In the turbine industry today, thermal barrier coatings are a commonly used, these are 0.1-2mm thick. So to be able to do some type of mechanical testing to receive material data so one can build an opinion regarding the health of the material. One needs a procedure that can work with small specimens and achieve clear results that can be transformed and compared with known data and known procedures. One of those methods is Small Punch Testing. This thesis describes one way to develop and test a functioning prototype of a Small Punch Testing device. The thesis includes; the reason it was developed in the beginning and how it has been developed throughout the decades, also in which areas the main research is made. It also shortly describes a working procedure in Ansys to get a Finite Element Method [FEM] model working. This method showed itself as useful, when just a small sample is at hand. The trials in this thesis also show that repetitive test can be done with good results which can be compared with real and FEM analysis data such as σ uts· / Inom turbin industrin idag så är keramiska värme barriärer vanligt förekommande dessa är normalt 0,1-2mm tjocka. För att kunna utföra mekanisk provning som grund för att bilda en åsikt om materialets kondition. Så behöver man en metod som kan åstadkomma tydliga data med små provbitar, Small Punch Testing är en av dem. Den här rapporten beskriver hur man kan gå tillväga för att få en fungerande prototyp. Den tar upp metodens ursprung och hur den har utvecklats under år tiondena, också mot vad den nuvarande forskningen riktar sig. Den beskriver även kort hur man ställer upp en finita element metod [FEM] modell i Ansys. Metoden visade sig användbar när man bara har en liten provbit att tillgå. Försöken visade att repetitiva tester kan göras med bra resultat som går att jämföra med verkliga och FEM analys data.

Sandvik Materials Technology (SMT) ingår i den stora verkstadskoncernen Sandvik. SMT utvecklar, tillverkar och säljer rostfria och höglegerade specialmetaller, motståndsmaterial samt processystem. SMT tillverkar bland annat trådprodukter för flera olika ändamål. En viss del av det material som används i produktionsanläggningen för trådprodukter lagras på så kallade pikställage i ett inomhuslager. Bakgrunden till arbetet är att de befintliga lagerställagen är föråldrade och i dåligt skick. Dessa kan under olyckliga omständigheter utgöra en risk för personskada vid hantering av material. Nya, mer lämpade, lagerställage önskades. Den inledande kartläggningen av inomhuslagret och pikställagen visade på flera områden som kan förbättras. De befintliga pikställagen är dåligt anpassade för stora delar av trådmaterialen. Inomhuslagret är även överdimensionerat i förhållande till den lagringskapacitet som krävs. Utifrån faktainsamlingen under den inledande delen av arbetet skapades ett nytt layoutförslag till lagerlokalen. Förslaget som presenteras gör att ungefär hälften av den nuvarande golvytan som behövs till lagerställage kan frigöras. En ombyggnation av lagerställagen blev alltmer aktuellt på grund av att en svår brand i anknytning till lagerlokalen. I samband med reparationer och uppbyggnad av skadade och förstörda delar av produktionsanläggningen planerades att viss produktionsutrustning ska placeras i lagerlokalen. Ett konstruktionsförslag för ett lagerställage togs fram med hjälp av CAD-program, modeller och konstruktionsritningar skapades. Konstruktionsförslaget är ett kraftigt lagerställage som har en moduldesign för att underlätta montage och underhåll. De olika delarna av förslaget som skapades består till stor del av stålprofiler som bearbetats för att sedan monteras ihop med hjälp av skruvförband. Vid utformningen av infästningar som ingår i lagerställaget användes konstruktionsmetoder för balkinfästningar i stålbyggnader. Simuleringar med FEM (finita elementmetoden) genomfördes för att undersöka deformationer och spänningar som uppstår vid belastning enligt ett antal lastfall. Resultat från FEM-simuleringar kontrollerades mot de kravs som ställs i svensk standard för liknande typ av lagerställage. Konstruktionsförslaget jämfördes även med så kallade grenställage som finns på dagens marknad. Vad gäller priser på dessa så är de billigare än det presenterade konstruktionsförslaget. Grenställagen är dock inte anpassade för den typ av trådmaterial som ska lagras. Hanteringen av trådmaterialet ställer hårda krav på lagerställage samtidigt som skador på trådmaterial vill undvikas. Det konstruktionsförslag som presenteras är mer anpassade för trådmaterial än de befintliga pikställage som används i dagsläget. / Sandvik Materials Technology (SMT) is a part of Sandvik Group. One of the many products being produced by SMT is wire in a wide range of materials for many applications. Some of the material used in the manufacturing process of wire products is being stored using a cantilever racking system. The racking system used in the warehouse is old and in bad condition, this can under unfortunate circumstances lead to accidents that may be injuring people working in the warehouse. The purpose of this thesis is to design a new racking system, more adapted to the material stored in the warehouse. The initial study showed many problems involving the existing racking system. A lot of the material which is stored in the warehouse does not fit the racking system and the storage capacity is not adapted to the manufacturing needs. Facts collected during the initial study led to a new design for a layout. This new layout makes it possible to reduce the storage area needed for the racking system to about half of what is used for the existing layout. The need of a new design and layout for a racking system in the warehouse became more urgent when a big fire accident caused a lot of damage to the production facility. The fire accident resulted in an extensive reconstruction of the damaged regions. As a part of this reconstruction, plans were made to make room for production equipment in the warehouse. A new design for at racking system was made using CAD-programs, models and design drawings was created. The design of the racking system is made for big loads and consists of multiple modules making it easy to install and maintain. The modules in the design are mainly European standard I-profiles that are processed and then put together with bolted connections. The moment resisting connections used in the racking system are common in steel building. A series of simulations using FEM (finite element method) were carried out to study the design. Results from these simulations showed the behavior of the racking system when it was subjected to different kinds of loads. These results were compared with requirements according to Swedish standards for similar kinds of racking systems. The design was also compared with similar racking systems that already exist. The comparison showed that the design presented in this thesis would cost a bit more. However, the other systems compared are not adapted for the material which is to be stored. The handling of materials in the warehouse is pretty tough and makes demands on the design to be very sturdy and also prevent the material getting damaged. The final design presented is more adapted to the material than the existing racking system.

ABB Capacitors Ludvika started their LEAN-project in november 2010, but still has not the whole factory been introduced to the LEAN-tool called 5S. 5S is only implemented on the ”easiest” work-areas. By implementing 5S, at the workingstation called inburkningen, would make the workstation and the area around it much more structured, clean and systematized. The operators are a little bit skeptical to the work that includes continuous improvement today, because they can not see any progresses. If 5S were implememted the operators would be able to avoid searching for tools because with 5S, each tool will have a specified place at the workstation. 5S would simplify the cooperation between the shifts, because 5S includes clear instructions for how the workstations will be cleaned after each shift. This report will include my recommendations, thoughts and opinions regarding however ABB Capacitors Ludvika should implement or not implement the LEAN-tool 5S. And if they decides to follow my recommendations also how they should implement it to get a successfull result.

A new material model, for the FE-program ADINA, has been verified against twoexperiments. One unreinforced concrete beam and one reinforced concrete beam.The model, DF-concrete, has the possibility to estimate true concrete. However theresults indicate that in order to be sure that the estimations are true, there ought tobe data from the true concrete to verify against. Two FE-models have simulated the behavior of a ring-shaped part of the nuclearcontainment vessel. The results from the first, frictionless, model agree with similarsimulations and hand calculations for high pressures in the containment vessel. Thesimulations of the nuclear containment vessel show cracking in the concrete after10-11 bars of over pressurization. For low pressurizations the results differ from thereference simulation. The reason is most likely the lack of friction. The model with friction included cannot give correct results since the simulations failto represent the true friction between tendons and concrete. However the model issimpler and will probably in a functioning state give more accurate results comparedto the frictionless model.

Georgia Techs Packaging Research Centers vision of System on Package (SOP) requires that the ball grid array (BGA) package be eliminated and the integrated circuit (IC) directly assembled on the printed wiring board (PWB). Flip-Chip on board (FCOB) emerges as a viable solution which meets the industry requirements of (i) increased I/O, (ii) increased functionality and (iii) improved performance at lower costs. Nevertheless flip-chip on board (FCOB) reliability continues to be an important concern in electronic packaging industry. Moreover transition to Pb-free solder for interconnects and continuously shrinking geometries result in new modeling challenges. In addition, the integrity of the intermetallics (IMCs) at the interfaces of the solder/PWB and solder/die is one of the determinant factors in the reliability and continuity of electrical signals in flip-chip interconnects. Pb-free solder studies for the flip-chip assembly studies are limited and simplified so far, not fully incorporating the effect of intermetallics in the reliability. New modeling challenges involve many details, from geometry to material properties. A brittle IMC will lead to a fracture at the interface. Also IMC thickness can cause the variation in stresses in the underlying layers, causing delamination. Moreover IMC morphology can also depend on the metal finishes on the PWB. In this work, a combined numerical and experimental program has been developed to address the challenges mentioned above. The flip-chip on board assembly is modeled in 3-D for reliability studies, taking into consideration material non linearities and a 104 order of geometric variation to capture the die size in mm to sub-micron intermetallic thickness. The study intends to determine the stresses induced at the critical interfaces under thermo-mechanical loading incorporating the intermetallic material properties. Various failure modes of these assemblies were studied. Experiments were carried out for comparative reliability studies of Pb-free solder with eutectic Pb-based solder. Intermetallic formation and growth are characterized during thermal aging and its effect on reliability is determined. Parameters affecting intermetallic like under-bump Metallurgy (UBM) thicknesses are varied and its effect evaluated. Moreover experiments with three new substrate pad finishes on PWB are carried out to evaluate them as an alternative to Electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG) for new Pb-free solder. The final aim of this study is to reach a better understanding of the reliability issues in FCOB.

The center of gravity (CG) in the golf club head is crucial to the launch angle, launch velocity and spin of golf balls after the golf impact. The CG locations in this study refer to the depth of CG, height of CG and distance of CG, which were determined by the change of shell thickness of a golf club head. By means of the finite element method (FEM), the researcher analyzed the impact process for golf balls and golf head clubs. Then he discussed the relationship between club heads and ball behaviors after impact. He also simulated the trajectory by the numerical method on the basis of the impact results of the golf ball. To sum up, a longer carry was generalized by deeper CG, lower CG and higher loft angle for a golfer with a slow club head speed. A shallower CG, higher CG and lower loft on a club head for a golfer with a fast club head speed were also verified in this study. Finally, a series of impacts produced by FEM and numerical method were generalized. Specifically, the method can be used to predict the flying distance of golf ball. It also can help predict the proper CG locations for golf club head designing.

Variation of the center of gravity of a golf club head will influence the initial velocity and rotation of speed of a ball after the golf ball is struck by golf club head. After fixing the weight of 200g of a golf head, the researcher changes the volume of golf head and the horizontal curvature of radius. He also distribute counterpoise to investigates the effect of launching of a golf ball. This thesis summarizes the ball of three-dimensional flight trajectory and offset distance. For the volume of the golf head is 400 cc, the best level of the radius of horizontal curvature is 11 in, in the 430 cc should use a radius of horizontal curvature of 12 in, and the 460 cc head club can chose a radius of horizontal curvature of 13 in. The distribution of counterpoise can effectively improve the play¡¦s habits, so the trajectory of a golf ball can be appropriately adjusted. By finite element method, the physical behavior of a series of the lunching ball can be predicted. The trajectory of golf ball can be measured by substituting the inertial value of ball into the three-dimension equations of motion. According to the trajectory of golf ball flight by this study, this study provides the characteristics for designing a golf club head.

Abstract In this thesis, the variation of the natural frequencies of a drill during the high speed drilling processes has been investigated. The Pro-E and MARC finite element packages were used to formulate the twisted drills. Two numerical methods,i.e. Lanczos and Inverse Power Sweep, have been employed to solve the corresponding eigen value problems.The effects of following parameters,e.g. drilling speed,axial load and drilling conditions on the natural frequencies of a drill was simulated numerically and measured experimentally. Four springs with different spring stiffness attached on the drill tip is used to simulate the drill as it penetrated into the workpiece. The variation of the drilling responses under different drilling speeds have been measured. Results indicate the measured results agree very well with the measured data.Frequency spectrum distributions indicate the drilling frequency and the twice drilling frequency are the key response frequency of the axial thrust force, and the drill of frequencyisthe only key frequency which dominates the torque response.Experimental results also show the thrust forces estimated from the empirical equation have good correlation with these measured data.

The object of this study is to explore the deformation pattern of axisymmetric clad materials composed of the single-core and the sleeve during hydrostatic extrusion, and discuss the relations between processing condition factors and extrusion pressure in hydrostatic extrusion of axisymmetric clad materials. In the FEM simulation of composite materials during hydrostatic extrusion, this paper describes a technique that can be used for predicting whether core bursting of composite materials occurs or not. The effect of several extrusion parameters on the damage value of the core is examined: extrusion ratio(R), die semicone angle(£\¢X), bonding friction factor(mi), material strength ratio. By performing FEM simulations and discussing the effect of parameters on distribution of damage value obtained, it is possible to establish a data base for prevention of fracture of the core. The paper has designed and constructed an experimental receiver pressure of hydrostatic apparatus with a maximum working pressure of 7000 kgf/cm2. In experiment, extrusion of Cu-Al composite rods with different of core radius ratio was carried out. It has been found that uniform deformation always occurs under the combination of hard sleeve and soft core and the core layer usually fails due to the tension under the combination of hard core and soft sleeve.

The main aim of this paper is to study for the warpage and von Mises stress of PBGA package caused by the variations of mechanical properties of materials in IR-reflow process. At first, taking advantage of the package symmetry only one quarter of the package was modeled by MSC. Marc. The influence of heat transfer was considered by comparing the results of Coupled mechanical-heat transfer analysis and Mechanical analysis. In the second part, the coefficient of thermal expansions and elastic modulus of molding compound and substrate are selected as the four control factors, and the influence of the four control factors to the warpage and von Mises stress were observed. At last, emperical formulas to predicted warpage and von Mises stress values were obtained.