L’étude comparative des normes du droit islamique et du DIH révèle de nombreux points de convergences aussi bien en ce qui concerne le droit de La Haye que le droit de Genève. De plus, les Etats musulmans membres de l’OCI qui sont tous parties aux conventions de Genève de 1949 et en majorité aux PA de 1977, sont impliqués dans les actions de mise en œuvre du DIH initiées ou dirigées par le CICR, que ces actions relèvent de l’article 1 commun des Conventions de Genève ou du contrôle a priori et/ou a posteriori de la mise en œuvre du DIH. En outre, ces Etats ont adopté des textes favorisant l’application conjointe des droits de l’homme et du DIH tels que la Déclaration du Caire sur les droits de l’homme en Islam de 1990. La contribution des Etats musulmans concerne les mécanismes de mise en œuvre en période de paix et de conflits armés et se matérialise aussi bien par la coopération interétatique qu’à travers celle avec les ONG et notamment le CICR. Bien que le concept de jihad puisse soulever des difficultés, les motifs politiques, davantage que religieux, expliquent certaines réticences des Etats musulmans en matière de mise en œuvre du DIH. / The comparative study of the norms of the Islamic Law and the International Humanitarian Law (IHL) reveals numerous points of convergences with regards to both The Hague Law and Geneva Law, as it can be noticed in the works of the major authors of the Muslim Law of war. Furthermore, the Muslim member States of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, member States of the 1949 four Geneva Conventions or/and the 1977 Additional Protocols, are involved in actions initiated or regulated by ICRC, whether these actions fall under the common Article 1 of the four 1949 Geneva Conventions, or concern the monitoring a priori or a posteriori of the IHL implementation. Besides, many instruments such as the 1990 Declaration of Cairo on Human Rights in Islam have been adopted by the Muslim States, thus favoring the simultaneous implementation of IHL and Human Rights. The contribution of the Muslim States concerns the mechanisms of implementation in periods of peace and armed Conflicts and is realized through both interstate and NGOs cooperation, in particular with ICRC. Although the concept of jihad can raise some difficulties, political motives, more than religious, give explanations for reluctances of the Muslim States as far as the Implementation of IHL is concerned.

Quels rapports entretiennent le jus contra bellum et le jus in bello ?S’agit-il de deux corps de règles indépendants? Ou sont-ils au contraire influencés l’un par l’autre, comme certaines théories le professent de manière récurrente ?Dans la présente thèse, nous avons tenté de répondre à cette question et de clarifier certains aspects fondamentaux des relations entre ces deux corps de règles.<p><p>Dans la première partie, nous avons procédé à l’étude du principe de l’égalité des belligérants. Ce principe constitue la pierre angulaire de l’application des règles du DIH et proscrit toute invocation du jus contra bellum pour influencer l’application du jus in bello. Cela n’est pas évidemment sans poser de problèmes dans un ordre juridique dont une des règles fondamentales interdit le recours à la force. Ainsi, le principe de l’égalité des belligérants a fait l’objet de théories visant à remettre en cause son caractère absolu. Notre étude a montré qu’il n’en était rien. Le principe de l’égalité des belligérants est de nature coutumière et ne souffre pas d’exception. Ainsi, il incarne, dans sa forme la plus absolue, l’indépendance qui existe entre le jus contra bellum et le jus in bello. <p><p>La seconde partie de notre étude a eu pour objet de vérifier si cette indépendance pouvait également caractériser d’autres aspects des relations entre ces deux corps de règles, ou si on contraire, l’étanchéité entre ces deux branches du droit international n’était pas absolue. Ont été analysés, d’une part, les champs d’application ratione materiae et personae de ces corps de règles et, d’autre part, deux notions de fond qui sont considérées comme formant des « ponts » entre le jus contra bellum et le jus in bello :la nécessité et la proportionnalité. Ici encore, notre analyse confirme que l’indépendance constitue la caractéristique principale des relations entre le jus contra bellum et le jus in bello. / Doctorat en Sciences juridiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

1 Abstract Legal Status of Prisoners of War The thesis "Legal Status of Prisoners of War" deals with the issue of war captivity in the context of international humanitarian law (also referred to as "IHL"), or more precisely in the context of the Law of Geneva. In the field of war captivity, both IHL legislation and a number of other international legal branches (e.g. general international law, international criminal law, or international human rights law) are confronted. The thesis pursues two objectives: descriptive and analytical. The descriptive aim is to give a comprehensive overview of the development of the legal regime of war captivity and to familiarize readers with the legal regime of war captivity and the treatment of prisoners of war (also referred to as "POW"), according to the valid sources of international humanitarian law. The analytical aim of the thesis is to find the answer to the research question, who is the combatant, or more precisely who is entitled to the POW status after falling into the enemy's power? The thesis consists of the introduction, which are divided into three parts, and the conclusion. The introduction presents the theme of the thesis, pursued objectives including the research question and outlines the structure of the text itself. The first part of the thesis introduces...

Prohibited means and methods of armed conflicts The goal of this diploma thesis is to analyse more frequent use of Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAV) in armed conflicts under the international humanitarian law. Although the idea to use UAV is not new, there has been a boom of their deployment in last two decades. Technological progress, the transformation of the nature of armed conflicts and the idea of the war on terror are the main reasons why UAVs have become an indispensable tool in war equipment of all the main world's armies. But just like every new technology, also UAVs raise questions about their legality. Therefore, this work aims to assess whether UAVs may represent prohibited mean of warfare or whether their usage is not in contrary to international humanitarian law. The main text of this diploma thesis consists of five main thematic blocks. The first chapter represents an excursion into the history and development of international humanitarian law. It outlines its division into two branches, the Geneva and Haague law. In addition the first part also defines its position within public international law and its interaction with international law of human rights. The second part consists of definitions of basic terms which the norms of international humanitarian law operate with. The first of them...

Magister Administrationis - MAdmin / This thesis attempts to assess the role Africa has played to further the humanitarian approach to nuclear weapons disarmament. Particular focus is on the Pelindaba Treaty and whether it has been able to strengthen the call for disarmament based on the humanitarian approach. The findings of this research are that the Pelindaba treaty did contribute indirectly to the strengthening of the humanitarian initiative of nuclear weapons disarmament because the Treaty serves as an important contribution towards the achievement of a world without nuclear weapons, which is the key objective of the humanitarian initiative of nuclear weapons disarmament. In addition, the Pelindaba Treaty has also contributed in strengthening the call for overall nuclear disarmament. This is the case as 53 states signed the treaty to rid the continent of nuclear weapons and any direct threats associated with those weapons. In so doing, it has contributed greatly to disarmament efforts. A nuclear weapons free zone across the continent is a powerful statement about the desire for a nuclear free world. It has provided African states with a foundation for engaging in the humanitarian initiative, as it led to some standardisation of statements/positions. Also, since the inception of the humanitarian approach to disarmament, African states have contributed greatly to the initiative. In terms of numbers, in the three conferences on the humanitarian impact of nuclear weapons use that have taken place between 2013 and 2014 (in Oslo, Nayarit and Vienna), it was witnessed that the number of participating African states increased from 34 in the first meeting to 45 in the last meeting. This alone indicates the determination and commitment by these African states to the initiative. Conclusively, this research determined that the Pelindaba Treaty and efforts of African states in general have contributed towards strengthening the call for not only the humanitarian initiative to nuclear weapons disarmament but also to disarmament overall.

Application of the international law of occupation in situations of a long-term occupation Abstract The topic of the master thesis is an analysis of the application of the international law of occupation in a situation of a long-term occupation, i.e. an occupation which spreads over years or decades. The aim of the thesis is to critically assess whether the current legal framework, i.e. the law of occupation as a part of the international humanitarian law, corresponds to the specific conditions of a long-term occupation, with regard to fulfilling the objectives of international humanitarian law and international human rights law, or not. The first part anchors the law of occupation within the legal framework, i.e. within international humanitarian law, introduces the concept of occupation and long-term occupation and outlines the responsibilities of the occupation power under the law of occupation. One chapter focuses specifically on the role of international human rights law in the armed conflicts. The core of the thesis identifies the challenges the international law of occupation is currently facing. The assessment shows that the occupation law does not reflect the specific circumstances and conditions of a long-term occupation, especially with respect to the needs of occupied population, and does not...

Historically, women in conflict and post-conflict situations have on the basis of their status been subjected to harmful and discriminatory practices which run contrary to international, regional and domestic provisions guaranteeing various human rights including the rights to freedom from torture, cruel, inhumane and degrading treatment or punishment; discrimination; violence; privacy and autonomous decision making within the context of healthcare etc. Whereas recent years have seen an improvement in State responses globally, in Nigeria the experiences of women in conflict and post-conflict situations remain deplorable. Despite the ratification of various international and regional treaties in this regard, issues revolving around access to safe abortion remain problematic. They are also further complicated by questions of holistic adoption and implementation of ratified instruments in this regard. Consequently, though consensus has been achieved on paper, implementation remains a mirage particularly across the Middle Belt region and the Northeast which are grappling with farmer-herder conflict and insurgency by proscribed armed groups respectively. This mini-dissertation discusses in-depth the current framework for the protection of women’s reproductive health and rights related to access to abortion services in conflict and post-conflict situations in Nigeria in view of international and regional human rights obligations, highlighting the challenges and prospects and identifies key opportunities for consideration in the protection of these rights by municipal law. This research is relevant to legal, ethical and social discourses as well as issues of policy formulation and implementation related to reproductive health and rights protection in conflict and post-conflict situations within Nigeria. / Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2021. / NRF / Centre for Human Rights / LLM / Unrestricted

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The international community has shied away from instituting safe havens in conflict zones since the fall of Srebreniça in 1995. However, a look at the roles of safe havens in genocidal violence provides a deeper understanding of the need for these spaces to be established in a timely fashion. The strategic use of cultural safe havens as places for mass violence, necessitates the establishment of international safe havens for the protection of the targeted population, yet an analysis of the relationship between cultural safe havens and international safe havens has not been done before. As such, this research seeks to shed light on the relationship between the use of cultural safe havens, their inherent danger in cases of genocide, and the need for better models for international safe havens in times of violence. It is the researcher’s argument that to achieve this, the very perception of safety must be reimagined. Using content analysis methodology in the form of case studies, along with historical sociology, this research analyzes accounts of genocidal campaigns – Armenia, Rwanda and Bosnia – to explain the relationship between the dangers of cultural safe havens and the subsequent need for international safe havens that are established in time to save the victimized populations.

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