<p>Assessing and understanding the health needs and abilities of university and college students is vital in creating healthy campus communities. Student learning is a central part of the higher education academic mission, and health promotion serves this mission by supporting students and creating healthy learning environments. Findings from various studies suggest that students entering the university setting put themselves at risk through unhealthy behaviours. Health science students are the future health professionals who will teach health promotion and disease prevention. The aim of this study was to determine and analyse health risk behaviours and health promoting behaviours among health science students at the University of the Western Cape. The study further aimed to identify the factors influencing these students' engagement in these risk behaviours.</p>

Background: Patients with diagnosis of schizophrenia experienced a reduced life expectancy of up to 25 years as compared to people in general. Health promotion interventions concern behavior affecting interventions intended to improve the living habits of patients with diagnosis of schizophrenia. In this work, the psychiatric nurse had an important role in taking into consideration the resources of the patient. The literature indicated a difference between men and women what regarded nursing. Aim: To investigate health promotion interventions between genders for patients with diagnosis of schizophrenia. In addition, to identify predicting factors for the achievement of health promotion interventions. Method: The study design was retrospective cross-sectional. Data registered 2014 and 2015 in the national quality registry for psychosis care were analyzed statistically. The sample had a size of 5554 individuals. Results: Logistic regression analysis indicated that to be a man, have systolic hypertension and lack occupation were statistically significant variables that together affected whether or not patients had received health promotion interventions during the last twelve months, chi-squared test indicated no difference between men and women. However, chisquared test indicated that to be below 55 years of age, to have high school education and occupation were predicting factors for health promotion interventions. Conclusion: Being a man seemed to predict health promotion interventions, however systolic hypertension and lack of occupation were predicting factors together with being a man. Gender specific advice could be of help to the psychiatric nurse in the initial valuation of the needs of the patient.

The purpose of this study was to explore the need for school nurses in the Saudi school system and to explore the current role of nurses in school health education and health promotion in Saudi Arabia. The study used a qualitative approach that was guided by implementation literature. Fifteen participants (8 nursing students; 4 nursing faculty members; 3 nurses) answered open-ended questions and participated in semi-structured interviews. From the findings, three themes emerged to identify the current role of nurses in Saudi Arabian school: “Health educator”, “Health promoter”, and “Liaison with community”. Four themes were identified based on the potential role of nurses in Saudi Arabian schools: “Leadership role”, “Care provider role”, “Educator role”, and “Liaison with community”. Five themes were identified based on facilitators and barriers to providing health and physical education in Saudi schools: “University and college level support”, “School health services”, “Governmental support”, “Lack of cultural approval”, and “Demand for nurses exceeds supply”. This study contributes to our understanding of what are the current and potential roles of nurses in Saudi Arabian schools, are nursing students currently prepared to provide health education and promotion to school staff and students, and what facilitators and barriers exist for nursing to provide health education and promotion in Saudi schools. This information can contribute to decision-making processes, formulation of necessary legislation, and government measures towards the implementation of school nursing and physical education, particularly in girls’ schools in Saudi Arabia, so as to maximize health and wellness in the Saudi community. / Graduate / 0680,0523,0714 / hebah.alqallaf@gmail.com

Youth health promotion activities should reflect the concerns and interests of the youth being served. A quantitative exploration of youth concern related to health risk behaviour (HRB) engagement was conducted among youth in Winnipeg, MB. This study involved descriptive and inferential analysis of HRB engagement and attitude data from a cross-sectional survey of 250 youth (14–24 years). Chi-squared tests, Fisher’s exact tests, logistic regression and cluster analyses were employed to explore relationships between sociodemographic traits, HRB engagement, and HRB-specific concern. Findings demonstrated that A) youth in Winnipeg, regardless of their sociodemographic characteristics, do express concern about HRBs that they engage in; B) the likelihood of concern varies depending on what HRB one is examining; and C) while youth display similar trends in their concern about HRBs, different groups of youth, characterized by different patterns of engagement and sociodemographic traits vary in their likelihood of being concerned about particular HRBs. / October 2016

Increasing rates of obesity across all race, ethnic, gender, and age groups over the past thirty years have generated significant public health concern. Black children face disproportionately higher risk for overweight and obesity compared with their White peers. Substantial evidence suggests that parent involvement improves pediatric obesity treatment outcomes. Moreover, churches are feasible and culturally congruent places to host health promotion interventions within the Black community. The current study examined the feasibility of disseminating an existing pediatric obesity intervention, NOURISH, in Black church communities. Twenty-five families participated in baseline assessment of the NOURISH-C. Five churches hosted the intervention and eight individuals were trained to lead the sessions. It was hypothesized that parent participation in NOURISH-C would be associated with improvements in child dietary intake, quality of life, and physical activity. Significant increases in quality of life were found, but no other hypotheses related to child health outcomes were supported. Nonetheless, this study offers a unique contribution to the pediatric obesity literature through its focus on implementing a community based intervention in a primarily Black sample. Outcomes from the primary aim, which assessed feasibility, provide important guidance for future research. Specifically, barriers to and facilitators of the implementation of NOURISH-C are reviewed to inform future church based health promotion interventions. Additionally, current findings provide a framework for future community based iterations of NOURISH.

This research report submitted to the Faculty of Management, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Management January, 1995 / There is mounting concern about the increasing cost of healthcare, marketing it unaffordable for more people. Until recently, healthcare has been reactive and curative, in the main" as opposed to proactive and preventive. In the USA and Australia, much research has been undertaken on tne effectiveness of wellness programmes - any programme which aims to educate individuals On unhealthy practices and lifestyles, and thereby pre-empt or avoid severe ill1ness. In this country, wellness programmes are a relatively new approach. [Abbreviated Abstract. Open document to view full version]

Prenatal health programs and public health promotion provide strategies to mitigate modifiable risks to pregnancy. Women marginalized by race/ethnicity, disability, sexual identity, socioeconomic status, immigration, Francophone and Indigenous status experience barriers to prenatal service access. Multijurisdictional program evaluations were conducted to review prenatal health promotion, design, implementation and evaluation strategies for Canadian government-hosted websites, prenatal e-classes and international prenatal guidance documents. Gaps were noted in prenatal content targeted to non-Anglophone, immigrant, Indigenous and disabled women and LGBTQ communities. I recommend that prenatal program best practices consist of evidence-based, theoretical foundations which recognize the diverse interacting determinants of health across the lifespan. Intersectoral collaborations and integration of public health into primary care facilitates delivery of accessible, inclusive, woman-centred services. These best practices are anticipated to help harmonize prenatal programs across communities, which optimize maternal-child health and children’s long-term health outcomes.

The aim of this study was to investigate the sexual health needs of undergraduate women aged 18-25 years old who were sexually active but not married or cohabiting; in order to put forward recommendations for a health promotion intervention which may be applied in the practice setting. The thesis consists of three linked qualitative studies. The Part 1 study was an in-depth exploration of the women’s sexual lifestyles and behaviours to identify their health promotion needs. This study was conducted using a phenomenological approach employing Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). The Part 2 study was the systematic development of theoretically robust, evidence based intervention to respond to the health promotion needs identified in the Part 1 study. The third study was a consultation review of the initial materials with focus groups of undergraduate women aged 18-25 years old. The aim of which was to refine and amend the intervention to reflect the women’s perspectives. To undertake these tasks Intervention Mapping (IM) (Bartholomew et al., 2006) a health promotion programme planning framework was used as a guiding framework for the thesis. This study revealed the women traversed different types of sexual relationships. Within all types of relationships the women reported being risk averse and valued positive sexual health. Where a threat to sexual health was identified, they took action to reduce the threat. The threats identified differed depending on the relationship type. The distinct relationship types presented differing patterns of decision making, influenced by their values, emotional salience of the relationships and perception of sexual health risk. As such the different sexual health practices presented differing sexual health challenges and health promotion needs. This thesis suggests a quaternary model of female sexual agency outlining four distinct types of relationships - type (1) sexual debut and initial relationships, characterised by high emotion, type (2) casual sexual relationships, characterised by increasing sexual confidence and hedonistic attitudes, type (3) established but not permanent relationships, characterised by relationship stability but not sexual exclusivity (i.e. biological concurrency/behavioural concurrency) and type(4) marriage/cohabitation type relationships, characterised by increased sexual exclusivity. Many women described moving from type 1 relationships into type 2 relationships and then onto a type 3 relationship. However, once beyond type 1 the relationship types were not linear, the women described movement back and forth between type 2 and type 3 relationships. These were frequently with different partners, but could be with the same partner, for example; previous type 3 partners (established) could become a type 2 (casual partner). The study brought to light differing social constructs and expressions of female sexuality and sexual agency within the different relationship types. This enabled the identification of risk behaviours and their determinants, which in turn facilitated the process of intervention development. This enabled the creation of a tailored response to the women’s sexual health needs; thereby assisting the women to make fully informed contraceptive and sexual health choices. The study revealed how each step of the IM process contributes to the whole, augmenting the potential efficacy of the health promotion tools produced.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A OrganizaÃÃo Mundial da SaÃde (OMS) define a faixa etÃria da adolescÃncia como sendo entre 10 e 19 anos e o Estatuto da CrianÃa e do Adolescente (ECA) entre 12 e 18 anos. à uma fase da vida em que ocorrem a maturaÃÃo sexual, o acirramento de conflitos familiares e a formaÃÃo e cristalizaÃÃo de atitudes, valores e comportamentos. Lidar com essas situaÃÃes exige das equipes de saÃde uma abordagem integral e interdisciplinar. A polÃtica nacional de saÃde do adolescente, oferece orientaÃÃes bÃsicas para nortear a implantaÃÃo e/ou implementaÃÃo de aÃÃes e serviÃos de saÃde aos adolescentes e jovens de forma integral, resolutiva e participativa. Reconhece como desafio o acesso de adolescentes a serviÃos de qualidade, com a compreensÃo do significado e importÃncia das dimensÃes econÃmica, social e cultural que permeiam a vida desse grupo. O estudo objetivou analisar as prÃticas de enfermeiras na promoÃÃo da saÃde do adolescente, adotadas na EstratÃgia de SaÃde da FamÃlia (ESF), visando à prevenÃÃo da gravidez na adolescÃncia. O mÃtodo utilizado foi descritivo- exploratÃrio, com abordagem qualitativa. Teve como ambiente investigativo oito Centros de SaÃde da FamÃlia (CSF) do MunicÃpio de Fortaleza. A populaÃÃo constou de enfermeiras vinculadas à ESF, cujo grupo pesquisado foi constituÃdo por oito participantes. A tÃcnica utilizada para a coleta de dados foi o grupo focal e, como mÃtodo de anÃlise dos dados, as prÃticas discursivas e produÃÃo de sentido no cotidiano, tendo como recursos os mapas de associaÃÃo de idÃias. Os resultados das discussÃes foram dispostos em colunas temÃticas e em categorias de anÃlise, previamente definidas como: ConcepÃÃo de saÃde; ConcepÃÃo de promoÃÃo da saÃde e AtuaÃÃo/prÃticas na prevenÃÃo da gravidez na adolescÃncia. O estudo aponta como resultado que as enfermeiras concebem a saÃde e a promoÃÃo da saÃde entre o conceito tradicional (prevenÃÃo da doenÃa) e o mais amplo, pautado na promoÃÃo da saÃde; o planejamento das aÃÃes de promoÃÃo da saÃde do adolescente na prevenÃÃo da gravidez na adolescÃncia à feito na maioria das vezes de forma contingÃnte e de cunho campanhista, sem privilegiar o indivÃduo em sua integralidade; fragilidade na organizaÃÃo do sistema de referÃncia e contra-referÃncia; as aÃÃes intersetoriais sÃo incipientes; hà necessidade de ampliar o conhecimento, por parte das enfermeiras, sobre as polÃticas pÃblicas voltadas ao adolescente. As aÃÃes de promoÃÃo da saÃde permeiam a consulta de enfermagem e as atividades em grupo, ressaltando o acolhimento e a Ãtica como dispositivos que contribuem para promover um ambiente favorÃvel à saÃde do adolescente. Recomenda-se que as diretrizes propostas pela polÃtica de saÃde do adolescente sejam fortalecidas, no Ãmbito municipal, de forma que proporcionem à enfermeira condiÃÃes de promover aÃÃes intersetoriais e interdisciplinares de educaÃÃo sexual na perspectiva de prevenÃÃo da gravidez precoce, que integrem famÃlia, escola, e comunidade, contribuindo para o exercÃcio de uma sexualidade mais responsÃvel e segura. / The World Health Organization (WHO) defines the age of adolescence as being between 10 and 19 years and the Statute of the Child and Adolescent (ECA) between 12 and 18 years. It is a stage of life that occur the sexual maturation, the fierce of family conflicts and formation and crystallization of attitudes, values and behaviors. Dealing with such situations requires of health teams an integrated approach, including the prevention of adolescent pregnancy. The national health policy for the adolescent, offers a basic guidelines to guide the implantation and / or implementation of actions and health services to adolescents and young people in integral, participatory and decisive way. Recognizes as a challenge the access of adolescents to quality services, with the understanding of the meaning and importance of economic, social and cultural fields that permeate the lives of this group. The study aimed to examine the practices of nurses in promoting health of adolescents, adopted in the Strategy of Family Health (SFH), aimed the prevention of teenage pregnancy. The method used was descriptive and exploratory, with a qualitative approach and had as investigative environment eight Family Health Centers (CSF) of the city of Fortaleza. The population consisted of nurses linked to the SFH, which the researched group consisted of eight participants. The technique used to collect data was the focus group and as a method of data analysis, the discursive practices and production of meaning in everyday life, having as resources, the maps of association of ideas. The results of the discussions were arranged in columns on topics and categories of analysis, previously defined as: Conception of health, Conception of health promotion and Practice / practices in the prevention of teenage pregnancy. The study points as a result the nurses concepts the health and health promotion between the traditional concept (prevention of the disease) and broader, based on health promotion and the planning of actions to promote the health of adolescents in the prevention of teenage pregnancy has been most often on campaigns, without focusing on the individual on its integrality; weakness in the organization of the reference and cross-reference system, the inter-sector actions are incipient, there is need to expand the knowledge, by the nurses, about public policies focused on the adolescent. The actions of health promotion permeate the nursing consultation and the activities in groups, emphasizing the reception and ethics as devices that help to foster an environment conducive to the health of adolescents. It is recommended that the guidelines proposed by the Health Policy of adolescent be strengthened, in the municipal level, in order to provide the nurse, conditions to promote inter-sector and interdisciplinary actions of sex education in the context of prevention of early pregnancy, which includes the family, school and community, contributing to the pursuit of a safer and more responsible sexuality.

This qualitative exploration takes place within the context of homelessness, oral health and health promotion. The idea for this work was associated with 'An Action Plan for Improving Oral Health and Modernising NHS Dental Services in Scotland', which identified homeless people as a priority group. This led to ‘Something to Smile About’ (STSA), a pilot oral health promotion intervention for homelessness sector practitioners and homeless clients. An evaluation of STSA, which was judged to have failed, highlighted the interplay between intervention design, and the two principal stakeholders: practitioners and homeless clients. The aim of the research was to explore the contextual and experiential elements of homelessness that influence homeless people’s engagement with health promotion. As the research progressed, these two factors were conceptualised as the public and private faces of homelessness. It became apparent that to fully understand the issues surrounding homeless people’s engagement, it would be necessary to explore the private, innermost elements of homelessness. Seventeen homelessness sector practitioners and 34 homeless people took part in a qualitative exploration, in order to examine the engagement process from the perspective of both stakeholders. It emerged that that the homelessness policy context, coupled with work environments and perceptions of clients, shaped practitioners’ interactions and thus influenced client engagement. Practitioners utilised a narrow ‘window of engagement opportunity’ within a wider framework of managing client health problems and preparation for engagement, engaging with clients, and finally, disengaging from clients. From the work with homeless people, a ‘journey’ through homelessness emerged, in the form of a trajectory from ‘deconstruction’ of pre-homeless identity, to ‘construction’ of a homeless identity, and finally, to ‘reconstruction’ of a post-homeless, ‘reclaimed’ life. Appropriate points for engagement on this trajectory were identified. The thesis ends with a set of recommendations to assist practitioners to engage their homeless clients, and from the client perspective, encourage and facilitate engagement with practitioners and health promotion services.