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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
411

Remoção de metais pesados de efluentes sintéticos aquosos por nanofiltração / Heavy metal removal from aqueous synthetic wastewater by nanofiltration

Claudio Manoel Guimarães da Costa 31 March 2011 (has links)
O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a remoção de metais pesados de efluentes sintéticos aquosos através de nanofiltração, com utilização de membrana de poliamida. A membrana utilizada constituída de poliamida apresentou uma boa permeabilidade hidráulica, constatada pela linearidade de fluxo com a variação de pressão de trabalho. Os metais estudados foram cobre, cádmio, zinco, chumbo e níquel com especiação de nitrato e sulfato. O desempenho do sistema foi verificado pela variação dos parâmetros operacionais (pressão e fluxo), associados também com a variação da salinidade e da concentração do metal. Em uma etapa inicial estudou-se a remoção de metais (nitrato e sulfato) isoladamente em uma mesma concentração molar, na pressão de 10 bar, comparando-se as rejeições com e sem agente complexante (EDTA). Em uma segunda etapa, estudou-se o desempenho da membrana, com misturas dos metais (nitrato) e mistura de metais (sulfato), também com e sem agente complexante, os resultados mostraram que a presença de agente complexante melhorou a rejeição dos metais. Nestas misturas estudaram-se os efeitos das concentrações (0,001; 0,0005 e 0,0001mol/L) e das pressões (5; 7; 10 e 12,5 bar) no sistema de remoção, constatou-se que o aumento da concentração e diminuição da pressão afeta a remoção. Em uma terceira etapa, estudou-se a influência da salinidade pela mistura de dois metais de mesma especiação (sulfato), comparando a remoção na pressão de 10 bar. Os resultados atestaram uma rejeição maior que 94 % para todos metais, na pressão de 10 bar, indicando um excelente desempenho e fluxo adequado, daí viabilidade de processo para todas as concentrações testadas. A pertinência do teste se justifica pela adequação do permeado ao atendimento aos padrões ambientais de concentração de metais e confirmam a eficácia do sistema de nanofiltração na remoção de metais pesados / The objective of this work was to study the removal of heavy metals of aqueous synthetic efluentes through nanofiltração, with use of polyamide membrane. The membrane used constituted of polyamide it presented a good hydraulic permeabilidade, verified by the flow linearidade with the variation of work pressure. The studied metals were copper, cadmium, zinc, lead and nickel with speciation of nitrate and sulfate. The performance of the system was verified by the variation of the operational parameters (pressure and flow), also associated with the variation of the salinity and of the concentration of the metal. In an initial stage it was studied the removal of metals (nitrate and sulfate) separately in a same concentration molar, in the pressure of 10 bar, being compared the rejections with and without agent complexante (EDTA). In a second stage, it was studied the performance of the membrane, with mixtures of the metals (nitrate) and mixture of metals (sulfate), also with and without agent complexante, the results showed that the presence of agent complexante improved the rejection of the metals. In these mixtures they were studied the effects of the concentrations (0,001; 0,0005 and 0,0001mol/L) and of the pressures (5; 7; 10 and 12,5 bar) in the removal system, it was verified that the increase of the concentration and decrease of the pressure affects the removal. In a third stage, it was studied the influence of the salinity by the mixture of two metals of same speciation (sulfate), comparing the removal in the pressure of 10 bar. The results attested a larger rejection than 94% for all metals, in the pressure of 10 bar, indicating an excellent acting and appropriate flow, then process viability for all of the tested concentrations. The importance of the test is justified for the adaptation of the permeated to the service to the environmental patterns of concentration of metals and they confirm the effectiveness of the nanofiltração system in the removal of heavy metals
412

Determinação do potencial tóxico de cobre e níquel e seus complexos com EDTA frente à Daphnia similis / Determing the potential toxic effects of copper and nickel of its misture and its complexes with EDTA to Daphnia similis

Daniele Avilez Duó 29 March 2010 (has links)
Quando se trata de efluentes muito complexos e de amostras de água ou de sedimento de locais poluídos, é inviável ou até mesmo impossível detectar a presença de todas as substâncias presentes. Os principais contaminantes associados à poluição das águas naturais, tem-se os metais pesados, uma classe de compostos de toxicidade elevada e que são bioacumulados nos seres vivos. Desses metais, o cobre e o níquel se destacam, tanto por seu amplo uso em processos industriais, o que acarreta sua presença em diversos tipos de despejos, quanto por sua toxicidade elevada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o potencial tóxico do sulfato de cobre e sulfato de níquel, de sua mistura e seus complexos com EDTA frente a Daphnia similis para utilização na avaliação do desempenho do processo de separação com membranas no tratamento de efluentes. Em um estudo de toxicidade, as interações do metal com o organismo-teste são influenciadas pela espécie testada, pela combinação dos metais ou pela composição do meio aquoso. O íon Cu2+ apresentou toxicidade superior ao Ni2+, sendo que na mistura desses dois íons, prevaleceu o resultado obtido para o Cu2+, decorrente de sua maior toxicidade. A complexação dos metais reduz significativamente o potencial tóxico dos metais / When it comes to very complex effluents and water samples or sediment contaminated sites, it is impractical or even impossible to detect the presence of all substances. The main contaminants associated with the pollution of natural waters, has the heavy metals, a class of compounds of high toxicity and are bioaccumulated in living organisms. Of these metals, copper and nickel stand out, both for its wide use in industrial processes, leading to their presence in several kinds of evictions, and by their high toxicity. The objective of this study was to determine the potential toxic effects of copper salts II and nickel II of its moisture and its complexes with EDTA compared to Daphnia similis for use in assessing the performance of the separation membrane in the treatment of effluents. In a study of toxicity, the interactions of metal with the test organisms are influenced by the species tested, the combination of metals or the composition of the aqueous medium. The ion Cu 2+ toxic than the Ni2+, and the mixture of these two ions, prevailed the result obtained for the Cu2+, due to its greater toxicity. The complexation of metals greatly reduces the potential toxic metals
413

Processo de separação por membranas para remoção de sulfato de níquel e zinco de efluente sintético de indústrias metal-mecânicas / Membrane separation process to removal Ni e Zn

Luciana Maria Baptista Ventura 14 February 2008 (has links)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar o desempenho de membranas comerciais e funcionalizadas na remoção de metais pesados de efluentes sintéticos, simulando os efluentes gerados pelas indústrias metal-mecânicas. As membranas funcionalizadas foram preparadas em laboratório a partir de diferentes poli (éter imidas) sulfonadas, SPEI, que apresentavam alta hidrofilicidade e capacidade de troca iônica. As permeabilidades hidráulicas das membranas de SPEI aumentaram com o grau de sulfonação. Porém, as rejeições foram ainda muito baixas comparadas as membranas comerciais. Por esta razão, algumas membranas comerciais (NF-90, SW30, HRP98PP e BW30LE) foram investigadas e avaliadas quanto ao comportamento da permeabilidade de água e o grau de rejeição a metais pesados. Os resultados mostraram que a membrana de osmose inversa de baixa energia (BW30LE) tinha o melhor fluxo de água (48,44 L/h.m2) e grau de rejeição a cádmio (98%). Logo, ela foi selecionada para o tratamento dos efluentes sintéticos de indústrias metal-mecânicas contendo níquel e zinco. As indústrias da região de Valencia, na Espanha, forneceram amostras de seus efluentes para análise quantitativa, possibilitando o prepararo de soluções sintéticas modelos. Os resultados foram obtidos variando algumas condições de permeação, tais como a força motriz, o pH e a concentração dos metais na solução de alimentação. Os resultados indicaram que o processo de osmose inversa com a membrana BW30LE é altamente adequado para o tratamento de efluentes contendo metais pesados / The presente work aims to investigate the performance of new functionalized membranes and commercial membranes for heavy metal removal from aqueous effluents. The functionalized membranes were prepared from different sulfonated polyetherimide, SPEI, exhibiting high hydrophilicity and ion exchange capacity. The water permeability of SPEI membranes increased with the sulfonation degree, but with lower saline rejection than commercial membranes. Therefore, commercial membranes (NF-90, SW30, HRP98PP and BW30LE) were used to investigate the relationship between the water permeability and the metals retention. The highest water flux (48.44 L/h.m2) and cadmium rejection (98%) were observed using a reverse osmosis membrane (BW30LE). Then, it was selected to investigate the permeation of a synthetic wastewater containing nickel and zinc as poluted elements. The synthetic solutions were prepared considering samples supplied by industries in the Valencia region, in Spain, which were analyzed quantitatively. The permeation results showed that the membrane performance changed with the driven force (pressure), the pH solution and the metals concentration. The BW30LE membrane showed the best performance for removal of heavy metal in the wastewater treatment
414

Variabilidade espacial de cádmio, chumbo, cobre, níquel e zinco em um Latossolo tratado com lodo de esgoto por treze anos consecutivos

Lima, André Suêldo Tavares de [UNESP] 21 June 2011 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-06-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:02:00Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_ast_dr_jabo.pdf: 488777 bytes, checksum: e84221b740a11d0135cbea78c081862b (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O lodo de esgoto tem sido utilizado na agricultura com bons resultados, no entanto existe a tendência de utilização de altas doses de lodo de esgoto, que podem contaminar o solo com metais pesados tanto em superfície como em profundidade. Assim mapas de distribuição espacial de metais pesados no solo são fundamentais para o controle de riscos ambientais. Este trabalho teve como objetivos: estudar a variabilidade espacial de metais pesados em múltiplas escalas espaciais, para produzir mapas de interpolação por “krigagem” com melhor qualidade; avaliar a variabilidade espacial de Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb e Zn verificando a melhor performance dos resultados em função do número de amostras pela estatística clássica e pela geoestatística; determinar a variabilidade dos teores de Cu e Zn em amostras de solo coletadas em diferentes profundidades afim de verificar a mobilidade destes elementos num solo tratado com lodo de esgoto por treze anos. Foram avaliados 4 tratamentos com aplicação de 0, 5, 10 e 20 t ha-1 de lodo de esgoto e retiradas amostras de solo em 18, 33 e 66 pontos nas profundidades de 0 – 20 cm, 20 – 40 cm, 40 – 60 cm, 60 - 80 cm e 80 – 100 cm e determinou-se os teores totais de Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb e Zn. Todos os elementos estudados apresentaram mapas de isolinhas satisfatórios com 33 pontos de amostragens. As variáveis estudadas apresentaram estrutura de dependência espacial, o que permitiu o seu mapeamento, utilizando-se técnicas geoestatísticas. Os tratamentos que receberam lodo de esgoto apresentaram maior variabilidade espacial que a testemunha. O uso da geoestatística necessitou menor número de sub amostras quando comparado a estática clássica para obtenção de médias representativas. A aplicação de lodo de esgoto proporcionou movimentação de Zn do solo para camada sub superficial de 20 – 40 cm de profundidade e variabilidade espacial / Sewage sludge has been used with good results in agriculture, however there is a tendency to use high doses of sewage sludge, which can contaminate the soil with heavy metals in both surface and depth. Thus maps of spatial distribution of heavy metals in soil are essential for the control of environmental risks. This study aimed to: study the spatial variability of heavy metals at multiple spatial scales to produce maps of kriging interpolation with better quality, assess the spatial variability of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn by checking the results in better performance the number of samples by classical statistics and geostatistics, the variability of Cu and Zn in soil samples collected at different depths in order to verify the mobility of these elements in soil treated with sewage sludge for thirteen years. We evaluated four treatments with application of 0, 5, 10 and 20 t ha1 of sewage sludge and soil samples taken at 18, 33 and 66 points in depths from 0 - 20 cm, 20 - 40 cm, 40 - 60 cm, 60 - 80 and 80 - 100 cm and it was determined the total contents of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn. All the elements studied showed satisfactory contour maps with 33 sampling points. The variables showed spatial dependence structure, which allowed its mapping, using geostatistical techniques. The treatments that received sewage sludge had a higher spatial variability than the control. The use of geostatistics required less number of sub samples when compared to classical static to obtain representative averages. The application of sewage sludge provided movements of soil Zn for subsurface layer from 20 - 40 cm depth and spatial variability
415

Avaliação da qualidade da água do córrego São Caetano na área urbana do Município de Botucatu SP/

Souza, Ivan Fernandes de, 1953- January 2012 (has links)
Resumo: A qualidade da água do Córrego São Caetano no Município de Botucatu foi analisada através de parâmetros físico-químicos, microbiológicos e climáticos. Realizada no período de novembro de 2010 a setembro de 2011, bimestralmente em quatro pontos de amostragem, em duas estações predominantes, a chuvosa e a seca, com a meta de detectar possíveis alterações ao longo do sistema hídrico. Foram avaliadas as variáveis: temperatura do ar e da água, potencial hidrogeniônico (pH), condutividade elétrica, turbidez, oxigênio dissolvido, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO), carbono orgânico total (COT), nitrogênio, fósforo, cádmio, cromo, chumbo, mercúrio, coliformes totais, coliformes termotolerantes, pluviometria e radiação solar. A predominância do pH ácido com média de 6,3 na estação chuvosa e pH básico com média de 7,3 na estação de seca, associadas aos altos índices pluviométricos na estação chuvosa e baixos na estação de seca, contribuíram nas diluições e concentrações dos sais. A condutividade elétrica apresentou maior média no ponto 1 (327,4 μS.cm-1), indicativo de foco de contaminação poluidora por altas concentrações de sais e menor média no ponto 2 (159,8 μS.cm-1). O oxigênio dissolvido no ponto P4, de Maio a Setembro de 2011 atingiu o menor índice analisado de 1,38 mgO2.L-1, onde foi consumido o oxigênio disponível pela DBO, indicação de poluição de esgoto doméstico crítico por afetar o sistema aquático. As médias do COT na estação chuvosa apresentaram valores maiores que as médias do pH no mesmo período, em função da presença de carga orgânica, convertida em ácido através da degradação microbiana. O fósforo no ponto P4 apresenta valor máximo de 1,29 mg.L-1 em Maio de 2011, onde foi verificada ausência de chuvas nos 10 e 20 dias que antecederam as amostragens... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The water quality of the stream Sao Caetano in Botucatu was analyzed by physico-chemical, microbiological and climate. Held from November 2010 to September 2011, bimonthly in four sampling points in two seasons prevalent in wet and dry, with the goal of detecting possible changes along the water system. The variables: air temperature and water, hydrogen-ionic potential (pH), electrical conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total organic carbon (TOC), nitrogen, phosphorus, cadmium, chromium, lead , mercury, total coliform, fecal coliform, rainfall and solar radiation. The predominance of acidic pH with an average of 6.3 during the rainy season and basic pH with an average of 7.3 in the dry season associated with high rainfall in the wet season and low during the dry season, contributed in dilutions and concentrations of salts . The electrical conductivity showed higher average in 1 (327.4 μS.cm-1), indicative of an outbreak of contamination polluting by high concentrations of salts and lowest average in 2 (159.8 μS.cm-1). Dissolved oxygen at point P4, May to September 2011 reached the lowest rate of 1.38 analyzed mgO2.L-1, where the available oxygen was consumed by the BOD, indicating pollution... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Sérgio Campos / Coorientador: Assunta Maria Marques da Silva / Banca: Teresa Cristina Tarlei Pissarra / Banca: Osmar Delmanto Junior / Banca: Luciano Nardini Gomes / Banca: Fernanda Leite Ribeiro / Doutor
416

Health risk assessment of POPs and heavy metals in Hong Kong residents based on their concentrations in selected food items and different human tissues (blood plasma and adipose tissues)

Qin, Yanyan 01 January 2010 (has links)
No description available.
417

Improving heavy metal bioleaching efficiency through microbiological control of inhibitory substances in anaerobically digested sludge

Gu, Xiangyang 01 January 2003 (has links)
No description available.
418

The roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in arsenic uptake and tolerance of upland rice

Chan, Wai Fung 01 January 2011 (has links)
No description available.
419

Risk assessment and mycorrhizal remediation of cadmium contamination in vegetable farms around the Pearl River Delta, China

Hu, Junli 01 January 2013 (has links)
No description available.
420

Metallurgical sludges, bio/leaching and heavy metals recovery (Zn, Cu) / Boues métallurgiques, bio/lixiviation et récupération des métaux lourds (Zn, Cu)

Sethurajan, Manivannan 11 December 2015 (has links)
Ce travail de recherche a été réalisé dans le but de développer une technologie pour démontrer le potentiel des résidus métallurgiques comme une source secondaire de métaux lourds (Cu et Zn). Trois résidus de lixiviation de zinc différents (en fonction de leur âge de génération et de dépôt) (ZLR1, ZLR2 & ZLR3) et des résidus d'épuration de zinc (ZPR) ont été recueillis sur un site industriel de la métallurgie du zinc localisé au Brésil. Les échantillons de ZLRs et ZPR ont été analysé pour déterminer leurs caractéristiques minéralogiques et physico-chimiques. Le fractionnement de métaux lourds par extraction séquentielle et leur mobilité en fonction du pH ont été déterminés. La modélisation géochimique a été réalisée pour déterminer les mécanismes qui affectent la mobilisation des métaux lourds à partir de ces résidus. Ensuite, les résidus ont été soumis à des tests de lixiviation afin d’optimiser l'extraction de métaux lourds. La récupération sélective de métaux à partir des lixiviats acides a été obtenue par précipitation de sulfure métallique (MSP). Enfin, des séquences de procédés pour la récupération sélective de Cu et Zn ont été proposées. Les résultats révèlent que ZLRs contient une concentration importante de Zn (2,5% à 5%), Pb (1,7% à 2,3%) et des métaux tels que Mn, Cu, Al dans des fractions détectables. Les ZPRs contiennent une forte concentration de Cu (47%), Zn (28%), Cd (9%) et Pb (5%). Le fractionnement à l’aide d’acide acétique ou d’acide nitrique suggère que les résidus de lixiviation et de purification sont des déchets dangereux, qui libèrent une concentration de plomb et de cadmium dans l'environnement supérieure à la concentration admissible proposée par l’USEPA. La lixiviation des métaux à partir des résidus est très dépendante du pH. La lixiviation des métaux lourds (Zn & Cu) est élevée à pH acide et la libération des métaux diminue avec l'augmentation du pH. Les phases minérales sulfatées et carbonatées ont été identifiées comme celles contrôlant la solubilité des minéraux. La lixiviation de Zn à partir de ZLRs est fortement influencée par la température et la concentration en acide. La cinétique de lixiviation des ZLRs indique que plus de 92%, 85% et 70% du zinc peut être extrait de ZLR1, ZLR2 et ZLR3 par lixiviation à l’aide de H2SO4 (1,5 M). Les cinétiques de lixiviation de ZLRs avec l’acide sulfurique suivent le modèle cinétique à cœur rétrécissant. L'énergie d'activation nécessaire pour lixivier le zinc contenu dans ZLR1, ZLR2 et ZLR a été estimées à 2,24 kcal / mol, 6,63 kcal / mol et 11,7 kcal / mol, respectivement, à l’aide de l'équation d'Arrhenius. Les ordres de la réaction par rapport à la concentration en acide sulfurique ont également été déterminés comme étant respectivement de 0,2, 0,56, et 0,87 pour ZLR1, ZLR2 et ZLR3. La précipitation sélective du zinc (comme sphalérite) à partir des lixiviats a été obtenue par la combinaison d'une co-précipitation avec de l'hydroxyde et du sulfure. La lixiviation de Cu à partir de ZPR a été fortement influencée par le rapport solide-liquide et la vitesse d'agitation, ce qui suggère que le transfert de masse est contrôlé par la diffusion. Plus de 50%, 70% et 60% de Cd, Cu et Zn peuvent être lessivés à partir de ZPR en utilisant de l’H2SO4 1M . La covellite a été récupéré sélectivement à partir des lixiviats acides multi-métalliques (Cd, Cu et Zn) et les lixiviats ont été étudiés en optimisant le pH initial et le rapport massique Cuivre-sulfure. En conclusion, ces résidus métallurgiques dangereux peuvent être considérés comme une ressource alternative potentielle de Zn et Cu. Non seulement les coûts d'investissement et les questions environnementales liées au stockage / élimination de ces ZLRs & ZPR mais aussi à l'épuisement progressif des minerais sulfurés de haute qualité (pour Zn et Cu) peuvent être abordés. L'étude ouvre aussi une perspective de valorisation de ZLR & ZPR lessivés, pour la lixiviation sélective et de récupération de Pb / This research was carried out in order to develop a technology to demonstrate the metallurgical residues as a potential secondary source for heavy metals (Cu and Zn). Three different (based on their age of generation and deposition) zinc leach residues (ZLR1, ZLR2 & ZLR3) and zinc purification residue (ZPR) were collected from a Zn-metallurgical industry located in Brazil. The characterization of ZLRs and ZPR were examined for their mineralogical, physico-chemical, bulk chemical features. Fractionation of heavy metals and liquid-solid partitioning with respect to pH were also determined. Geo-chemical modelling was done to understand the mechanisms affecting the mineral solubilities of these residues. Following the above, the residues were subjected to (bio) leachability tests to optimize the maximal extraction of heavy metals. Later, the recovery of Zn (ZLRs) and Cu (ZPR) from the polymetallic acidic leachates were investigated. Finally, hydrometallurgical flow charts for the selective recovery of Cu and Zn were proposed. The results reveal that the ZLRs contain significant concentration of Zn (2.5% to 5%), Pb (1.7% to 2.3%) and metals such as Mn, Cu, and Al in detectable fractions. The ZPRs contain high concentration of Cu (47%), Zn (28%), Cd (9%) and Pb (5%). Fractionation with acetic and nitric acid suggest that both the leach and purification residues are hazardous wastes, releasing higher concentration of Pb and Cd into the environment, than the permissible concentration suggested by U.S. EPA. Leaching of metals from the residues is highly pH dependent. Heavy metals leaching (Zn & Cu) is high at low pH and the release of metals was decreased with increase in pH. Sulfated and carbonated mineral phases were predicted to be the solubility controlling minerals. The leaching of Zn from ZLRs was highly influenced by temperature and acid concentration. The results of the optimization of leaching parameters state that more than 92%, 85% and 70% of zinc can be extracted from ZLR1, ZLR2 and ZLR3 by H2SO4 (1.5 M) leaching (at 80 °C for 6 hours with a pulp density 2%, while the agitation speed was maintained 250 rpm). The sulfuric acid leaching of ZLRs follows the shrinking core diffusion model. The activation energy required to leach zinc from the ZLR1, ZLR2 and ZLR were estimated to be 2.24 Kcal/mol, 6.63 Kcal/mol and 11.7 Kcal/mol respectively, by Arrhenius equation. Order of the reaction with respect to the sulfuric acid concentration was also determined as 0.2, 0.56, and 0.87 for ZLR1, ZLR2 and ZLR3, respectively. Selective precipitation of Zn (as sphalerite) from the leachates was achieved by the combination of hydroxide and sulfide precipitation. Biohydrometallurgy is also as effective as the chemical hydrometallurgy for the selective Zn recovery from the ZLRs. Cu leaching from ZPR was highly influenced by solid to liquid phase ratio and agitation speed, suggesting that the mass transfer depends on the diffusion. More than, more than 50%, 70% and 60% of the total Cd, Cu and Zn can be leached from ZPR by 1M H2SO4 with 2% pulp density continuously shaken at 450 rpm at 80 °C. Covellite was selectively recovered from the acid multi-metallic (Cd, Cu & Zn) leachates were investigated by optimizing the initial pH and Cu to sulfide ratio. In conclusion, these hazardous metallurgical residues can be seen as potential alternative resource for Zn and Cu. Not only the capital costs and environmental issues associated with the storage/disposal of these ZLRs & ZPR but also the gradual depletion of high grade sulfidic ores (for Zn and Cu) can be addressed. The study also leaves a perspective of investigating the leached ZLR & ZPR, for the selective leaching and recovery of Pb

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