Diss.--Heidelberg--Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, 1993. / Bibliogr. p. 129-143.

Texte remanié de: Th. doct.--Lettres--Paris 4, 1986. / Bibliogr. p. 291-310. Index.

This thesis is an exploration of the type of protagonist that tends to appear in a particular sub-genre, a scholar who behaves in the role of the hero. It tries to serve as a wide-ranging analysis of the sub-genre as a whole, including multiple mediums, but pays particular attention to the texts A Canticle for Leibowtiz and Oryx and Crake. The thesis also addresses the cultural work performed by post-apocalyptic fiction, and contends that the sub-genre serves as a way of questioning what is considered valuable within a culture, and why.

La fondation de l’Académie française en 1635 a donné lieu à d’intéressants développements en ce qui concerne la littérature et l’écriture au XVIIe siècle. C’est cet intérêt pour l’exploration de la langue et des limites de celle-ci qui formera l’objectif de cet ouvrage. Nous allons voir comment Cyrano de Bergerac et Guilleragues sont parvenus à pousser et exploiter les limites de la langue française pour insérer dans leurs recueils de lettres d’amour respectifs des figures de style et de rhétorique qui expriment à la fois le sentiment amoureux et des opinions voilées. Les deux auteurs utilisent la lettre d’amour pour révéler de façon dissimulée leur intérêts respectifs pour de tels thèmes que la guerre, la religion, la vie politique et la science. Nous allons aussi explorer les stratégies d’écriture employées par les auteurs telles que le cynisme, le monologue et la rétrospective nécessaires à la manipulation de la parole écrite afin d’insérer le double-sens dans le texte. Les thèmes et les stratégies d’écriture se chevauchent habituellement dans les lettres pour former un corpus hétérogène chez les deux auteurs. Nous allons porter un intérêt particulier au développement de ces catégories de lettres du point de vue féminin dans le corpus de Guilleragues et du point de vue masculin dans le corpus de Cyrano de Bergerac, tout en gardant à l’idée que l’aspect fictif du recueil de Guilleragues exprime souvent des essentialismes populaires de l’époque en ce qui concerne le point de vue féminin pour les comparer avec le point de vue masculin développé par Cyrano de Bergerac. / Arts, Faculty of / French, Hispanic, and Italian Studies, Department of / Graduate

archives@tulane.edu / 1 / Matthew Edwin Hayden

This creative thesis collects five fictional stories, as well as a critical preface entitled “Fractals and the Gestalt: the Hybridization of Genre.” The critical preface discusses genre as a literary element and explores techniques for effective genre hybridization. The stories range from psychological fiction to science fiction and fantasy fiction. Each story also employs elements from other genres as well. These stories collectively explore the concept of the other and themes of connection and ostracization.

Since the late seventies, the violence, speed and spectacle associated with the genres of war films, Westerns and the spectacular melodramas of early cinema have developed into a distinct genre of its own – the action film. With the development of the stylistic language at the core of this generic universe came derogatory generalisations and a tendency to categorise simplistically. To overcome these simplifications, this thesis explores the shifts in generic language to distinguish its subtleties and complexities of logic. Overwhelmingly the genre is considered masculine, but the purpose of this thesis is to explore the logic of this masculinity and analyse the effect of the feminine upon it. Beginning with overviews of the theoretical attempts to grasp the concept of genre that focus primarily on the limitations of the view of their having distinct boundaries, the theory that genre theory has failed is investigated. Leaving this view of boundaries through an exploration of symbolic universes that have translucent boundaries, the filmic movement of genre passes back and forth through the theoretical frameworks. The intention is not to analyse the overall concept of genre, but to focus on the symbolic universe and the language intrinsic to action films. The rules of action cannot be simply transposed onto other generic categories but stand-alone. Genre theory does not fail if approached from a perspective of discourse analysis focusing on the development of symbolic universes. Using Jacques Lacan’s theory of the four discourses, and focusing primarily on the oppositions of the Master’s and the Analyst’s discourse, the question moves from the listing of conventions as the markers of the boundaries of genre, to exploring why the combination of certain conventions and signifiers coming together created the genre. Through Lacanian discourse analysis it becomes apparent that the generally acknowledged logic of masculine and feminine are limited. The masculine is the ‘norm’ that appears to need no explanation, but the feminine has transgressed the norm and shown the construction of fantasy inherent in the genre. This has led to post-action films that are ambiguous both in their generic structure and symbolic language.

Th. univ.--Lettres--Paris, 1959. / Notes bibliogr. Index.

La présente thèse tend à démontrer l’existence d’une langue oraculaire, spécifique au sanctuaire apollinien de Delphes ; elle s’appuie sur un corpus de deux cent vingt et un oracles conçus dans l’esprit de la divination chresmologique delphique. Ces textes recueillis par les inscriptions, et surtout par la littérature qui les cite abondamment, servent de supports d’analyse pour dégager les traits caractéristiques de la formulation oraculaire, linguistiques, stylistiques et poétiques au sens large du terme. L’étude part des recueils d’oracles qui se sont constitués dès l’époque classique, avec des buts divers, et ont perduré jusqu’à l’époque impériale romaine. La première partie, qui analyse la présence de la chresmologie dans les textes, vise à y retrouver des traces de la divination delphique et à établir toutes les étapes de la production et de la réception oraculaire. Une fois ces données présentées, la deuxième partie fait une étude systématique des recueils d’oracles delphiques, de l’Antiquité à nos jours ; elle envisage aussi les oracles cités. La troisième partie a pour but de travailler les seuls textes dans le seul contexte de leur production et de révéler ce qui fait à la fois l’unité et la diversité du corpus : en relevant des procédés de langue et de style, l’étude définit une langue spécifique à l’Apollon de Delphes : la langue d’Apollon. / The study of 221 oracles from the Delphic sanctuary shows how a language has been created, specific to the sanctuary of Delphi : it is the voice of the god Apollo and his own language. The oracular texts, conceived in the spirit of the Delphic chresmologic divination, collected by inscriptions and especially by the literature which quotes them abundantly, are used as supports to analyse the linguistic, stylistic and poetic aspects and processes of the Delphic oracular language. The first part, which analyses the presence of the Delphic divination in the texts, shows that linguistically the oracles are exchanges between an enquirer and the god ; it is possible to find all the stages of their production and reception. The second part analyses the setting up of the Delphic collections, from Antiquity to our times. The third part shows a strong propensity for establishing linguistical codes, when it offers examples of meticulous, argumentative constructions. It also underlines the importance of the images (metaphors), puns, plays on syntactic or lexical antitheses, frequent riddles which the god subjects to the clearsightedness of the enquirers. The Delphic oracles are considered to be quoted texts which vary less in their enunciation than in their functions. We can tell that an oracular genre really exists, but the particular genre cannot exist without the others genres and depends on them. A Delphic oracular genre really exists, because the Delphic shrine was very powerful and very well known in the ancient Greek civilization as a cultural center, because we find in the Greek literature imitations of the oracles (pastiche and parody). Even if the texts do not belong to a specific and independent work, they present many linguistic and stylistic common marks : La langue d’Apollon (Apollo’s language).

Abstract The topic of this thesis is to provide an analysis of how language is perceived in the textbooks used in lower secondary school mother-tongue classes. Scientific literature on this subject has defined ‘perception of language’ as referring to a collective approach to words, structures and phenomena of a language. ‘Perception of language’ includes a comprehensive notion of language as a system, of the ways it can be used and of its influence to its users. This study aims to provide new information responding to the needs of language cultivation and teaching. New information is needed on several issues pertaining to pedagogical approaches to teaching of mother tongue and literature. Didactics must now respond to the challenges represented by every-day life. The theoretical framework for this thesis is provided by critical discourse analysis, in particular as put forward by Norman Fairclough. Accordingly, the contents of text books are addressed from five different aspects: (i) grammar, (ii) linguistic cultivation, (iii) text linguistics, (iv) variation and (v) semantics and pragmatics. The main conclusion is that mother tongue represents itself as a random and controversial phenomenon. The learner will be treated not only as a child but also as a full-grown with full capacities. A key assumption is, nevertheless, that the texts given in the books will provide the learner with new knowledge. Conclusions on the different topics discussed include: (i) In grammar only a limited range of topics are included: lexical classes and sentence constituents. (ii) Language cultivation (planning) as presented in the books involves grammatical aspects but same issues come into consideration year after year. (iii) As far as textual competences are concerned, media and non-entertainment communication show a high ranking at the cost of creative and word-play elements of facts-based texts. (iv) Variation in Finnish is presented in the text books rather comprehensively but still in a narrow way. However, this will allow for enhancing a “learner identity”. (v) Semantics and pragmatics only have a small presence in the last year even though their level of abstraction could prove them very useful at that stage. Text books contribute to the wide perception of mother tongue as a less-liked subject. Still: these books aim to come closer to the learner’s real life. It is well possible for the school to overcome these barriers to how language is used. Mother-tongue text books pave the way for the learner to become an informed, educated individual. / Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksen aiheena on kielikäsitys peruskoulun yläkoulun äidinkielen oppikirjoissa. Aiempaan tutkimuskirjallisuuteen nojautuen kielikäsitys on määritelty siten, että se tarkoittaa kollektiivista näkemystä kielen sanoista, rakenteista ja ilmiöistä. Kielikäsitys sisältää ajatuksen siitä, millainen kieli on järjestelmänä, mitä sillä voidaan tehdä ja mitä se tekee meille. Päämääränä on ollut tuottaa uutta tietoa käytännön kielenhuollon ja opetustyön tarpeisiin. Tarvitaan uutta tietoa monista äidinkielen ja kirjallisuuden pedagogiikan asioista. Didaktiikan täytyy koettaa vastata arkielämän asettamiin haasteisiin. Teoreettisena taustana on kriittinen diskurssianalyysi, erityisesti Norman Faircloughin viitoittaman esikuvan mukaisesti. Tällöin oppikirjojen sisältöjä kuvataan, tulkitaan ja selitetään viidestä eri näkökulmasta: (i) kieliopin, (ii) kielenhuollon, (iii) tekstiopin, (iv) variaation sekä (v) semantiikan ja pragmatiikan vinkkelistä. Keskeisin päätelmä on, että oppikirjoissa äidinkieli esittäytyy hajanaisena ja ristiriitaisena ilmiönä. Yhtäällä oppijaa lähestytään lapsena mutta toisaalla häntä pidetään täysivaltaisena aikuisena. Silti keskeistä on, että kasvatettavan uskotaan oppivan uusia asioita oppikirjojen tarjoamien tekstien varassa. Tarkastelluista osa-alueista voi todeta seuraavaa: (i) Kieliopin opetus rajoittuu vain muutamiin asioihin: sanaluokkiin ja lauseenjäseniin. (ii) Kielenhuollon yhteydessä käsitellään myös kieliopin asioita; kielenhuolto toistaa samoja asioita vuodesta toiseen. (iii) Tekstitaidoissa korostuu media ja asiaviestintä; asiaproosaan sisältyvä luovuus ja sanaleikittely jäävät katveeseen. (iv) Suomen kielen vaihtelua oppikirjat esittelevät laajasti mutta ohuesti; variaation käsittely sinänsä antaa mahdollisuudet oppijan identiteetin vahvistumiseen. (v) Peruskoulun viimeisellä luokalla semantiikan ja pragmatiikan osuus on vähäinen, vaikka abstraktiotasonsa perusteella juuri ne saattaisivat olla otollista oppiainesta. Oppikirjat ovat osaltaan vahvistamassa yleistä käsitystä, että äidinkieli on vastenmielinen oppiaine. Korostettava silti on, että esimerkiksi huumoria hyväksi käyttäen teokset yrittävät lähestyä oppijan todellisuutta. On mahdollista, että koulussa saavutetaan vapautuminen kielenkäytön pidikkeistä. Äidinkielen oppikirjat tarjoavat väylän oppijan sivistyä.