The purpose of this study is to incrementally, through a combination of various methods, examine the assumptions about the working economic outcomes that can be made based on planned ergonomic intervention in a department at Pfizer Health AB in Strängnäs. The study contributes to knowledge about how assumptions on OSH financial results can be made, based on planned ergonomic interventions. These assumptions were based on biomechanical calculations made on the basis of ergonomics measurements with inclinometer. The study is important because previous research has shown that poor work environment have a bad impact on the economy of a company in different ways. It can for example be negative impact on the company's productivity and quality of the units produced or the services provided. Poor work environment can also contribute to increased absence due to illness. The study was conducted using three methods: 1) ergonomics measurement, 2) biomechanical calculations and 3) working economic analysis. To obtain documentation for the ergonomic measurements two inclinometers were used and attached to the arm and back at one long and one short test person. The biomechanical calculations were performed using a computer program called ALBA. The operations that were assumed to be most burdensome were calculated. Also an operation that remained unchanged after the intervention was calculated. That was made to give a better picture of how the workload would be after the intervention. The economic analysis was based largely from the assumption of sick leave due to heavy strenuous work. The calculation method used was "Remaining costs". The method helps to calculate the costs that the company had left when staff were absent from work. The study results showed that, through the assumption of one long-term illness every three years, it would be worth investing in ergonomic improvements for at least 4156 thousand kronor in C-Class (cost of occupational injuries + reduced product waste) with repayment in one year and four months. Compared to the cost of the planned interventions of 3150 thousand kronor it was assumed well worth implementing planned changes. The conclusion from the study was that the intervention could be recommended intended to reduce the workload and the repetitiveness of the employees. / Syftet med studien är att stegvis, genom en kombination av olika metoder, undersöka vilka antaganden om arbetsmiljöekonomiska utfall som kan göras baserade på planerade belastningsergonomiska interventioner vid en avdelning inom Pfizer Health AB i Strängnäs. Studien bidrar med kunskap om hur antaganden om arbetsmiljöekonomiska resultat kan göras utifrån planerade belastningsergonomiska interventioner. Antagandena har baserats på biomekaniska beräkningar som gjorts utifrån ergonomimätningar med inklinometer.  Studien är viktig eftersom forskning har visat att dålig arbetsmiljö har en negativ påverkan på ekonomin i ett företag på olika sätt. Det kan t.ex. vara genom negativ påverkan på företagets produktivitet och kvalitet på det som tillverkas eller utförs eller ge ökad sjukfrånvaro. Inom studien rymdes tre metoder som tillämpats stegvis: 1) ergonomimätning, 2) biomekaniska beräkningar och 3) arbetsmiljöekonomisk analys. För att få fram underlag för ergonomimätningarna användes två inklinometrar som var fästa på arm och rygg på lång respektive kort försöksperson. De biomekaniska beräkningarna genomfördes genom användning av datorprogrammet ALBA. De arbetsmomenten som antogs vara mest belastande beräknades. Även ett arbetsmoment som kvarstod oförändrat efter intervention beräknades. Detta för att ge en bättre bild av hur arbetsbelastningen skulle bli efter intervention. Den ekonomiska analysen utgick till stor del från antagande om sjukfrånvaro till följd av tungt belastande arbete. Beräkningsmetoden som användes var ”Kvarvarande kostnader”. Metoden hjälpte till att räkna fram de kostnader företaget hade kvar när personal var frånvarande från arbetet. Resultaten från studien visade att genom antagandet om en långtidssjukskrivning var tredje år skulle det vara värt att investera i ergonomiförbättrande åtgärder för minst 4156 tkr i C-klass (kostnad för arbetsskador + minskat spill) med återbetalning på ett år och fyra månader. Jämfört med kostnaden för planerade interventioner på 3150 tkr så antas det väl värt att genomföra planerade förändringar. Slutsatsen från studien blev att interventioner kunde rekommenderas till att genomföra ergonomiinterventioner som syftar till att minska arbetsbelastning och repetivitet för de anställda.

Passive force-deflection behavior for densely compacted backfills must be considered in bridge design to ensure adequate resistance to both seismic and thermally induced forces. Current codes and practices do not distinguish between skewed and non-skewed bridge abutment geometries; however, in recent years, numerical models and small-scale, plane-strain laboratory tests have suggested a significant reduction in passive force for skewed bridge abutments. Also, various case studies have suggested higher soil stresses might be experienced on the acute side of the skew angle. For these reasons, three large-scale tests were performed with abutment skew angles of 0, 15 and 30 degrees using an existing pile cap [11-ft (3.35-m) wide by 15-ft (4.57-m) long by 5.5-ft (1.68-m) high] and densely compacted sand backfill confined by MSE wingwalls. These tests showed a significant reduction in passive force (approximately 38% as a result of the 15 degree skew angle and 51% as a result of the 30° skew angle. The maximum passive force was achieved at a deflection of approximately 5% of the backwall height; however, a substantial loss in the rate of strength gain was observed at a deflection of approximately 3% of the backwall height for the 15° and 30° skew tests. Additionally, the soil stiffness appears to be largely unaffected by skew angle for small displacements. These results correlate very well with data available from numerical modeling and small-scale lab tests. Maximum vertical backfill displacement and maximum soil pressure measured normal to the skewed backwall face were located on the acute side of the skew for the 15° and 30° skew test. This observation appears to be consistent with observations made in various case studies for skewed bridge abutments. Also, the maximum outward displacement of the MSE wingwalls was located on the obtuse side of the skew. These findings suggest that changes should be made to current codes and practices to properly account for skew angle in bridge design.

Distance and the associated parameters can be measured by specific sensors mobile device. Introduction The work focuses on the description of the sensors and the effects on their accuracy. To measure the distance, there is a number of good practices, which were described and demonstrated the application implemented source code for the Android platform. The project works with a total of three sensors, namely accelerometer, magnetometer and camera. The main objective of this work is the definition and application of methods for measuring distance using the appropriate sensors.

This document deals with issues of testing semiconductor inertial sensors like gyroscopes and accelerometers, but also other sensors like magnetometers, inclinometers and others for aviation navigation purposes where strict requirements cover every system. The goal of this thesis is to create modular test platform for testing wide variety of sensors in different combinations under variable circumstances. The development covers mechanical design, electrical design – hardware and also control algorithm – software.

The present thesis concerns with a few investigations on sensing/measurement of small angle rotation/tilt using Pattern Imaging Method. The methodology involves looking at the tailored-objects located adjacent to the observer (CCD camera) through a mirror and extracts the angular position of the mirror from their images by processing the latter through object specific algorithm. Its principal advantage stems from the fact that small-angle measurement can be done using ambient light which is neither collimated nor filtered for single wavelength. This makes the associated optical configuration not only simple but also robust for the said application, in comparison to currently competing technologies based on Autocollimation and Interferometry. The present thesis elaborates specifically four new Pattern-Designs proposed for tailoring the spatial-brightness of the objects. Introducing for the first time, processing algorithms based on ‘Modified Fringe-Processing Strategy’ and ‘Phase-Only-Correlation’, the investigations demonstrate enhanced performance for small angle measurement with all the proposed pattern designs. The first three designs for the pattern are evaluated for 1-D measurement through fringe processing approach while the fourth pattern design is evaluated for 2-D measurement through Phase-only-Correlation. The results of the investigations are utilized to propose, design and develop a novel optical inclinometer which can work with any of the proposed pattern designs as the object. The first three pattern-designs rely upon sinusoidal modulation of the object surface and utilize three custom developed algorithms -Algorithm-A, Algorithm-B and Algorithm-C -to extract two quantities namely wrapped phase Δαw and unwrapped phase Δαuw , from the captured images. Each of these quantities will have an associated measurement range and accuracy corresponding to any of the three pattern designs. All measurements are carried out keeping the object/camera to mirror distance constant at 250 mm. From wrapped phase measurement, all the three designs, each with pitch of 2mm for sinusoidal modulation and held at a distance of 250 mm from the mirror, have been found to facilitate reliable angle measurement over a range of 850 arc seconds with accuracy better than 1 arc second after curve fitting the experimentally obtained data. From unwrapped phase measurement, the color coded as well as BCD coded composite patterns, when tested using five bands of sinusoidal modulation (with a pitch of 2mm) and held at a distance of 250 mm from the mirror, facilitated reliable angle measurement over a larger range of nearly 10 . The 2-D angle measurement using fourth pattern-design and the Algorithm-D, facilitated measurement over a range of 10 with an accuracy of 9 arc seconds when the distance between the mirror and the pattern is held at 250 mm. A comparison of the results from the present investigation with the best performance from other investigators reveals the following. The proposed modifications in the processing algorithms as well as the pattern designs help to achieve a measurement range of 750 arc seconds with accuracy better than 1 arc second from this method, with an object pattern whose lateral size is smaller by a factor of nearly 15. Such a size reduction in the object as well as the associated mirror would help to construct angle measuring instruments that work on this method more compactly. The results of the investigation have been utilized to propose and demonstrate a novel prototype optical inclinometer which has been experimentally found to work in a range of 0.40 with accuracy nearly 6 arc seconds.

Mechanical properties of marine sediment near Koper and numerical modelling of a deep excavation Engineering geological conditions near the port Koper in southwestern Slovenia forces geotechnical experts and civil engineers to solve problems in foundation various types of objects and purpose of the practice since the fifties of last century, when it began an intensive development of infrastructure of the port. The results of series of geological and geotechnical surveys, monitoring, and long experience with foundation in the local geology shows that it is almost always the 3rd geotechnical category, or foundation of complex structures in difficult geological conditions below the water table. The entire area belongs to Alpine-Dinaric tectonic area. The rock foundation is composed of complexes of flysch sediments Eocene age at which mounted files of recent marine sediments in the area widely submerged river valley fluvial sands and gravels. From the geotechnical point of view it is interesting site, where most buildings were based on a layer of soft marine sediments, where it is through the creation of special methods implemented in the establishment of deep-level endurable layers of gravel and sand of the river Rižana or at the level footingwall flysch. Set of marine sediments near the port Koper,...