The main task of the ventilation system in a building is to maintain the air quality and (together with the heating or cooling system) the thermal climate at an acceptable level within the building. This means that a sufficient amount of ventilation air at the appropriate temperature and quality must be supplied to satisfy thermal comfort and air quality demands and that this air is distributed to the parts of the building where people reside. Air movements caused by buoyancy forces can determine the distribution of ventilation air within buildings. The purpose of this thesis is to advance the state of knowledge of buoyancydriven air movements within buildings and to determine their importance both for ventilation air distribution and the maintenance of thermal comfort and air quality in buildings. The work is focused on studying thermally-driven air movements through large openings, both horizontal and vertical (i.e. doorways). The properties of a special type of thermally-driven currents, so called gravity currents, have also been explored. Large vertical openings like doorways are important for air exchange between rooms within a building. Air movements through doorways separating rooms with different air temperatures are often bidirectional and the buoyancy-driven flow rates are often greater than those caused by the mechanical ventilation system alone. Bidirectional flows through doorways can effectively spread contaminants, for example, from a kitchen or a hospital rooms, yet the results of this study indicate that the conversion of a thermally-driven bidirectional flow to a unidirectional flow via an increase of the mechanically forced flow rate requires forced flows that are more than three times greater than the thermally-driven flows. Experiments conducted in this project indicate that the resistance to buoyancy-driven flows in horizontal openings is significantly greater than that in vertical openings. Model tests have shown, however, that this problem may be mitigated if a simple model of a staircase located in the centre of the room (being ventilated) is linked to the horizontal ventilation opening. Gravity currents in rooms occur in connection with so called displacement ventilation as cool gravity currents propagate along the floor that are driven by the density difference of the ventilation air and the ambient, warmer air within the room. As these gravity currents easily pass obstacles and to a certain extent are self-controlling, they can effectively distribute the cool air within rooms in a building. Likewise, warm gravity currents occur when warmer air introduced in a room rises and spreads along the ceiling plane. One application where warm gravity currents may be used to advantage is when converting buildings from electric heating to district hot water heating thus, avoiding the introduction of an expensive hydronic heating system. This report includes a full-scale laboratory study of the basic properties of thermally-driven warm air gravity currents in a residential building and examines the possibilities of using the resulting air movements for the distribution of ventilation air as well as heat. Results from laboratory tests show that this conversion method may prove effective if certain conditions on the layout of the building are fulfilled. / QC 20100705

This thesis investigates the refrigerant (R-134a) flow in three minichannels having different geometries experimentally. During the last 40 years heat transfer in small scales has been a very attractive research area. Improvements in heat transfer in the refrigeration applications by means of usage of micro/minichannels provide significant developments in this area. Also it is known that experimental studies are very important to constitute a database which is beneficial for new developments and research. During the two-phase flow experiments conducted in the minichannels, low mass flow rates and constant wall temperature approach, which are the conditions in the evaporators of the refrigerator applications were applied because one of the purposes of this study is to determine the most ideal minichannel among the tested minichannels for usage in the evaporator section of the refrigerators. Two-phase flow experiments were made with refrigerant R134a in the three minichannels having hydraulic diameters of 1.69, 3.85 and 1.69 mm respectively. As distinct from the others, the third minichannel has a rough inner surface. Comparison of the experimental results of the three minichannels was made in terms of forced convection heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop at constant quality and mass flux values. As a result of the experiments, the most ideal minichannel among the tested minichannels was determined for the evaporator applications in the refrigerators.

Este trabalho tem como propósito investigar através do método Design Construtal a influência do espaçamento (S0) entre cilindros de seção transversal elíptica na maximização da densidade de transferência de calor em um escoamento externo sob efeito de convecção forçada. A razão de aspecto (r) entre os eixos vertical e horizontal dos cilindros elípticos também é um parâmetro avaliado. O estudo proposto é assumido bidimensional, incompressível, laminar e permanente. O regime de escoamento é dirigido por uma diferença de pressão ΔP, que se mantém através do domínio e é governada pelo número de Bejan (Be). Foram avaliados escoamentos com quatro diferentes números de Bejan, Be = 102, 103, 5.103, 104. O fluido que escoa através do domínio possui as propriedades termofisicas definidas pelo número de Prandtl, Pr = 0,72. O método Design Construtal, associado à busca exaustiva, foi empregado para determinar as restrições, graus de liberdade e o objetivo na avaliação geométrica do sistema A solução numérica das equações de conservação de massa, quantidade de movimento e energia foram resolvidas baseadas no método de volumes finitos, através do código comercial de dinâmica dos fluidos computacional FLUENT®. As geometrias e malha do domínio computacional foram desenvolvidas no pacote GAMBIT®. Como resultados, obteve-se que os casos ótimos apresentaram resultados consideravelmente melhores do que as demais configurações, onde se obteve ganhos de desempenho na densidade de transferência de calor de 50% a 97% em relação às configurações de menor desempenho estudadas. Além disso, foi possível verificar que o sistema adapta sua geometria ótima para cada condição de escoamento, a fim de proporcionar a melhor arquitetura de fluxo para atender ao objetivo térmico de maximizar a transferência de calor em um menor espaço físico, atendendo os princípios da Teoria Construtal. / This work investigates, through the Construtal Design method, the influence of the spacing (S0) between cylinders with elliptic cross in the maximization of the heat transfer density in an external flow with forced convection. The aspect ratio (r) between the vertical and horizontal axes of the elliptical cylinders is also evaluated. The proposed study is assumed twodimensional, incompressible, laminar and permanent. The flow regime is directed by a pressure difference ΔP, which is governed by the Bejan number (Be). The flows were evaluated for different values of the Bejan number, Be = 102, 103, 5.103, 104. The fluid flowing through the domain has its thermophysical properties defined by Prandtl number, Pr = 0.72. The Construtal Design method, associated with the exhaustive search, was used to determine the restrictions, degrees of freedom and objective in the geometric evaluation of the system. The numerical solution of the mass conservation, momentum and energy equations is solved based on the finite volume method, using the commercial fluid dynamics software FLUENT ®. The geometries and mesh of the computational domain were developed in the GAMBIT® package. The results show that the optimal cases performs considerably better than the other configurations, with an increase in the heat transfer density of 50% to 97% in comparison to the performance of lower level cases studied. In addition, it was possible to verify that the system adapts its optimal geometry to every flow condition in order to provide a better flow architecture that meets the thermal objective of maximizing a heat transfer in a smaller physical space in agreement with the principles of the Constructal Theory.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:59:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 1419023 bytes, checksum: 1bf50c9a366f8d01e4a2a3efdb0a5526 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this study the forced convection in the laminar flow in simultaneous developing is studied by applying the Generalized Integral Transform Technique to provide a hybrid analytical solution for the fields of velocity, pressure and temperature in circular ducts. The Continuity, Navier-Stokes, Poisson and Energy equations are formulated using primitive variables,knowing that the Poisson Equation was obtained from some mathematical manipulation made on the Navier-Stokes equations. The integral transformation is done in the Momentum equation in x, Poisson and energy equations, and the resulting equations are solved using the IMSL, DBVPFD subroutines and recovering the original potential for each profile studied. In this way it is possible to find a solution to the system by means of an expansion in terms of convenient eigenfunctions, to circular ducts, the eigenfunctions will be Bessel functions. In the following, some results from a practical point of view will be calculated and exhibited graphically such as: The Nusselt number, the f Re value, the study of the convergence profile of the velocity field, the mean velocity, the temperature, the mean temperature, pressure and the mean pressure in the middle of the duct will be analyzed. The results will be compared with the ones found in the literature to validate and adjust the model. / No presente trabalho a convecção forçada interna no escoamento laminar em desenvolvimento simultâneo é estudada aplicando a Técnica da Transformada Integral Generalizada para produzir um solução híbrida para os campos de velocidade, pressão e temperatura em dutos circulres. As equações da Continuidade, de Navier-Stokes, de Possion e da Energia são formuladas utilizando variáveis primitivas, sabendo-se que a equação de Poisson foi obtida a partir de algumas manipulações matemáticas feitas na equação de Navier-Stokes. A transformação integral é aplicada nas equações da quantidade de movimento na direção x, de Poisson e na equação da energia, e as equações resultantes são resolvidas com a subrotina numérica do IMSL, DBVPFD recuperando o potencial original para cada perfil em estudo. Assim é possível encontrar uma solução para o sistema de equações em termos de um expansão de autofunções, que para dutos circulares, as autofunções serão funções de Bessel. Em seguida resultados de interesse prático são calculados e exibidos graficamente como: número de Nusselt e f Re e estudos da convergência dos perfis de velocidade,velocidade média, temperatura, temperatura média, pressãoo e pressão média no centro do duto são analisados. Os resultados são comparados com os dados disponíveis na literatura para validação e ajustes do modelo.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:59:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 1415567 bytes, checksum: 7b043cdad595239d38d4437820f24dd0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In the present study, forced convection flow in two-dimensional laminar simultaneous development pipeline with rectangular geometry, is analyzed analytically using the Navier-Stokes, Poisson and Energy in its primitive form. These equations are solved by the Generalized Integral Transform Technique, which is characteristic hybrid-numeric. The development work is composed primarily by restructuring the problem, so that, it can be solved by using the subroutine Fortran, IMSL Library, DBVPFD. Then, the results obtained are considered of practical interest, such as the velocity field, the temperature profile, the behavior of the average temperature, the Nusselt number and the friction factor, with the goal of providing a better parameter for construction equipment. These parameters are assessed both longitudinally and horizontally. Finally, the results are validated through convergence charts in order to comparisons with literature articles. / No presente estudo, a convecção forçada no escoamento bidimensional em desenvolvimento simultâneo laminar em dutos com geometria retangular, é analisada analiticamente através das equações de Navier-Stokes, Poisson e da Energia em sua forma primitiva. Estas equações são resolvidas pela Técnica da Transformada Integral Generalizada, que tem característica hibrida-numérica. O desenvolvimento do trabalho é composto primeiramente pela reestruturação do problema, afim de que, possa ser resolvido pelo Fortran por meio da subrotina, da biblioteca IMSL, DBVPFD. Em seguida, são obtidos os resultados considerados de interesse práticos, como o campo de velocidade, o perfil da temperatura, o comportamento da temperatura média, o numero de Nusselt e o fator de atrito, com o objetivo de proporcionar parâmetros para melhor dimensionamento de equipamentos. Esses parâmetros são avaliados tanto longitudinalmente quanto horizontalmente. Por fim, os resultados são validados através de tabelas de convergência e comparações com artigos da literatura especializada.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / With the aim of develop a computational tool for thermodynamic optimization of heat exchangers, a computational code was implemented to solve the Navier-Stokes equations in an axisymmetric domain using the finite volume method and central differencing with Runge-Kutta explicit temporal advance and pressure-velocity coupling of fractional step type. This work presents results of the numeric simulation of the fully developed flow with heat transfer in a tube of circular section with ribs or obstacles, periodically spaced in the flow direction. The simulations were carried out in two regimes, laminar and turbulent, out of the completely rough region, and in four different geometries. In the cases with the high Reynolds number, the Smagorinsky subgrid model with damping function was used to include the effects of the quasi-two-dimensional scales not solved. In both cases, the primitive variables were decomposed to use periodic boundary conditions in the flow direction and non-slip boundary conditions in the walls. The results obtained in laminar regime are satisfactory. In the turbulent regime the results show the deficiency of the Smagorinsky subgrid model, when it is applied in two-dimensional domains. / Com o objetivo de desenvolver uma ferramenta computacional que permita a otimização termodinâmica de trocadores de calor, foi implementado um código computacional para resolver as equações de Navier-Stokes num domínio axissimétrico, usando o método dos volumes finitos e diferenças centradas, com esquema temporal explícito de Runge Kutta e acoplamento pressão-velocidade do tipo passo fracionário. Neste trabalho são apresentados resultados da simulação numérica de escoamentos completamente desenvolvidos e com troca de calor, em um tubo de seção circular com nervuras ou obstáculos periodicamente espaçados na direção do escoamento. As simulações foram feitas em dois regimes, laminar e turbulento, fora da região completamente rugosa, e para quatro geometrias diferentes. Nos casos com números de Reynolds mais elevados, foi empregado o modelo de turbulência sub-malha de Smagorinsky com função de amortecimento, para incluir os efeitos das escalas quase bidimensionais não-resolvidas. Em ambos os casos, as variáveis primitivas foram decompostas para empregar condições de contorno periódicas na direção do escoamento e de não-escorregamento nas paredes. Os resultados obtidos em regime laminar são satisfatórios e, em regime turbulento, mostram a deficiência do modelo sub-malha de Smagorinsky, quando aplicado em domínios bidimensionais. / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Este trabalho tem como propósito investigar através do método Design Construtal a influência do espaçamento (S0) entre cilindros de seção transversal elíptica na maximização da densidade de transferência de calor em um escoamento externo sob efeito de convecção forçada. A razão de aspecto (r) entre os eixos vertical e horizontal dos cilindros elípticos também é um parâmetro avaliado. O estudo proposto é assumido bidimensional, incompressível, laminar e permanente. O regime de escoamento é dirigido por uma diferença de pressão ΔP, que se mantém através do domínio e é governada pelo número de Bejan (Be). Foram avaliados escoamentos com quatro diferentes números de Bejan, Be = 102, 103, 5.103, 104. O fluido que escoa através do domínio possui as propriedades termofisicas definidas pelo número de Prandtl, Pr = 0,72. O método Design Construtal, associado à busca exaustiva, foi empregado para determinar as restrições, graus de liberdade e o objetivo na avaliação geométrica do sistema A solução numérica das equações de conservação de massa, quantidade de movimento e energia foram resolvidas baseadas no método de volumes finitos, através do código comercial de dinâmica dos fluidos computacional FLUENT®. As geometrias e malha do domínio computacional foram desenvolvidas no pacote GAMBIT®. Como resultados, obteve-se que os casos ótimos apresentaram resultados consideravelmente melhores do que as demais configurações, onde se obteve ganhos de desempenho na densidade de transferência de calor de 50% a 97% em relação às configurações de menor desempenho estudadas. Além disso, foi possível verificar que o sistema adapta sua geometria ótima para cada condição de escoamento, a fim de proporcionar a melhor arquitetura de fluxo para atender ao objetivo térmico de maximizar a transferência de calor em um menor espaço físico, atendendo os princípios da Teoria Construtal. / This work investigates, through the Construtal Design method, the influence of the spacing (S0) between cylinders with elliptic cross in the maximization of the heat transfer density in an external flow with forced convection. The aspect ratio (r) between the vertical and horizontal axes of the elliptical cylinders is also evaluated. The proposed study is assumed twodimensional, incompressible, laminar and permanent. The flow regime is directed by a pressure difference ΔP, which is governed by the Bejan number (Be). The flows were evaluated for different values of the Bejan number, Be = 102, 103, 5.103, 104. The fluid flowing through the domain has its thermophysical properties defined by Prandtl number, Pr = 0.72. The Construtal Design method, associated with the exhaustive search, was used to determine the restrictions, degrees of freedom and objective in the geometric evaluation of the system. The numerical solution of the mass conservation, momentum and energy equations is solved based on the finite volume method, using the commercial fluid dynamics software FLUENT ®. The geometries and mesh of the computational domain were developed in the GAMBIT® package. The results show that the optimal cases performs considerably better than the other configurations, with an increase in the heat transfer density of 50% to 97% in comparison to the performance of lower level cases studied. In addition, it was possible to verify that the system adapts its optimal geometry to every flow condition in order to provide a better flow architecture that meets the thermal objective of maximizing a heat transfer in a smaller physical space in agreement with the principles of the Constructal Theory.

Orientador: Marcelo Moreira Ganzarolli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-22T20:18:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Avelar_AnaCristina_M.pdf: 5757345 bytes, checksum: ab66436b252ec7b8b48d4756dd9e7f42 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1997 / Resumo: Os constantes avanços tecnológicos em eletrônica e informática tem tornado os sistemas eletrônicos cada vez mais compactos, aumentando-se a quantidade de calor a ser removida dos componentes e placas de circuito impresso. Por este motivo, atualmente são exigidos sistemas de dissipação de calor altamente eficientes. Este estudo analisa teórica e experimentalmente a transferência de calor em canais verticais formados por placas de circuito impresso dispostas paralelamente, resfriadas por convecção natural e propõe uma modelagem, baseada em relações existentes na literatura, que busca prever a distribuição de temperaturas em pontos significativos nos canais e placas em função da potência dissipada e da distância entre as placas. Este estudo visa também analisar os efeitos do aquecimento não-uniforme das placas que formam o canal. Na simulação teórica, devido à pequena espessura da placa o gradiente de temperatura ao longo da espessura da mesma foi desprezado e resolveu-se numericamente a equação de transferência de calor em coordenadas cartesianas bidimensionais e em regime permanente. Equacionou-se balanços de energia para os componentes e para o ar no canal e o problema foi resolvido numericamente através de um programa computacional. As placas de circuito impresso utilizadas nos testes experimentais, concebidas exclusivamente para fins de estudos térmicos, possuem uma base de epóxi com 25 resistores discretamente distribuídos sobre sua superfície de 200x164mm. Realizou-se testes com aquecimento uniforme e não-uniforme, variando-se a potência por componentes nas placas. Variou-se também as potências por placas e as distâncias entre as mesmas. Testou-se as potências de 2, 4,6 e 8 W e as distâncias entre placas de 12,24, e 48mm. Verificou-se boa concordância entre os resultados numéricos e experimentais, principalmente para a menor distância entre placas, 12 mm, onde a diferença entre os resultados teóricos e experimentais foi muito pequena / Abstract: The constant technological advances in electronics and computations have made the electronic system increasingly more compact, thus increasing the amount of heat to be removed ITomthe components and printed circuit boards. For this reason, highly efficient system of heat removal are presently required. This study analyses both theoretically and experimentallyheat transfer in an array of vertical parallel printed circuit boards, cooled off by natural convection and proposes a modeling, based on correlation found in literature which tries to predict temperature distribution in significant places in the channels and boards as regards dissipated power and distance among boards. This study also aims at analyzing nonuniform heating effets of the channel made boards. In the theoritical simulation, due to the board' s small thickness, the temperature gradient across the board has been neglected, and the equation of heat transfer in two-dimensional Cartesian was numericallysolved, and on a steady state. Energy balances for the componentes were formulated, and the problem was numerically solved by a computer programo The printed circuit boards used in the experimental tests, manufactured speciallyfor heat trasnfer studies have an epoxy basis with 25 resistors discretely distributed on 200 x 164 mm. Uniform and non-uniform heating tests were performed, thus a variation of power and distance among them had a variation. The 2, 4, 6 and 8 W power and distance among 12, 24 and 48 mm boards were tested. Good agreements between numerical and experimentalresults were observed, mainlyfor the smaller distance among boards, 12 mm, the differencesbetween the theoretical and experimentalresults were small / Mestrado / Termica e Fluidos / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

La présente étude vise à comprendre les écoulements ainsi que les transferts de chaleur par convection dans une configuration représentative d’un moteur de traction automobile. La zone d’étude est constituée d’un stator extérieur lisse et fixe et d’un rotor intérieur tournant. Deux géométries de rotor ont été étudiées : un rotor cylindrique et un rotor encoché. Un écoulement axial est superposé à l’écoulement produit par la rotation. Pour le rotor lisse, des mesures ont été réalisées pour des valeurs du nombre de Reynolds axial de 2500 à 13900 et de rotation de 1250 à 4000. Pour le rotor encoché, le nombre de Reynolds axial varie également de 2500 à 13900 et le nombre de Reynolds de rotation de 5000 à 26000. Les mesures de vitesse réalisées par PIV au sein des encoches montrent un écoulement tourbillonnaire contrarotatif complexe. Dans la zone d’entrée, on peut noter une forte interaction entre l’écoulement des encoches et celui provenant des zones polaires. Les résultats thermiques obtenues par thermographie infrarouge sur le rotor encoché montrent que les transferts thermiques augmentent avec l’augmentation du nombre de Reynolds axial mais l’influence de la vitesse de rotation est plus complexe. Enfin, la comparaison des résultats thermiques entre rotors lisse et encoché, a permis de mieux comprendre l’effet des encoches sur le refroidissement global. / The present work aimed to experimentally study the flow and heat transfer in a configuration corresponding to the gap of an automotive electrical motor (a thin airlayer between the rotating (rotor) and stationary (stator) parts.) Two rotor geometries are studied: one cylindrical and the other one with four slots which reproduce a synchronous motor used in automotive traction. An axial flow is superimposed to the rotation flow thanks to a ventilation system. The two most important parameters are axial Reynolds number and rotational Reynolds number. Velocity measurements are performed by PIV and heat transfer by infrared thermography coupled with heated thin foils. A complex counter rotational vortex flow has been recorded in the slots. Moreover, this slot flow seems to interact with the pole flow in the inlet region. This interaction seems to disappear rapidly after entrance area. Heat transfer rate is 3D, with great differences between the two slots faces and the pole. Classically, heat transfer rate grows with increasing axial Reynolds number. The relation between heat transfer rate and rotation Reynolds number is more complex

This thesis consists of description of design and construction of device for measuring air velocity created in it´s practical part. In introduction is mentioned basic theoretical information related to given problem, in the next chapters is descripted design and construction of measuring device along with description of calibration proces. At the end is placed chapter about testing the final device.