Despite being a common childhood complaint there is little research on growing pains. Existing research is inconsistent with regard to sample selection and prevalence rates. There are only two English language intervention studies, and with the exception of associations noted in prevalence research, there has been no systematic research on the potential impact of growing pains on daily activities. Lack of a universal definition of growing pains poses difficulty for both diagnosis and research. The purposes of the current investigation were to propose a definition of growing pains grounded in literature and clinical practice, to develop a conceptual model of growing pains, and to understand childrens experiences with growing pains. A mixed-method research program involved four phases. In phase I, a survey of physicians indicated the following definition of growing pains: Intermittent pain of unknown etiology, occurring nocturnally in the lower limbs. Features that may occur in some cases, but not part of the definition, include arm pain and daytime pain. In phase II, non-parametric statistical analyses of child, familial, and environmental variables in a rheumatology clinic database were conducted to determine potential risk factors for growing pains. Logistic regression modeling indicated an association between growing pains and maternal illness or rash during the pregnancy, maternal smoking during the pregnancy, delayed pull to standing (i.e., greater than age 10 months), and family histories of back pain and arthritis. Potential mechanisms for these empirical associations are explored. In phase III, qualitative interviews with children were conducted to develop a grounded theory of how children process their experiences. Children engaged in a process of evaluating their current and past experiences of growing pains to determine how to manage specific pain episodes. Their evaluation was influenced by how they understood their pain which in turn was influenced by their intrapersonal and interpersonal experiences. Phase IV integrated results and existing literature to develop a conceptual model of growing pains which outlines characteristic features, predisposing factors, triggers, alleviating actions, and associated psychosocial features. Implications of the process theory and the conceptual model of growing pains with regard to clinical practice and future research are discussed.

Jag har i den här uppsatsen beskrivit hur det råder en otydlighet i vad begreppen saklighet och allsidighet innebär inom skolans värld. Jag har framfört ett intresse för hur samhällskunskapslärare ser på begreppen och hur de tolkar dem. Jag har sen presenterat tidigare forskning om lärares uppfattningar och visat att intervjustudier, fenomenografi och grounded theory är vanligt inom denna typ av forskning. Min frågeställning berörde således huruvida lärarnas uppfattningar om saklighet och allsidighet gick att kategorisera. Med min utgångspunkt i fenomenografi och grounded theory har jag försökt att samla in en bredd av information för att sedan via en fenomenografisk analys försöka att kategorisera det lärarna berättat i sina utsagor. I min analys fann jag att likheterna mellan de sju intervjuade lärarna var mest framträdande. Lärarna definierar saklighet utifrån vad som är vetenskapligt och faktamässigt korrekt och allsidighet som närvaron av en frågas olika perspektiv i klassrummet. Framförallt framträder en balans mellan olika åsikter och presentationer av åsikter när de pratar om saklighet och allsidighet.

The problem itself is not an issue¡A it¡¦s up how you see it! With the wave of capital movement as well as the rapid conversion of industrial development¡A if the business operation cannot cope with it in the giant surge of the century¡A it would be doomed and be swallow up. Traditionally¡A the engineering industry in general is passive¡A be inseparable from the old framework while performing the execution works. However with the flow of capital investment¡A it is announced formally that an internationalized project is coming. Especially we cannot foresee the disasters and avoid it in time. The post-disaster reconstruction projects will push to weed through the old to bring forth the new. Facing the radical change of industry¡A the Taiwan engineering company¡A just start involving the international project¡A would not be only a turning point¡A but also a good timing of self-development and enhancing the constitution strength. It is probably that an International Contractor for EPC project located in Taiwan will be well positioned and reputable in the next decade. The execution of an international EPC contractor has become to an internationalized mode¡F and this study will explore the description of qualitative research methods and Grounded theory study and Dunning theory¡A then through the managing science of engineering management in a compact way¡A to derive step by step how a regional engineering company¡A engaging international engineering contract for ten years¡A to establish and plan their long-term competitiveness and the ability of sustainable growth. This study will collect and interview long-term cooperation in the work of international engineering business partners. Through their different views and opinions¡A and also by the dynamic strategic interaction and new 7S model and the basis of Resource-based theory¡A comment how to adjust the old thinking¡A plan an updated strategy of implementing an international engineering industry strategy pattern that is a project organization oriented for contract execution then¡A lead to the establishment of long-term competitive advantage The study also assert that a successful international EPC Contractor with goal of long-term operation¡A can thrive in the world with base in Taiwan¡A by technical upgrading¡A defining positive organization orientation¡A setting up specific operation target in mid-term and long term respectively.

The present study explored the stigmatization experiences of dirty workers in one dirty work job-female exotic dancers-in an effort to understand the components of dirty work stigma. The framework presented here is based on the integration of existing theory regarding the components of stigma and dirty work. Grounded theory was used to guide the collection and analysis of interviews from 18 participants. Five dirty work stigma components were identified in the participant accounts (i.e., awareness of negative perceptions, type of stigma, visibility, controllability, and type of taint). These components were centrally organized around the moral taint of the dirty work job of exotic dancing.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2000. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 380-388). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis(Ph.D.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2010 / Title from PDF (viewed on 2010-01-28) Department of Social Welfare Includes abstract Includes bibliographical references and appendices Available online via the OhioLINK ETD Center

Communication in all its various forms has one common goal: expressing and deciphering ideas. Education in recent years has taken a move towards more global approaches to learning/teaching. Within this context, more innovative and inclusive methods of communication need to be created. This study investigated the meaning-form connections in a modern dance experiment. Based on a poem, a dance was created and then performed for various audiences. Responses were recorded through survey and focus group interviews; and analyzed based on grounded theory (Strauss and Corbin, 1998; Charmaz, 2006). GT analysis coupled with hermeneutic constructivism offered an instructive and inclusive means of looking at the data. The results of the analysis along with inductive reasoning led to the result of six categories through which modern dance produces meaning and audiences decipher meaning from modern dance: Conflict Resolution, Personal Experience/Trait, Linguistic Structures, Abstract Concepts, Compatibility, and Technical Ability. The last stage of the study looked at a constructivist communication model “ecology of meanings model”, utilized its basic concept to build a communication for modern dance, and configured the newly found categories within it. My aim in this thesis project is to shed light on the manner in which a non-verbal means of communication, namely dance, is used to convey a message. The end result is a prototype of a possible communication model for modern dance which could afford choreographers/dancers/dance educators/dance spectators the ability to understand not only what modern dance means but also how. By illuminating this process, I hope that dance and communication experts will be able to enhance their educational procedures.

The purpose of this study was to develop an inductive theory describing the process that hospice nurses use to identify and respond to their patients' suffering. Additionally, the study sought to describe the coping strategies that hospice nurses used when working with patients they considered to be suffering. By examining nurses' responses to suffering, this study is the first step in developing effective interventions to alleviate patient suffering and mitigate its consequences on the nurses caring for those patients. Additionally, by knowing the different strategies that nurses use to cope when working with suffering patients, nurse administrators could institute educational programs, build supportive environments, and develop policies to support nurses as they deal with these difficult clinical situations. This is especially important in a hospice environment where the registered nurse is the focal point for ensuring ongoing patient assessment and implementation of the interdisciplinary plan of care by the various team members. Charmaz (2006) description of grounded theory methodology guided the study design and analysis. Participants identified and responded to their patients' suffering within the context of the nurse-patient relationship. Phases of the relationship included: preparation, establishment, cultivation, maintenance, and letting go. The participants gained insight into the psychosocial and existential aspects of the patient's psyches by cultivating the nurse-patient relationship. Within this relational context, the participants used a four-phase process: observation, issue assessment, suffering, and intervention to respond to their patient's suffering. In addition to pain and other signs of physical suffering, the participants identified other aspects of suffering: role losses, the patient's fear of the impending death, the patient's aloneness, and the patient's feelings of guilt or regret. Interestingly, suffering also was considered a family affair and could involve the loss of self-identity. While the participants recognized the importance of self-care, often they had difficulty naming strategies used to respond and cope with their patients' suffering. Clinical supervision and emotional support through mentoring and practical guidance need to be further developed to help nurses cope with the complexity of feelings that arise when caring for dying people. / text

The phenomena of men and depression is poorly understood. Men continue to be under diagnosed with depression but commit suicide four times the rate of women. This grounded theory study explored the psychosocial processes that occurred in men who suffered from depression. There were a total of nine men who participated in this study who ranged in age, educational level, and marital status. Eleven interviews were conducted with nine men.The theory that emerged from this study was Navigating Inward and Outward Through Depression. The process of navigating was the core concept and defined as a process of moving through depression and having to steer one's life in different directions in order to move in and out of the stages of depression. The first stage was: Being Different. In this stage the men attempted to share their feelings, but were constantly rejected by society came to believe that nobody cared or nobody would understand their feelings. The second stage, Concealing Feelings, refers to how the men learned to navigate out of stage one and into stage two of learning to hide their internal feelings and thoughts. The third stage, Disconnecting, was defined as the way the men would numb their emotional pain. As their emotional pain became more intense, the concealing no longer worked. The men used external behaviors to physically numb their pain. The fourth stage, Hitting Bottom, refers to the men losing hope for their future and wanting to give up on life. The men had thoughts of suicide or thoughts that death would be an option to relieve the emotional pain. The fifth stage, Acknowledging and Confronting, refers to the ability to acknowledge they were depressed and understand how depression was affecting their lives.

Postpartum Fatigue is a predominant concern of women after childbirth. Postpartum Fatigue is a pervasive and distressing experience that has negative health-related effects on women, infants, and families. Using grounded theory this study explored the process of postpartum fatigue in 13 women from diverse contexts in the six-week period after childbirth. The human process of Persevering emerged from the data. Persevering explained how participants continued Caregiving in the face of all but the most debilitating Postpartum Fatigue. Caregiving of the infant and older children was the outcome of the Persevering process. The need and ability to persevere emerged out of relationships between Postpartum Fatigue, Self-Transcendence, and Coping Techniques.Persevering is depicted by the model "Persevering through Postpartum Fatigue." The model has five major concepts: Influencing Factors, Postpartum Fatigue, Coping Techniques, Self-Transcendence, and Caregiving. Influencing Factors is a group of factors that participants identified as having the most influence on Postpartum Fatigue across the first six weeks postpartum. The three Influencing Factors were: Maternal-Infant Sleep Pattern Conflict, Infant Characteristics, and Fatigue Limiting Factors.Postpartum Fatigue was characterized by four dimensions: Mental, Physical, Stress-Worry, and Frustration. Each of these dimensions had empirical, context-dependent manifestations. Participants responded to Postpartum Fatigue by using a wide variety of Coping Techniques. Coping Techniques helped women manage Postpartum fatigue. Self-Transcendence was an ongoing human capacity called upon by the women to facilitate perseverance. Through the meaning and purpose ascribed to their infants and children, participants found the strength to persevere in caregiving through all but the most debilitating Postpartum Fatigue.The process of Persevering is explained through the relationships of Postpartum Fatigue, Coping Techniques, and Self-Transcendence. Profound negative feelings and an overwhelming desire to rest and sleep brought on by Postpartum Fatigue were offset by the use of Coping Techniques and Self-Transcendence, which enabled women to persevere in the provision of care to their children. "Persevering through Postpartum Fatigue" contributes a more explanatory view of Postpartum Fatigue as it is expressed in the everyday lives of postpartum women.