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Le nettoyage des surfaces métalliques est nécessaire dans différents domaines de l'industrie moderne. L'industrie nucléaire cherche de nouvelles méthodes de décontamination des surfaces oxydées, et les installations thermonucléaires nécessitent le nettoyage des composants face au plasma pour enlever la couche déposée contenant tritium. L'ablation laser est proposée comme une méthode efficace et sûre pour le nettoyage des surfaces métalliques et leur décontamination. Le facteur important influençant le chauffage et l'ablation laser est la distribution en profondeur de l’intensité laser. Le modèle de propagation de la lumière dans une couche diffusant sur un substrat métallique est développé et appliqué pour analyser les caractéristiques de distribution de lumière. Pour simuler les surfaces contaminées, l'inox AISI 304L a été oxydé par laser et chauffé dans un four. La contamination radioactive de la couche d'oxyde a été simulée par l'introduction d’europium et / ou de sodium. Un facteur de décontamination de plus de 300 a été démontré avec le régime de nettoyage optimal trouvé. Une diminution de la résistance à la corrosion a aussi été montrée après un nettoyage laser. Les seuils d'ablation des surfaces ITER-like (représentatives d’ITER) ont été mesurés. Une vitesse de nettoyage de 0,07 m2/W∙h a été trouvée. Pour les surfaces miroir, les seuils de dommages étaient déterminés pour éviter les dommages lors du nettoyage au laser. La possibilité de restaurer la réflectivité après le dépôt d’une couche mince de carbone a été démontrée. Les perspectives de développement ultérieur de nettoyage laser sont discutées. / Metal surface cleaning is highly required in different fields of modern industry. Nuclear industry seeks for new methods for oxidized surface decontamination, and thermonuclear installations require the cleaning of plasma facing components from tritium-containing deposited layer. The laser ablation is proposed as an effective and safe method for metal surface cleaning and decontamination. The important factor influencing the laser heating and ablation is the in-depth distribution of laser radiation. The model of light propagation in a scattering layer on a metal substrate is developed and applied to analyse the features of light distribution. To simulate the contaminated surfaces, the stainless steel AISI 304L was oxidized by laser and in a furnace. Radioactive contamination of the oxide layer was simulated by introducing europium and/or sodium. The decontamination factor of more than 300 was demonstrated with found optimal cleaning regime. The decreasing of the corrosion resistance was found after laser cleaning. The ablation thresholds of ITER-like surfaces were measured. The cleaning productivity of 0.07 m2/hour∙W was found. For mirror surfaces, the damage thresholds were determined to avoid damage during laser cleaning. The possibility to restore reflectivity after thin carbon layer deposition was demonstrated. The perspectives of further development of laser cleaning are discussed.

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(A)(2) 課題番号:15206012 研究代表者:後藤 俊夫 研究期間:2003-2004年度

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:38:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Henrique Guimaraes Rosa.pdf: 6486656 bytes, checksum: 6fc9fe7875ed2cceb89c9f5179b9f028 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-25 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / In this thesis, we present results on the fabrication, transfer and characterization of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) graphene and exfoliated graphene over glass and optical fiber substrates, to study optical properties of graphene and its application as a saturable absorber for Erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL). Monolayer CVD graphene and stacked CVD graphene samples were fabricated and characterized, transferred to the transverse face of optical fibers, and a study on the relation between the optical properties of graphene samples and the properties of ultrashort laser pulses generated in (EDFL) was performed. Furthermore, we have developed a technique for transferring exfoliated nanomaterials which allowed us to transfer exfoliated graphene onto optical fiber s faces and align the graphene flake to the fiber core. With this transfer technique it is possible to fabricate samples with controlled number of graphene layers onto optical fiber faces. As application, we demonstrate ultrashort pulse generation in Erbium-doped fiber laser with exfoliated monolayer graphene samples as saturable absorber. This is the first time that ultrashort laser pulses are generated with a single exfoliated monolayer graphene sample. / Nesta tese, apresentamos resultados sobre a fabricação, transferência e caracterização de grafeno CVD (grafeno fabricado por deposição química de vapor chemical vapour deposition) e de grafeno esfoliado em substratos de vidro e em fibras ópticas, para o estudo das propriedades ópticas do grafeno e sua aplicação como absorvedor saturável em laser à fibra dopada com Érbio (EDFL). Foram fabricadas e caracterizadas amostras de grafeno CVD monocamada e de grafeno CVD empilhado, transferidas para a face transversal de fibras ópticas, e com estas amostras foram feitos estudos sobre a relação entre as propriedades ópticas do grafeno e as propriedades de pulsos ultracurtos gerados em EDFL. Além disto, desenvolvemos uma técnica para a transferência de nanomateriais esfoliados que permitiu a transferência de grafeno esfoliado para fibras ópticas e seu alinhamento com o núcleo da fibra. Com esta técnica de transferência é possível fabricar amostras com controlado número de camadas de grafeno em fibra óptica. Como aplicação, demonstramos a geração de pulsos em EDFL com uma amostra de grafeno esfoliado monocamada como absorvedor saturável. Esta é a primeira vez que pulsos ultracurtos são gerados em lasers à fibra com amostra de grafeno esfoliado de uma única camada sobre a face transversal da fibra óptica.

This diploma thesis deals with the influence of long fiber optic paths on the polarization state of light and their use for powering polarization sensors. The aim of the diploma thesis was to design the arrangement of optical fiber components so that the polarization properties of light at the end of the path are further usable for sensory purposes. Four partial measurements with a long path (in a laboratory setting, laying in the ground, on a curtain, under the influence of external influence) and one measurement without a path under the influence of external influence were designed. The overall measurement results demonstrate that for the functional power supply of long-distance sensor systems, an existing single-mode fiber can be used (laid by laying in the ground), into which a light source for a given sensor system would be multiplexed. In the discussion, all types of measurements are analyzed and compared with each other. Finally, the overall result is summarized and applications are described in which such a sensor system could be used.

[pt] Diferentes tipos de lasers podem ser usados para gerar pulsos de luz com uma ampla faixa de durações de pulso, energias e potências de pico. As técnicas de Q-switching e mode-locked são relatadas há anos por vários autores e pesquisadores e são frequentemente utilizadas na geração de lasers de pulso ultracurto com duração de pulso no domínio do tempo na faixa de nanossegundos até femtossegundos. Uma configuração, com ganho fornecido por um amplificador óptico semicondutor (SOA) e amplificador de fibra dopada com érbio (EDFA) é proposta e emprega a técnica de gerenciamento de dispersão para gerar um trem de pulsos ópticos exibindo alta potência de pico, taxa de repetição ultra-baixa e largura temporal curta, habilitando que este laser seja usado como uma fonte para aplicações de alta resolução em reflectometria óptica no domínio do tempo (OTDR). A operação mode-locked é conhecida por ocorrer apenas em lasers ordenados padrão por um longo tempo e até recentemente foi encontrado também em lasers de fibra aleatórios desordenados (RFL). Embora tenha havido progresso no sentido de travar modos espaciais e longitudinais em lasers aleatórios, a literatura carece de relatos sobre geração de pulsos limitada por transformada de Fourier, apesar das muitas décadas de campo. O autor demonstra experimentalmente um mode-locked random fiber laser (MLRFL) operando como um refletômetro óptico de domínio do tempo sensível à fase. Aqui, a saída total do laser fornece o sinal de detecção, em contraste com o pequeno sinal retroespalhado medido em um OTDR convencional. O laser opera como um sensor acústico distribuído (DAS) e sensor de temperatura distribuído (DTS). / [en] Different types of lasers can be used to generate light pulses with a wide range of pulse durations, energies and peak powers. Q-switching and mode-locked techniques have been reported for years by several authors and researchers and are frequently used in the generation of ultra-short-pulse lasers with time-domain pulse durations from the nanosecond to femtosecond range. A configuration, with gain provided by a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) and erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) is proposed and employ the dispersion management technique to generate a train of optical pulses exhibiting high-peak-power, ultralow repetition rate, and fast temporal width, enabling this laser to be used as a source for high-resolution optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) applications. The mode-locking operation has been known to occur only in standard ordered lasers for a long time and until recently it was found to also occur in disordered random fiber lasers (RFL). Although progress has been made towards locking spatial and longitudinal modes in random lasers, the literature lacks reports on Fourier transform-limited pulse generation despite the many decades of the field. The author experimentally demonstrates a mode-locked random fiber laser (MLRFL) operating as a lasing phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometer based on random feedback from a sensing fiber. Here, the full output of the laser provides the sensing signal, in contrast to the small backscattered signal measured in a conventional OTDR. The laser operates as a distributed acoustic sensor (DAS) and distributed temperature sensor (DTS).