In the Saudi Arabian Red Sea, two of the seven species of sea turtles are known to nest and forage along the coast, the hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) and the green turtle (Chelonia mydas). As a result of some life history characteristics, sea turtles are particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic impacts. Under Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 and the recent opening of its borders to recreational tourists, the country aims to develop several large-scale projects along the Red Sea coast, locally known as “giga-projects”. Thus, imminent pressures from coastal development highlight the urgency needed for multi-country cooperation in protecting sea turtles in the region. This dissertation aims to establish some baseline data and protocols for future work to meet the data needs of the relevant conservation authorities in Saudi Arabia. In particular, this thesis contributes new and important information to some of the identified knowledge gaps for the Red Sea region, including sea turtle habitat use, threat assessment (plastic and heavy metal pollution), and evaluating hatching success. I used satellite telemetry to understand foraging home ranges of hawksbill and green turtles, post-nesting migrations, and inter-nesting habitat use of green turtles. Additionally, I used photo identification to understand the abundance and behavior of turtles at a Rabigh fringing reef, in the central Red Sea. I assessed two anthropogenic contaminants as a threat to Red Sea turtles: heavy metal contamination and plastic ingestion. Heavy metal concentrations in the sand were evaluated at the largest green turtle rookery in Saudi Arabia, Ras Baridi, which is located next to a cement factory. I also assessed the concentration of heavy metals in the tissues of dead hatchlings found at Ras Baridi. Additionally, I studied plastic ingestion in ten deceased turtles found along the Saudi Arabian Red Sea. In my last data chapter, I assessed the hatching success of green turtle nests, and investigated clutch relocation as a possible method of increasing success. The final chapter summarizes the results from this research in the context of the 2004 PERSGA Marine Turtle Conservation Plan, and provides possible conservation strategy recommendations to protect Red Sea turtles

Surges of Sargassum have become more severe and at the time of writing the largest surge yet is set to hit the Caribbean islands, affecting tourism and marine life negatively. Tourism is Grenada’s single handedly largest economic sector, which is why it is important to research the use of Sargassum. Furthermore, for its fertiliser needs, Grenada relies largely on importing inorganic fertiliser, which has become more expensive in recent years. Sargassum as feedstock for biogas digesters and utilising the digestate as fertiliser could be a viable option, but challenges include high heavy metal content and low concentration of nutrients compared to inorganic fertiliser. The aim of this project is to examine heavy metals contents in digestate derived from Sargassum and gaining knowledge about the current agricultural situation, with regards to fertiliser, through interviewing farmers and relevant political figures. The results from the heavy metal analysis of the liquid digestate showed that the concentration of both arsenic and cadmium were below the average for commercial organic fertilisers. However, further testing is considered to be required to conclude whether the product is suitable to use. Gathered from the interviews was that many farmers were concerned about the impact inorganic fertiliser had on the land, however, the choice of fertiliser was, in general heavily dependent on which type was available. Sargassum-based digestate could be viable on the island but challenges of reducing, transporting and separating heavy metals from the digestate have to be solved making it difficult for the Sargassum to be cost-effective. Furthermore, the farmers were very clear that they wanted a product which was safe to use. / Sargassumblomningar har blivit allvarligare och i skrivande stund väntas den största vågen hittills att drabba de karibiska öarna, vilket har en negativ påverkan på turismen och det marina livet. Turismen är Grenadas enskilt största ekonomiska sektor, och därför är det viktigt att undersöka användningsområdet för Sargassum. Dessutom är Grenada, för sitt gödselbehov, till stor del beroende av import av oorganiskt gödningsmedel, vilket har ökat i pris de senaste åren. Sargassum som inmatning för biogasrötningsanläggningar och användning av rötrester som gödningsmedel skulle kunna vara ett lönsamt alternativ, men utmaningarna är bland annat det höga innehållet av tungmetaller och den låga koncentrationen av näringsämnen jämfört med oorganiska gödningsmedel. Syftet med detta projekt är att undersöka innehållet av tungmetaller i digestat från Sargassum och att få kunskap om den nuvarande jordbrukssituationen gällande gödningsmedel genom att intervjua jordbrukare och relevanta politiker. Resultatet av den tungmetallanalys som genomfördes av det vätskeformiga digestatet visade ett innehåll av kadmium och arsenik som låg under medelvärdet för kommersiella organiska gödningsmedel. Däremot är vidare testning är nödvändig för att säkerställa att produkten är lämplig att använda. Intervjustudien visade att många jordbrukare var oroade över hur oorganiska gödselmedel påverkar marken, men att valet av gödselmedel i allmänhet var starkt beroende av vilken typ av gödningsmedel som fanns tillgängligt. Sargassumbaserat digestat skulle kunna vara lönsamt för användning på ön, men problemen med reducering, transport och separering av tungmetaller från digestatet måste lösas, vilket gör det svårt för Sargassum att vara kostnadseffektivt. Bönderna var slutligen tydliga med att digestatet från Sargassum behövde generera en ökning eller likvärdig produktion av deras grödor.

Phytoremediation has been intensively studied during the past decade due to its cost-effectiveness and environmental harmonies. Most of the studies on treatment of heavy metal pollution in soil and water by plant species have been done in developed countries but are limited in Vietnam. In this study, we presented some research results of phytoremediation of polluted soils and water with heavy metals that were done by Institute of Environmental Technology for several last years. For treatment of heavy metal pollution in the water, some plants have great ability to accumulate heavy metals such as Vetiveria zizanioides, Phragmites australis, Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes, Ipomoea aquatica, Nypa fruticans and Enhydra fluctuans. The heavy metal uptake into shoots and roots of 33 indigenous plant species in Thai Nguyen province was also determined. Two species of the plants investigated, Pteris vittata L. and Pityrogramma calomelanos L. were As hyperaccumulators, containing more than 0.1% As in their shoots while Eleusine indica, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotundus and Equisetum ramosissimum accumulated very high Pb (0.15-0.65%) and Zn (0.22-1.56%) concentrations in their roots. Some experiments to clarify the potential of several plants as good candidates for phytoremediation of polluted soil by heavy metals were carried out in our institute. / Phương pháp sử dụng thực vật để xử lý ô nhiễm đã được nghiên cứu nhiều trong thập kỷ qua do chi phí thấp và thân thiện với môi trường. Hầu hết các nghiên cứu về xử lý ô nhiễm kim loại nặng trong đất và nước bằng thực vật đã được thực hiện ở các nước phát triển nhưng ít có tại Việt Nam. Trong nghiên cứu này, chúng tôi giới thiệu một số kết quả dùng công nghệ thực vật để xử lý ô nhiễm kim loại nặng trong đất và nước tại Viện Công nghệ môi trường trong những năm gần đây. Dối với xử lý ô nhiễm kim loại nặng trong nước, một số thực vật có khả năng tích lũy tốt kim loại nặng như Vetiveria zizanioides, Phragmites australis, Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes, Ipomoea aquatica, Nypa fruticans và Enhydra fluctuans. Sự hấp thụ và tích lũy kim loại nặng trong phần trên mặt đất và rễ của 33 loài thực vật bản địa tại Thái Nguyên cũng đã được xác định. Hai loài thực vật khảo sát là Pteris vittata và Pityrogramma calomelanos là những loài siêu tích lũy As, chứa hơn 0,1% As trong phần trên mặt đất của cây. leusine indica, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotundus và Equisetum ramosissimum tích lũy Pb (0,15-0,65%) và Zn (0,22-1,56%) rất cao trong rễ. Một số thí nghiệm đánh giá tiềm năng của một số thực vật là đối tượng tốt cho xử lý ô nhiễm kim loại nặng trong đất đã được tiến hành trong phòng thí nghiệm của Viện Công nghệ môi trường.

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