Published Article / The Meat Safety Act, Act 40 of 2000 compels all registered abattoirs in South Africa to implement and maintain a Hygiene Management System (HMS) to ensure the safe processing of meat. The HMS is a basic food safety system that focuses on process standards that are designed to reduce the risk of contamination of meat and meat products during processing. Part of the Poultry regulations provide the requirements of HMS and were published by government on the 24th of February 2006. However, no guidelines were published or made available to poultry abattoir operators on how to interpret and implement the requirements of the HMS. The aim of this research was to determine the extent of HMS implementation at poultry abattoirs in Gauteng. The intention was to identify short comings, if any, within implemented HMSs with the intention of promoting compliance. This was achieved by developing common themes from research audit findings. These themes were then used to suggest critical areas that should be addressed during the development of an HMS implementation guideline document.

Syfte: Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie var att studera attityder och erfarenheter om munhygien hos en grupp vuxna med utländsk bakgrund i Sverige. Material och Metod: Intervjuer utfördes med tio informanter på en SFI-utbildning i Sverige. En frågeguide med öppna frågor användes. Intervjuerna utfördes på svenska och engelska. Resultat: Det visade sig att det fanns ett antal bidragande faktorer till informanternas attityder och erfarenheter kring munhygien. Dessa faktorer/subkategorier ingick under fem huvudkategorier. Huvudkategorierna var hälsomedvetenhet, motivation, social påverkan, pris och munhygienrutiner. Informanterna ansåg att det var svårt att bryta gamla vanor. De var vana vid att använda både tandborste och Miswak, men de var inte vana vid approximal rengöring. Slutsatser: Tandvårdspersonal bör vara lyhörd för vad migranter kan och tycker, men även kunna delge inflyttande information om svenska tandvårdskulturen på ett bra sätt. / The aim: The aim of this qualitative study was to study the attitudes and experiences about oral care in a group of adults with a foreign background in Sweden. Method: Interviews were conducted with ten informants on a SFI training in Sweden. An interview guide with open questions was used. The interviews were conducted in Swedish and English. Results: There were a number of contributing factors to the informants’ knowledge, attitudes and experiences regarding oral hygiene. These factors were termed as subcategories and were listed below five main categories. The main categories were health awareness, motivation, social influence, prices and oral hygiene practices. The informants felt that it was difficult to break old habits. They were accustomed to using both toothbrush and Miswak, but not inter dental cleaning aids. Conclusions Dental professionals should be sensitive to the knowledge and the capabilities of migrants but also be able to convey the Swedish dental culture in a good way.

Educating girls is advantageous for future livelihood security and socio economic development. Menstruating schoolgirls especially need to experience improved menstrual hygiene management (MHM) within schools in order to obtain quality education towards securing future as well as present wellbeing. This paper explores how menstruating schoolgirls’ opportunities are affected by insufficient water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) facilities in schools within Sub-Saharan Africa. The required information has been gathered through a qualitative research method using scientifically based material on the situation of MHM in Sub-Saharan African schools as well as semi-structured questionnaires alongside my personal recollection of MHM. Focus has been given to the capabilities of menstruating schoolgirls under existing WASH facilities in schools analysed through the Capability Approach. Effects of poor MHM in schools are known to cause discomfort and poor constructive participation during lessons as well as decreased school attendance. A gender-based approach has also been examined which presents most schools as non-conducive towards girl’s education promotion. / Utbildning är gynnsam för deras framtida försörjningsmöjligheter samt för socioekonomisk utveckling. Menstruerande skolflickor är mest utsatta under de otillräckliga sanitetsförhållanden som råder i flera skolor söder om Sahara. Den här rapporten utforskar skolflickors förmåga att sköta deras menshygien under skolvistelsen samt hur bristande sanitetsresurser påverkar flickornas framtida utsikter och akademiska kapacitet. Undersökningen är baserad på en kombination av kvalitativa metoder och material som vetenskapliga studier, en semistrukturerade enkätundersökning samt min egen erfarenhet av menshygien i skolor söder om Sahara. Fokus har tillägnats menstruerande skolflickors möjligheter att hantera deras mens i ohygieniska förhållanden genom att koppla detta till ”The Capability Approach”. Avsaknaden av fungerande sanitetsstrukturer försämrar skolflickors välmående vilket leder till nedsatt deltagande under lektioner samt minskad skolgång vid mens. En könsbaserad utgångspunkt har det också påvisat att skolorna är mindre anpassande för flickor.

Wong Pui-ying. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 59-62). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.3 / Chapter 2.1 --- Income and Nutrition --- p.3 / Chapter 2.2 --- Determinants of Child Health --- p.4 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Income --- p.4 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Parental Education --- p.6 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Other Determinants --- p.8 / Chapter 3 --- "Empirical Model, Data and Variables" --- p.11 / Chapter 3.1 --- Empirical Model --- p.11 / Chapter 3.2 --- Data --- p.13 / Chapter 3.3 --- Variables --- p.14 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Dependent Variables for Child Nutrition --- p.14 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Dependent Variables for Child Health --- p.15 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Independent Variables --- p.18 / Chapter 4 --- Empirical Results --- p.20 / Chapter 4.1 --- Determinants of Child Nutrition --- p.20 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- The Income Effect --- p.20 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Non-linear Effect of Income --- p.21 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Parental Education --- p.21 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Permanent Income --- p.22 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- Difference between Rural and Urban Areas --- p.23 / Chapter 4.2 --- Determinants of Child Health --- p.23 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- The Income Effect --- p.23 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Non-linear Effect of Income --- p.25 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Parental Education --- p.25 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Permanent Income --- p.26 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- Difference between Rural and Urban Areas --- p.27 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Other Variables --- p.28 / Chapter A. --- "Parental Heights, Weights and Health Status" --- p.28 / Chapter B. --- Water and Sanitation --- p.29 / Chapter C. --- Insurance --- p.30 / Chapter D. --- Parental Health-Related Behaviors --- p.31 / Chapter 5 --- Conclusion --- p.33 / Tables --- p.34 / References --- p.59

Background: Low participation in sport and physical activity pose a continuing public health challenge. In response, partnership approaches have commonly been employed in community public health interventions. However, evidence concerning sport and physical activity partnerships remains underdeveloped. Aim and methods: The aim of the research was to investigate the attitudes, perceptions, and experiences of community stakeholders participating in Community Sports Networks (CSNs) in England. A mixed methods research design was adopted. The quantitative component consisted of a sample of 171 CSN members from across England. The qualitative component consisted of a sample of 23 key informants from a single county in the South West of England. A synthesised grounded theory approach was used to integrate data. This involved: 1. Analysis of survey responses. 2. Analysis of interview transcripts. 3. Analysis of additional data including notes from CSN meetings and secondary documents. In addition, inferential statistical analyses were conducted on the quantitative data to assess the contributions from sets of predictor variables on the value of binary outcome variables. The results showed: 1. Participation in CSNs could be explained by a conceptual model which located 'searching for value' as the core category. Four sub-categories of notionally endorsing, speculating, scrutinising, and embedding helped to explain the participation process. 2. Perceived costs (OR = 0.89, 95% Cl 0.82 to 0.94, P < 0.05) were more important than perceived benefits (OR = 1.05, 95% Cl 0.98 to 1.14, P > 0.05) for predicting sense of satisfaction. Perceived costs (OR= 0.83, 95% Cl 0.74 to 0.94, P < 0.05) and communication (OR= 0.83, 95% Cl 0.67 to 0.81, P < 0.05) were strong predictors of sense of ownership. 3. Perceived benefits may have to be at least twice the level of perceived costs for a favourable cost-benefit ratio. Conclusions: Factors facilitating the creation of value promote stakeholder participation in CSN activities. However, the participation process is subject to a range of challenges which require constant attention.

Woo Yan-yin. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 61-63). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.iii / Table of Contents --- p.iv / List of Tables --- p.v / List of Appendices --- p.vi / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review / Chapter 2.1 --- The Determinants of Child Health --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2 --- The Determinants of Child Educational Achievement --- p.9 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Empirical Strategy / Chapter 3.1 --- Model of Child Health --- p.15 / Chapter 3.2 --- Model of Child Educational Achievement --- p.17 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Data --- p.23 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Empirical Results for the Determinants of Child Health / Chapter 5.1 --- OLS Regressions --- p.26 / Chapter 5.2 --- Conclusion --- p.30 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Empirical Results for the Determinants of Child Educational Achievement / Chapter 6.1 --- OLS Regressions --- p.32 / Chapter 6.2 --- 2SLS Regressions --- p.35 / Chapter 6.3 --- Robustness Checks --- p.38 / Chapter 6.4 --- Conclusion --- p.42 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusion --- p.42 / Tables --- p.44 / Appendices --- p.58 / References --- p.61

The proposed dually licensed advanced dental therapy program, a graduate level curriculum created by the American Dental Hygienists’ Association (ADHA) encompassing both dental hygiene and basic restorative procedures, creates an innovative career path in dental hygiene and increases the standing of the dental hygienist from an auxiliary role to an independent midlevel dental practitioner. Data were gathered via an online anonymous survey tool from Massachusetts registered dental hygienists to assess support of this proposed curriculum by practicing hygienists. Eighty-seven percent of survey respondents are in agreement that the scope of dental hygiene responsibilities should increase with level of education, and that the inclusion of limited restorative procedures should generate independent midlevel dental practitioner status.

Thesis (MPH.) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / Background: School children are mostly affected by diarrhoeal and respiratory infections and these are related to lack of proper hand washing. For children to be able to practice proper hand washing, they must have the knowledge and necessary resources to practice hand washing. The study’s purpose was therefore to establish the knowledge and practice of hand washing among primary school children. Purpose: The study’s aim was to assess the knowledge and practices of hand washing among primary school children in Kweneng Central Sub-District. Methods: A quantitative approach using a self-administered structured questionnaire to collect data regarding knowledge and practices on hand washing among primary school children was used. An observation checklist was also used to assess the practice of hand washing among primary school children. A stratified random sampling method was used to come up with a sample size of 330. SPSS 24.0 version was used to analyse the data. Results: The study revealed that the majority of primary school children had knowledge on hand washing but lacked proper hand washing practices. The results also showed that hand washing knowledge and practice among primary school children had no association with their age and gender. However, there was association between washing hands after going to the toilet and gender as well as the availability of bucket/basin to wash hands and gender. Conclusion: Children spend much of their day time at school; therefore schools are the right institutions to impart hand washing information and emphasise the importance of hand washing to the children. The availability of facilities such as clean water and soap are paramount to the facilitation of hand washing among primary school children and as such should be adequately provided in schools. Keywords: Hand washing, knowledge, practice, children, primary school.

This thesis explored the health practices and religious beliefs of the recent Soviet Pentecostal refugee population in the Portland, Oregon metro area. The methodology consisted of 25 in-depth interviews over a period of twelve months. Soviet Pentecostal refugees' health practices are influenced by their religious belief system which is Pentecostalism. The four primary factors that were found to have an affect on the refugees' health were lifestyle practices; coherence; or the meaning of suffering that religion provides; cohesiveness, or group belonging to the religious community, and world view provided by the underlying theology. The language barrier, distrust of outsiders, unfamiliarity with their belief system, and a limited understanding of their experiences of persecution may limit effective health care by professionals.

The primary goal of this two-phased, sequential mixed-methods study was to discover whether union affiliation is associated with a lower occurrence of burnout in factory workers by comparing union and nonunion workers. The objective was to determine levels of burnout in union and nonunion employees as well their perception of social support in the workplace. The theoretical synthesis consisted of conservation of resources theory and the theory of reasoned action. The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI) and the Quality of Worklife Questionnaire were used to identify the characteristics of the workplace (job demands and job resources) and the level of burnout. Quantitative results confirmed the presence of burnout in both sample populations. Regression results for union participants identified both poor management and increased in job demands as significant predictors of burnout. Conversely, regression results for nonunion participants pointed to poor management only as a significant predictor of burnout. Qualitative descriptive and explanatory thematic results provided additional contextual support for the quantitative findings - specifically, that both union and nonunion participants identified management as a primary concern. In addition, union participants also identified manpower and support as primary concerns in the work environment. The findings point to the negative consequences of burnout for the employer and employee and to areas of concern that need to be addressed in the employment setting. Implications for positive social change include the development of programs to minimize the development of burnout and increase an employee's organizational commitment.