proposed by the Metalau group of INRIA. We have continued to work on the extension of this approach to more general cases. The focus is on the effects of feedback on the previous approach. The multi-model approach is still used to model the normal and the failed systems; however the possible advantages of using linear dynamic feedback in the construction of the auxiliary signal for robust fault detection is considered and the results are compared to the previously developed open-loop setup. An original formulation of the active fault detection problem using feedback is developed. The norm of the auxiliary signal is considered as a possible cost criterion. Also, we have considered a more general cost function that has already been used for measuring the performance of feedback configurations in Linear Control Theory. We have given a complete solution to this problem. In order to find a complete solution, several mathematical problems are solved

<p>Rad je posvećen problemu rane i brze detekcije i izolacije neželjenih stanja dinamičkih sistema, sa posebnim naglaskom na rano otkrivanje različitih nepravilnosti u radu i kvarova industrijskih procesa.</p> / <p>The thesys is dedicated to the problem of early and swift detection and isolation of unwanted working regimes of dynamical systems, with particular emphasis on the early detection of various irregularities and failures of industrial processes.</p>

Ce mémoire de thèse présente une étude fondamentale enrichie par des contributions qui sont articulées autour de la modélisation de processus ainsi qu'un diagnostic de défauts en utilisant l'analyse en composantes principales (ACP). Dans l'objectif d'un choix optimal du modèle ACP, une étude comparative de quelques critères connus dans la littérature nous a permis de conclure que le problème rencontré est souvent lié à une ignorance des variables indépendantes et quasi-indépendantes. Dans ce cadre, nous avons réalisé deux démonstrations mettant en évidence les limitations de deux critères en particulier la variance non reconstruite (VNR). En s'appuyant sur le principe d'une telle variance, nous avons proposé trois nouveaux critères. Parmi eux, deux ont été considérés comme étant empiriques car seule l'expérience permettra de prouver leur efficacité. Le troisième critère noté VNRVI représente un remède à la limitation du critère VNR. Une étude de sa consistance théorique a permis d'établir les conditions garantissant l'optimalité de son choix. Les résultats de simulation ont validé une telle théorie en prouvant ainsi que le critère VNRVI étant plus efficace que ceux étudiés dans cette thèse. Dans le cadre d'un diagnostic de défauts par ACP, l'approche de reconstruction des indices de détection ainsi que celle des contributions ont été utilisées. A travers une étude de généralisation, nous avons étendu le concept d'isolabilité de défauts par reconstruction à tout indice quadratique. / This thesis presents a fundamental study enhanced by some contributions that are focused on process modelling and fault diagnosis using principal components analysis (PCA). In order to find an optimal PCA model, we have concluded through a comparative study of some popular criteria that the problem is often related to an ignorance of the independent and quasi-independent variables. In this framework, we have performed two demonstrations highlighting the limitations of two selection criteria in particular the unreconstructed variance (VNR). Based on the principle of VNR approach, we have proposed three new criteria, among them two methods were considered as empirical criteria because only the experience will prove their effectiveness. However the third one which is noted VNRVI represents a cure for the limitation of the classical VNR criterion. Thus, the conditions that ensure an optimal selection were derived according to a theoretical consistency study of the VNRVI approach. The simulation results have successfully validated the VNRVI criterion by proving that is more effective than the other studied criteria in the present thesis. The reconstruction and contributions approaches were used for fault diagnosis using PCA. According to a unified study, we have extended the fault isolability concept based on the reconstruction method to any detection index which has a quadratic form. Such generalization has allowed us to develop a theoretical fault isolability analysis based on the reconstruction of the combined index versus those of SPE and T2 indices. This analysis has highlighted the advantage of using the combined index for fault isolation.

Dans cette thèse, on s'est intéressé à trois problématiques des réseaux de capteurs sans fil (WSN). Dans un premier temps nous avons analysé l'impact de la chute de tension dans la batterie du nœud sur la puissance du signal en réception. On propose alors une méthode pour compenser l'augmentation apparente de la distance calculée entre les nœuds due à la diminution de l'énergie de la batterie. Pour les nœuds passant par deux états principaux endormi et actif, on propose d'étudier, la relation entre la diminution de la tension de la batterie en fonction du temps passé par un nœud dans l'état actif. Ensuite, on calcule le rapport entre la RSS et la distance entre les nœuds connectés avec des batteries complètement chargées. Après on mesure la RSS en faisant varier la tension de la batterie du nœud émetteur et en gardant le nœud récepteur à une distance constante. Finalement, on propose une relation entre la RSS observée et la tension actuelle de la batterie du nœud émetteur. Cette fonction permet de calculer la valeur corrigée de la RSS qui correspond à la distance réelle entre les nœuds connectés. Ainsi l'efficacité des méthodes de la localisation basée sur la RSS se trouvent améliorées. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse on propose une méthode d'estimation des positions des nœuds dans un WSN. Dans l'algorithme de localisation proposé, on utilise des nœuds ancres comme des points de référence. On a utilisé une approche heuristique pour trouver la topologie relative avec l'aide de la matrice de distance. Le but de la matrice de distance est d'indiquer s'il existe une connexion entre une paire de nœuds donnée et en cas de connectivité, la distance estimée entre ces nœuds. En utilisant les informations de connectivité entre les nœuds et leurs distances, on obtient la topologie du réseau. La méthode proposée utilise la solution de l'intersection de deux cercles au lieu de la méthode classique de triangulation, où un système quadratique de trois équations avec deux variables est utilisé ce qui rend la complexité de calcul augmentée. Lorsque deux nœuds connectés ont un autre nœud en commun, puis en utilisant les informations de distances entre ces nœuds interconnectés, nous pouvons calculer deux positions possibles pour le troisième nœud. La présence ou l'absence d'un lien entre le troisième nœud et un quatrième nœud, permet de trouver la position précise. Ce processus est réitéré jusqu'à ce que toutes les positions des nœuds aient été obtenues. Une fois la topologie relative calculée, il faut trouver la symétrie, l'orientation et la position de cette topologie dans le plan. C'est à ce moment que la connaissance des positions des trois nœuds entre en action. La topologie donne les coordonnées temporaires des nœuds. En ayant une comparaison de certaines caractéristiques entre les coordonnées temporaires et les coordonnées exactes, on trouve d'abord la symétrie de la topologie relative qui correspondrait à la topologie originale. En d'autres termes on vérifie si oui ou non la topologie relative est une image miroir de la topologie originale. Des opérateurs géométriques sont alors utilisés pour corriger la topologie relative par rapport à la topologie réelle. Ainsi, on localise tous les nœuds dans un WSN en utilisant exactement trois ancres. Dans la dernière partie de cette thèse, on propose une méthode pour la détection de défauts dans un WSN. Il y a toujours une possibilité qu'un capteur d'un nœud ne donne pas toujours des mesures précises. On utilise des systèmes récurrents et non récurrents pour la modélisation et on prend comme variable d'entrée, en plus des variables du nœud en question, les informations des capteurs voisins. La différence entre la valeur estimée et celle mesurée est utilisée pour déterminer la possibilité de défaillance d'un nœud / In this thesis three themes related to wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are covered. The first one concerns the power loss in a node signal due to voltage droop in the battery of the node. In the first part of the thesis a method is proposed to compensate for the apparent increase in the calculated distance between the related nodes due to decrease in the energy of the signal sending node battery. A function is proposed whose arguments are the apparently observed RSS and the current voltage of the emitter node battery. The return of the function is the corrected RSS that corresponds to the actual distance amongst the connected nodes. Hence increasing the efficiency of the RSS based localization methods in WSNs. In the second part of the thesis a position estimation method for localization of nodes in a WSN is proposed. In the proposed localization algorithm anchor nodes are used as landmark points. The localization method proposed here does not require any constraint on the placement of the anchors; rather any three randomly chosen nodes can serve as anchors. A heuristic approach is used to find the relative topology with the help of distance matrix. The purpose of the distance matrix is to indicate whether or not a pair of nodes has a connection between them and in case of connectivity it gives the estimated distance between the nodes. By using the information of connectivity between the nodes and their respective distances the topology of the nodes is calculated. This method is heuristic because it uses the point solution from the intersection of two circles instead of conventional triangulation method, where a system of three quadratic equations in two variables is used whereby the computational complexity of the position estimation method is increased. When two connected nodes have another node in common, then by using the information of distances between these interconnected nodes, two possible positions are calculated for the third node. The presence or absence of a connection between the third node and a fourth node helps in finding the accurate possibility out of the two. This process is iterated till all the nodes have been relatively placed. Once the relative topology has been calculated, we need to find the exact symmetry, orientation, and position of this topology in the plane. It is at this moment the knowledge of three nodes positions comes into action. From the relative topology we know the temporary coordinates of the nodes. By having a comparison of certain characteristics between the temporary coordinates and the exact coordinates; first the symmetry of relative topology is obtained that would correspond to the original topology. In other words it tells whether or not the relative topology is a mirror image of the original topology. Some geometrical operators are used to correct the topology position and orientation. Thus, all the nodes in the WSN are localized using exactly three anchors. The last part of the thesis focuses on the detection of faults in a WSN. There is always a possibility that a sensor of a node is not giving accurate measurements all of the time. Therefore, it is necessary to find if a node has developed a faulty sensor. With the precise information about the sensor health, one can determine the extent of reliance on its sensor measurement. To equip a node with multiple sensors is not an economical solution. Thus the sensor measurements of a node are modeled with the help of the fuzzy inference system (FIS). For each node, both recurrent and non-recurrent systems are used to model its sensor measurement. An FIS for a particular node is trained with input variables as the actual sensor measurements of the neighbor nodes and with output variable as the real sensor measurements of that node. The difference between the FIS approximated value and the actual measurement of the sensor is used as an indication for whether or not to declare a node as faulty

De par l’augmentation de leur utilisation, la sécurisation du vol des drones devient de plus en plus importante. La commande tolérante aux fautes peut alors contribuer à l’obtention d’un niveau de sécurité acceptable. Le but de cette thèse est de développer une méthode de commande tolérante aux fautes basée sur deux types d’approches : l’approche Automatique qui utilise une représentation de systèmes à l’aide de modèles décrivant des évolutions continues et l’approche Intelligence Artificielle qui se base sur la représentation de systèmes à l’aide de modèles discrets ou logiques. Ainsi la première contribution de cette recherche est le développement d'une méthode générique de commande tolérante aux fautes utilisant les cadres de modélisation discret et continu. L’idée consiste à combiner une modélisation continue permettant d’estimer l’état et les paramètres de fautes et une modélisation discrète permettant de prendre une décision en ligne quant au contrôleur à utiliser. L’estimation continue permet d’avoir plus d’informations sur la faute qu’avec une modélisation discrète, alors que celle-ci prend en compte des probabilités de panne et des techniques d’optimisation qui sont plus adaptées à la tâche de décision. La seconde contribution concerne le développement et la validation d’une méthode permettant de détecter et de diagnostiquer la faute. Pour ses avantages, l’idée a été de développer un filtre de Kalman sensibles aux sauts de panne pour l’estimation de l’état et des paramètres de fautes. Pour la détection et le diagnostic de la panne, l’idée a été d’utiliser les données de l’estimation de façon probabiliste. Une fois la faute détectée et identifiée, le système de commande doit réagir pour pouvoir compenser cette faute. La troisième contribution porte donc sur l’amélioration du suivi de la trajectoire par reconfiguration du système de commande. L’objectif est de combiner les méthodes de commutation et d’adaptation, afin de limiter le nombre de contrôleurs en utilisant des contrôleurs adaptatifs pour les modes dégradés, tout en ayant des contrôleurs faciles à concevoir. Des techniques d’optimisation sont alors utilisées de façon à prendre une décision en ligne quant au choix du contrôleur. Finalement, la méthode développée doit être vérifiée avant de pouvoir être implémentée sur un drone. La dernière contribution est l’évaluation de la capacité de la méthode à suivre une trajectoire d’atterrissage en cas de pannes capteurs ou actionneurs grâce à un modèle de drone. / Major security risks appear with the increase of the number of UAV in the air space. Thus, UAV security is more and more important and Fault Tolerant Control (FTC) methods could support the achievement of acceptable security level. The aims of this research is to develop a FTC method which combines two approaches : Automatic Control approach which is based on model which have a continuous representation of the system and Artificial Intelligence approach which is based on discrete or logical model to represent the system. Thus, the first contribution of this thesis is the development of a generic fault tolerant control method which uses discrete and continuous frameworks. The idea was to combine a continuous framework to estimate the state and fault parameters and a discrete framework to take on line a decision about the controller. The continuous estimation provides more knowledge on the fault whereas a discrete model allows the use of different optimization tools which are more adapted to decision task. The second contribution is the development and the validation of a method for fault detection and diagnosis. For its potential, a Kalman filter is adapted in order to be sensitive to abrupt faults and used for state and fault parameters estimation. These estimates are then used in a probabilistic way to detect and identify the fault. Once the fault is detected, the control system should react to compensate the fault. Thus, the third contribution of this thesis is the improvement of the trajectory tracking by reconfiguration of the control system. The aim is to combine switching and adaptive methods in order to limit the number of controllers by using adaptive controllers for degraded modes while having convenient controllers. Optimization tools are then used to take the decision on the controller to use. Finally, the method has to be validated before being implemented on line. The last contribution is the evaluation of the ability of the method to follow its trajectory despite the apparition of actuator or sensor faults during a landing approach.

[pt] A interpretação de falhas sísmicas é uma tarefa complexa e trabalhosa, que está sujeita à experiência do geólogo. Normalmente ela é auxiliada pela análise de atributos sísmicos, que podem não ser suficientes para uma clara visualização das falhas. Este trabalho realiza uma análise dos métodos atuais que utilizam ACO para o realce de atributos de falha, de forma a entender a contribuição de cada etapa para o resultado. Com base nessa análise, um novo método é proposto, o qual elimina as fraquezas encontradas de forma a buscar uma convergência mais estável e rápida ao resultado. / [en] The interpretation of seismic faults is a complex and labourious task, which is dependent on the experience of the geologist. The interpretation is normally aided by seismic attributes. However, they may not be enough for a clear visualization nor to be used in automatic extraction methods. This dissertation accomplishes an examination of the state of the art ACO algorithms for fault enhancement. This study reveals the importance, contributions and weaknesses of each step of these methods. From there, a new method is proposed, which eliminates some of the problems found, acquiring a more stable and quick convergence of the end result.

La disponibilité de certains capteurs est indispensable pour le contrôle des machines électriques dans une application automobile. Cette thèse constitue une contribution à l'étude d'une commande tolérante aux défauts pour un entraînement électrique dans le cadre du projet SOFRACI. Pour pallier une défaillance de ces capteurs, des stratégies sont mises en place pour assurer une continuité de fonctionnement ou un arrêt sûr. Dans le cas de la machine synchrone, les capteurs les plus critiques sont: le capteur de position, les capteurs de courant et le capteur de bus de tension continue. C'est dans ce contexte que l'on a développé des algorithmes de commande tolérante aux défauts avec successivement des étapes de détection, d'isolation et de reconfiguration. Ensuite, la validation expérimentale a été effectuée sur un banc composé d’une machine synchrone et d’un onduleur avec 3 ponts H conçus pour la propulsion d’un véhicule électrique. Ainsi les méthodes développées et qui s’appuient principalement sur la théorie du contrôle, sont évaluées expérimentalement à travers des injections de défauts en temps réel, avec un accent mis sur le temps nécessaire à la détection. / During the last decade, Fault Tolerant Control (FTC) has become an increasingly interesting topic in automotive industry. The operation of electrical drives is highly dependent on feedback sensors availability. With the aim of reaching the required level of availability in transportation applications, the drive is equipped with a DC voltage sensor, three current sensors (due to safety requirements in electric vehicle standards) and a position sensor. This PhD is a contribution to the study of an electrical drive fault tolerant control. The objective is to have a system, which can adaptively reorganizes itself at a sensor failure occurrence. Consequently, strategies are defined from the early preliminary design steps, so as to facilitate fault detection, fault isolation and control reconfiguration. To this purpose, our work goes from theoretical studies toward experimental validations through the model simulation using control theory.In this thesis, FTC algorithms are developed for the rotor position, the phase currents and DC link voltage sensors. The experimentally validation is perform with an electrical drive composed of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine and a 3H bridge inverter. Thus, the developed methods are evaluated experimentally through real time fault injection, with an emphasis on the detection time.

Proteger as linhas de transmissão é uma das tarefas mais importantes dentro dos sistemas elétricos de potência. Faltas em linhas de transmissão devem ser localizadas precisamente e extintas o mais rápido possível. Para tal, o esquema de proteção de linhas utiliza valores amostrados de correntes e tensões para a execução das tarefas de detecção, classificação e localização da falta. Neste esquema, grandezas trifásicas de corrente (IA, IB, IC) e tensão (VA, VB, VC) compõem as entradas do sistema. Após a detecção e classificação da falta, o relé efetua o cálculo da impedância aparente para a verificação da zona de proteção na qual a falta se insere (localização). Dentro deste contexto, a rápida detecção e a correta classificação da falta são passos fundamentais para a lógica de controle de um relé. Para a utilização de sistemas de proteção com alta velocidade de operação, o conjunto detector + classificador deve realizar uma decisão precisa do tipo de falta envolvida em menos de 10 ms após a ocorrência desta. Alguns métodos convencionais têm lidado com este problema, porém os tempos para estimação do tipo de falta são algumas vezes excessivamente longos. Este trabalho apresenta um novo sistema que provê uma rápida e confiável detecção e classificação de faltas através das medidas de valores de correntes trifásicas. O novo método utiliza-se da teoria de Redes Neurais Artificiais, baseada em dois diferentes tipos de redes (MLP e RBF), para a tarefa de detecção e classificação de faltas nos níveis de tempo requeridos para um moderno sistema de proteção. Um estudo comparativo em relação ao desempenho das redes mencionadas também foi realizado. Os testes efetuados para as redes dos tipos MLP e RBF mostraram que o sistema proposto foi capaz de detectar e classificar corretamente 100% dos casos estudados. Deve ainda ser ressaltado, que na maior parte dos casos (93% para a rede MLP e 84% para a rede RBF), o processo de detecção e classificação foi completado com no máximo 5 amostras de pós-falta (5ms). Isto demonstra a rapidez na tarefa de detecção e classificação embutida no método proposto, principalmente levando-se em consideração os tempos apresentados pelos métodos convencionais. / Transmission line protection is one of the major tasks for a power system. Transmission line faults must be located accurately and isolated as fast as possible. In order to perform this task, the power system protection system uses the three-phase currents (IA, IB, IC) and voltages (VA, VB, VC) to detect, classify and locate the fault. After detecting and classifying the fault, the relay calculates the apparent impedance to verify in which protection zone the fault is located. Taking this into account, precise and fast detection and classification methods are fundamental steps for the relay control algorithm. The combination detection + classification must carry out the correct response in less than 10 ms after the fault for a high-speed protection system. Some conventional methods have treated this problem but the time for a correct classification is sometimes excessively long. This work presents a fast and reliable new system for fault detection and classification using the three-phase current measurements. This new system is based on Artificial Neural Networks (RBF and MLP) for the detection and classification tasks. A comparative study involving both types of neural networks was done. Tests showed that the proposed system was able to correctly detect and classify 100% of the studied cases where the majority (93% of the cases for MLP net and 84% for RBF net) of them was done in up to 5 post-fault samples (5 ms). The afore-mentioned demonstrates the high speed of the new method for the detection and classification tasks when compared to the conventional ones.

O trabalho proposto tem por objetivo avaliar a viabilidade de localização de falhas elétricas, por meio da análise de assinaturas magnéticas resultantes do sistema elétrico. Assim, diversos algoritmos - descritos na literatura científica atual e aplicáveis ao processamento de sinais conduzidos - foram analisados com o objetivo de verificar a possibilidade de complementar as metodologias já desenvolvidas para a detecção e classificação de falhas, de uma maneira não invasiva e via análise de assinaturas magnéticas resultantes. Diferentemente do processo de monitoração tradicional, cujos sensores precisam estar fisicamente conectados aos circuitos analisados, propõe-se estudar a viabilidade da análise dos sinais provenientes da assinatura magnética dos distúrbios para localizar falhas. Ressalta-se, assim, a característica não invasiva desse processo. A avaliação da metodologia proposta foi realizada através da escolha de casos de sensibilidade, cujos resultados teóricos e provenientes de simulações foram utilizados na análise de sua viabilidade. / The proposed study aims to evaluate the feasibility of determinig the fault location in electrical systems, by analyzing the resulting magnetic signatures. Thus, several algorithms - described in the current scientific literature and for the processing of conducted signals - will be analyzed in order to verify the possibility of complementing the methodologies already developed for fault detection and classification, a non-invasive way and by analysis magnetic signatures resulting. Differently from traditional monitoring process, in which the sensors need to be physically connected to the analyzed circuits. It should be noted, the characteristic of this methodology as a non-invasive procedure. The evaluation of the proposed methodology will be carried out through the choice of sensitivity cases, which theoretical results obtained from simulations will be used to analyze its viability.

O problema da tolerância a falhas em robôs manipuladores cooperativos conectados rigidamente a um objeto indeformável é estudado nesta tese. A tolerância a falhas é alcançada através de reconfiguração do sistema de controle. Primeiro, a falha é detectada e isolada. Então, o sistema de controle é reconfigurado de acordo com a falha isolada. As falhas em robôs manipuladores são primeiramente estudadas de acordo com suas consequências no sistema cooperativo. Quatro tipos de falhas são identificados: juntas com balanço livre (sem atuadores ativos), bloqueadas, com informação incorreta de posição e com informação incorreta de velocidade. A detecção e a isolação dos dois primeiros tipos de falhas são alcançadas através de um sistema utilizando redes neurais artificiais. Redes do tipo MLP são empregadas para mapear a dinâmica dos robôs cooperativos sem falhas e uma rede RBF é utilizada para a classificação do vetor de resíduos. As falhas do tipo informação incorreta de posição ou velocidade das juntas são detectadas e isoladas através do uso das restrições impostas pela cadeia cinemática fechada presente no sistema cooperativo. Quando falhas do tipo juntas com balanço livre ou bloqueadas são isoladas, as leis de controle são reconfiguradas. Para estes casos, controladores híbridos de movimento e esmagamento do objeto são deduzidos. Quando falhas do tipo informação incorreta de posição ou velocidade das juntas são isoladas, as medidas afetadas são substituídas por valores estimados. Resultados obtidos em simulações e em robôs cooperativos reais mostram que a metodologia proposta é viável. / The problem of fault tolerance in cooperative manipulators rigidly connected to an undeformable load is addressed in this work. Fault tolerance is reached by reconfiguration of the control system. The faults are firstly detected and isolated. Then, the control system is reconfigured according to the isolated fault. Four faults are considered: free-swinging joint faults, locked joint faults, incorrectly measured joint position faults, and incorrectly measured joint velocity faults. Free-swinging and locked joint faults are detected and isolated by artificial neural networks. MLP’s are utilized to reproduce the dynamics of the fault-free system and an RBF is used to classify the residual vector. Incorrectly measured joint position and velocity faults are detected and isolated based on the kinematic constraints imposed on the cooperative system. When free-swinging and locked joint faults are isolated, the control laws are reconfigured. Control laws for motion and squeeze of the object are developed in these cases. When incorrectly measured joint position faults and incorrectly measured joint velocity faults are isolated, the faulty measurements are replaced by their estimates. Results obtained in simulations and in real cooperative robots indicate that the proposed methodology is viable.