Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Programa Multiinstitucional e Inter-Regional de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Contábeis, 2012. / Submitted by Alaíde Gonçalves dos Santos (alaide@unb.br) on 2013-01-23T14:40:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_LuizFelipedeAraujoPontesGirao.pdf: 1869594 bytes, checksum: 688211ddfd48f16b8e11f393e6c61362 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Guimaraes Jacqueline(jacqueline.guimaraes@bce.unb.br) on 2013-02-04T12:42:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_LuizFelipedeAraujoPontesGirao.pdf: 1869594 bytes, checksum: 688211ddfd48f16b8e11f393e6c61362 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-02-04T12:42:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_LuizFelipedeAraujoPontesGirao.pdf: 1869594 bytes, checksum: 688211ddfd48f16b8e11f393e6c61362 (MD5) / O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi analisar o efeito da assimetria informacional na avaliação de ações de empresas negociadas no mercado de capitais brasileiro. Foi necessário (a) avaliar as relações entre a assimetria informacional e os retornos das ações, (b) avaliar o value relevance das informações contábeis, e (c) comparar o value relevance das informações contábeis com e sem a adição de variáveis que mensurem a assimetria informacional. Recorreu-se, aos dados disponíveis de todas as empresas que negociaram suas ações na BM&FBovespa no período de 31/12/2009 a 31/01/2012. Para alcançar o objetivo desta pesquisa, foi utilizado um modelo de avaliação dos retornos das ações com a inclusão das variáveis beta, tamanho e book-to-market, por serem variáveis já testadas em pesquisas anteriores, como variáveis de controle, adicionadas as variáveis proxies para a assimetria informacional: índice de liquidez em bolsa (ILB), volatilidade do ativo (VOLAT), cobertura dos analistas de investimentos (COB) e a probabilidade de negociação com informações privilegiadas (PIN). Utilizando essas variáveis, em um modelo de dados em painel, foi encontrado que tanto o ILB quanto a VOLAT afetam os retornos das ações das companhias incluídas na amostra, implicando dizer que essas variáveis não são capturadas pelas outras variáveis descritas na literatura, confirmado quando se controla a liquidez da amostra, contudo apenas para a variável ILB. Foi verificado no presente trabalho, por meio do modelo de avaliação de empresas de Ohlson (1995) (MO), que o valor de mercado da firma pode ser explicado pelo patrimônio líquido e o lucro residual, concluindo que as informações contábeis são importantes para avaliação dos preços das ações no mercado brasileiro. Adicionalmente, buscou-se analisar o MO com a inclusão de variáveis proxies para “outras informações” (OI) ligadas à assimetria informacional. Esse modelo ajusta o lucro residual e OI aos seus parâmetros de persistência de modo a efetuar uma ligação entre as variáveis contemporâneas e as suas expectativas futuras. Na amostra completa, o lucro residual não se comportou de forma persistente, contudo, quando filtrado pela liquidez, encontrou-se um parâmetro de persistência de 0,1331, em média, indicando que os lucros residuais contemporâneos persistem à essa taxa. Já a persistência das OIs, na amostra completa ficou em torno de 0,5356, quando filtrada a amostra pela liquidez, essa taxa ficou em torno de 0,5009, indicando que aproximadamente 50% das variações das OIs de um período são explicadas pelas variações das OIs do período anterior, de modo que empresas com problemas de distribuição de informações tendem a continuar tendo os problemas. Finalmente, avaliou-se o impacto da assimetria informacional no valor da companhia, encontrando-se que, dependendo da amostra, o ILB, COB e a PIN se mostraram relevantes para a avaliação das empresas, disseminando informações ainda não divulgadas, de acordo com as teorias utilizadas como base para essa pesquisa (SPENCE, 1973; GROSSMAN; STIGLITZ, 1980). Diante dessas evidências, rejeita-se a hipótese de que a assimetria informacional auxilia na explicação dos retornos das ações e não se pode rejeitar a hipótese de que os números contábeis, em conjunto com a assimetria informacional, são relevantes para a avaliação das empresas. Os resultados obtidos nesse trabalho são limitados à sua amostra. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of information asymmetry in the assessment of shares of companies traded on the Brazilian stock market. It was necessary (a) to evaluate the relationship between information asymmetry and stock returns, (b) assess the value relevance of accounting information, and (c) compare the value relevance of accounting information with and without the addition of variables that measure the informational asymmetry. We used the available data of all companies that traded their shares on the BM&FBovespa in the period from 31/12/2009 to 31/01/2012. To achieve the objective of this research, we used a valuation model of stock returns with the inclusion of variables beta, size and book-to-market, because they are variables already tested in previous research, as control variables, plus proxies variables for information asymmetry: liquidity ratio on the stock exchange (ILB), volatility of assets (VOLAT), analysts coverage (COB) and the probability of insider trading (PIN). Using these variables in a panel data model, it was found that both the ILB as VOLAT affect stock returns of companies in the sample, implying say that these variables are not captured by other variables described in the literature, confirmed when controls the sample for liquidity, but only for the variable ILB. It was found in this study through the Ohlson Model (1995) (OM), that the market value of the firm can be explained only by equity and residual income, concluding that accounting information is relevant for valuation of stock prices in the Brazilian stock market. Furthermore, we attempted to analyze the OM with the inclusion of proxies for “other information”(OI) associated with information asymmetry. This model adjusts the residual income and OI to its persistence parameters in order to make a connection between the contemporary variables and their future expectations. In the complete sample, the residual income behaved persistent, however, when filtered for liquidity, we found a persistence parameter of 0.1331, on average, indicating that the contemporary residual income persist to this rate. Since the persistence of OIs, in the complete sample was around 0.5356 when the sample filtered for liquidity, this rate was around 0.5009, indicating that approximately 50% of the variations of OIs a period are explained by variations in OIs from the previous period, so that companies with poor information distribution are likely to continue having problems. Finally, we assessed the impact of information asymmetry on the value of the company, finding that, depending on the sample, ILB, COB and PIN to be relevant to the valuation of companies, disseminating information not yet disclosed, according to the theories used as basis for this research (SPENCE, 1973; GROSSMAN; STIGLITZ, 1980). Faced with this evidence, rejects the hypothesis that the information asymmetry helps in explaining stock returns and we can not totally reject the hypothesis that the accounting numbers, together with the informational asymmetry, are relevant to the valuation of companies. The results of this study are limited to your sample.

Magister Legum - LLM / This study is on the insider trading framework of Tanzania. The researcher has made enquiries whether the Tanzania legal framework governing insider trading provides strong enough enforcement mechanisms, including remedies and measures against malpractices found on the securities market to attract investor confidence. Critical analysis is done of the Capital Markets and Securities Act, 79 of 1994 (RE 2002) in conjunction with an investigation into the Capital Markets and Securities Authority (CMSA) a body corporate charged with the duties among others, of protecting the integrity of the securities market and maintaining surveillance over securities to ensure orderly, fair and equitable dealings in securities. The researcher uses a comparative approach from other jurisdictions considered as international best standards of the English and South African insider trading legislation. Discussions on the study are presented in chapters. Chapter one is the general introduction to the Study. It is the reproduction of the research proposal. Chapter Two is on the overview of insider trading framework of Tanzania. An analysis is made on the provisions of the Capital Market and Securities Act, 79 of 1994 (RE 2002). It is revealed that the enforcement mechanisms are inadequate and ineffective. The Capital Market and Securities Act, 79 of 1994, (RE 2002) neither defines nor provides the interpretation to legal concepts such as insider, inside information and publication. Civil remedies and criminal penalties provided in the Tanzania Capital Market and Securities Act, 79 of 1994, (RE 2002) are inadequate for deterrent purposes to combat insider trading practices. In chapter three the researcher examines the Capital Market and Securities Authority (CMSA) in terms of fulfillments of its roles, functions, and powers. It is submitted that the CMSA and the DSE have never contributed much to resolving the problem of securities market abuses. Chapter four extend the study to the English and South Africa insider trading legislation considered as international best practice and therefore comparable. The researcher has observed that flaws in areas of prohibition, enforcements, defences and the lacuna on identified concepts of insider trading make the Tanzanian insider trading legislation remain more symbolic than real in terms of its efficiency to combating insider trading practices. Chapter five provides the conclusions and recommendations on the study. The researcher has provided recommendations on curbing the problem of insider trading in Tanzania, including repealing and enacting a new strong and effective insider trading legislation.

This thesis presents three models of asset pricing involving non-competitive behavior and asymmetric information. In the first model, a risk averse investor with private information about dividends trades shares over an infinite time horizon with risk neutral uninformed agents. The informed investor trades strategically in equilibrium. The second model also involves an infinite time horizon, but all agents are risk averse and equally informed about dividends. Non-competitive behavior is exogenously specified; price takers trade shares with a strategic investor who accounts for the effects of her trades on the stock price. In this case, an endogenous information asymmetry arises in equilibrium. Closed form equilibria are derived for both models and implications for price dynamics are explored. While the first model constitutes a new extension of the multiperiod Kyle model of insider trading, the second model generates more interesting price dynamics. If the strategic investor manages a large mutual fund, significant risk premia and price volatility may arise in equilibrium. In fact, if mutual fund participation is sufficiently widespread, multiple equilibria may exist. The third model extends the multiperiod Kyle model to a case where the insider observes a noisy signal of the stock's terminal liquidation value. An equilibrium much like Kyle's is derived. Price tends toward value over time, and stock price volatility depends on both the drift and volatility of the insider's private signal. Like the Kyle model, the insider's trading activity leaves no detectable trace in trading volume, expected returns, or price volatility. / Business, Sauder School of / Finance, Division of / Graduate

This study provides a test of the market valuation impact of Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) enforcement actions for foreign firms. I examine the SEC enforcement policy towards foreign firms under its jurisdiction. In contrast to Siegel (2005) who examines earlier years, I find that the SEC's current (post-2002) enforcement intensity is considerable and has increased dramatically by comparison. I construct a novel test using the burgeoning series SEC enforcement events as changes to the legal environment that circumvents the issues associated with firm-level exchange-listing events (e.g. self-selection and simultaneous changes to firm traits). The tests focus on stock returns of foreign firms not targeted by the SEC during event windows surrounding SEC announcements of enforcements against foreign firms. This isolates the effect of a changing enforcement environment. I find that when the SEC takes action against a foreign firm, non-target foreign firms experience positive stock returns. Returns are amplified for firms from weaker home legal environments, suggesting that the returns are due to a perceived increase in SEC scrutiny. Finally, consistent with the market adjusting to the new enforcement regime, the magnitude of non-target firm returns declines with each sequential SEC enforcement action. The overall results provide evidence that SEC oversight plays a significant role in increasing the value of foreign firms, which supports the legal bonding hypothesis discussed in prior literature.

<p dir="ltr">This paper examines the informational content of insider trades and the impact of the Sarbanes Oxley Act on the ability of outside investors to use this information. I find that while the new reporting requirement speeds up the incorporation of insiders’ information into the market, there still exists an opportunity for attentive outsiders. The studies also address how the increased market efficiency has affected the differences between insiders, such as top-level executives and the rest of insiders. I find that the Sarbanes Oxley Act has greatly leveled the playing field in terms of how outsiders perceive these groups. Further, I extend the analysis of identifying opportunistic insiders. I find that using 8K corporate events in addition to quarterly earnings announcements, we are able to more efficiently label insiders as opportunistic compared to previous studies. Finally, I extend the literature on institutional investors by analyzing the link between this group and insider activity. I show that the previous findings of institutional investors following insiders is being driven by a subset of institutions, and I find evidence to support important distinguishing characteristics of institutional investors indicating institutions should not be studied as a whole, but in groups.</p>

No description available.

Prior literature suggests that CEOs capitalize on their position within the hierarchy of all business executives, resulting in various – both positive and negative – firm outcomes. Using a novel data set on golf outings to measure the quality of a CEO's informal (vs. formal) network, as measured by the CEO's network centrality, this study examines whether well-connected CEOs generate private gains through insider trades. Results suggest that, among golfing CEOs, CEOs with higher quality informal networks generate significantly higher insider trading profits on sales of their firms' stock, consistent with more famous, powerful, and influential CEOs possessing superior information. The paper continues by delineating a channel through which private information flow to network participants by documenting significantly different golf patterns of CEOs during the two weeks before material firm events become public while showing that CEOs generate noticeably higher insider trading profits from stock trades executed during the two weeks following these golf outings. This study highlights a setting in which shareholders are at risk of wealth transfer and illustrates the potential limitations of regulation concerning insider trading.

This dissertation examines the role of insider trading activity in explaining announcement price effects of seasoned debt and equity issues for investment. As has been widely discussed in the finance literature, the announcement of new financing for investment purposes can convey good or bad news depending on the motivation behind the issue, the profitability of the investment, and the stage of firm development. If insider trading can effectively reduce information asymmetry about investment opportunities at the time of corporate financing announcements, markets can be expected to react less negatively to these announcements. Corporate insiders know more about the expected impact of current earnings and future investments than anyone else. Consequently, the value and direction of their personal trading should reflect, to some extent, their expectation of the value of the firm in the future. John and Mishra’s [1990] signaling model explains how insider trading can act as a joint signal along with a corporate announcement in sending information to the market efficiently. A cross-sectional analysis is conducted to test the hypothesis that announcements of new financing (debt or equity) for investment that are preceded by insider buying are accompanied by a less negative stock price response than issues that are preceded by insider selling. This analysis is followed by several tests designed to examine the robustness of this relationship. The results of this study suggest a correlation between trading and announcement period price effects for equity issues that is consistent with this hypothesis, though the effect is more pronounced for smaller firms. There appears to be no connection between insider trading and the announcement period reaction to debt issues, however. / Ph. D.

Yes / This paper investigates the relation between insider trading and the likelihood of insolvency with a specific focus on the directors’ sale and purchase transactions preceding insolvency.We use a unique data set on directors’ dealings in 474 non-financial UK firms, of which 117 filed for insolvency, over the period 2000–2010.We show that the directors of insolvent firms increase their purchase transactions significantly as the insolvency approaches. The results also reveal a significant relation between three different measures of insider trading activity and the likelihood of insolvency, which is observed to be positive only during the last six-month trading period. The relation is negative for the earlier trading periods. While the earlier purchase transactions appear to be motivated by superior information held by insiders, the purchase trades closer to the insolvency date are possibly initiated by directors’ motives to influence the market’s perception of the firm in an attempt to avert or delay insolvency.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:33:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dirceu Bertin.pdf: 1912571 bytes, checksum: b156fe88b95c8b7fee18016d4aeea708 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-06 / With the globalization of the world´s economy and the stability that Brazilian economy reached in the last fifteen years, the country s capital markets started to strengthen, prompting more and more companies to open their capital through IPOs (Initial public offerings). This economic movement, which leads to the financing and invigoration of Brazilian companies, has to depend on reliable and fair capital markets. Therefore, it is essential that information is conveyed to all operators in a transparent and clear way as the right to information is a corollary to the right of free expression. Thus, it seems fit to investigate which is the most efficient form of fighting insider trading, in other words, the inappropriate use of privileged information in the stock market, and to make the wide and trustworthy diffusion of important information a common behavior applying the principle of full and fair disclosure in order to promote the credibility of capital market, giving opportunity to a greater number of people to invest their savings, which will consequently leverage companies and, thus, the country. / Com a globalização da economia mundial e a estabilidade da economia brasileira, alcançada nos últimos quinze anos, o mercado de capitais brasileiro começou a se fortalecer, levando mais e mais empresas a abrirem seu capital, por meio de oferta de ações ao público em geral. Este movimento econômico, que leva ao financiamento e fortalecimento das empresas brasileiras, precisa contar com um mercado de capitais confiável e justo e, para isso, é preciso que a informação seja transmitida a todos os operadores de maneira transparente, como corolário do direito do mercado à informação. Assim, será analisada qual a forma mais eficiente de se combater o insider trading, ou seja, o uso indevido de informação privilegiada do mercado de valores mobiliários, tornando comum a ampla e honesta divulgação das informações relevantes, aplicando-se o princípio do full and fair disclosure, para a promoção da credibilidade do mercado de capitais, o que ensejará que mais pessoas nele invistam suas economias e alavanquem as empresas e, por conseguinte, o país.