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A typical Chinese intellectual has not only sense, but also sensibility. But, the problem is the balance in between. After dealing with sensibility well, the rationality of an intellectual is able to work well. And that makes the life completely. In this dimension, the Chinese intellectuals are a special community in Chinese society. It has great influence on cultural, political, economical, and societal changes in every historical stage. Especially, it affects the Chinese modernization process. Therefore, questions about Chinese intellectuals are becoming a focus to academic circles around the world. However, to Chinese Communist Party (CCP), intellectuals are nothing more than hangdogs. Besides, in CCP, those who take charge in the end are the Peripheries in the old society. Somehow, Chinese intellectuals walk on a continuous marginalizing way. CCP`s policy toward the intellectuals can be divided into two parts, and they are Before and After the Establishment of People`s Republic China, and former could be also named WWII or War against Japan phase. The policy in former stage focused on three contradictions: 1. Partiality versus Humanity; 2. Dogma versus Academy; 3. Democracy versus Enslavement. And its practices are: 1. Political discrimination; 2. Pullback on work; 3. Carelessness on life. The CCP used some ways like lines struggle, self- and public-criticism, innuendo-criticism, verbal and violent struggle, etc, to reach its goal. From viewpoints of Materialism and class, the CCP thought that knowledge should serve proletariat and must be combined with labor, and two principles should be held firmly: 1. every move of CCP should be connected with mass; 2. the goal of central CCP leadership. In the second stage, CCP planed some principles for coming communism society, and these principles tried to overturn old relation of production, to replace private ownership, to ruin ruling class and class itself, and to erase division of labor based on private ownership. CCP tried to let everyone have full development and real freedom. So, policies they adopted like hundred flower blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend, Struggle-criticism-transformation policy during Cultural Revolution, Policy after Lin Biao Incident, Policy after collapse of Gang of Four, etc. 21st century is an age of Knowledge-based Economy, and intellectuals play a more important role in this century. And in this age, everyone must have some practice and experience to find the true meaning of life, and the target worth for fighting. In the future, those who do not advance, go backward and who goes back goes under.

Univ., Diss.--Nantes, 2005. / Bibliogr. p. [301] - 322. Notes bibliogr. Index.

Was beim Stichwort "Intellektuelle" einem historisch informierten Zeitgenossen einfällt, ist häufig der Ursprung des Ausdrucks als Schimpfwort. Und auch heute scheint noch nicht gänzlich klar, ob der Begriff jeglichen Geruch des Verwerflichen abgelegt habe. Es ist Zeichen einer gewissen Lebendigkeit, wenn der Sprachgebrauch sich noch nicht völlig beruhigt hat, wenn Divergenzen und Oppositionen seine Bedeutung regulieren. Für die folgenden Bemerkungen möchte ich mich auf die Seite der Anwälte des lntellektuellentums schlagen und nach einem Jahrhundert unentschiedener Diskussion auf einen Charakterzug hinweisen, der bei aller Kontroverse im Grunde kaum zu übersehen ist: Intellektuelle werden verehrt. Auch wenn freilich nicht alle Anwälte des Intellektuellentums im engeren Sinne als Verehrer bezeichnet werden können, scheint mir doch das Phänomen der Verehrung deutlich präsent: Sowohl in den Versuchen, die Rolle des Intellektuellen zu verteidigen, wie auch in den Bemühungen, diese Rolle nüchtern als eine gesellschaftliche Aufgabe zu definieren. Erst recht sind alle wütenden Angriffe auf die Intellektuellen verständlich nur, wenn man sie als Attacken auf den Heiligenschein versteht, der mehr oder weniger unwillkürlich durch jede positive Besetzung zum Leuchten gebracht wird.

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Immaterialrätten består av olika moment, bland annat upphovsrätt, patent samt varumärkesrätt, den här uppsatsen utgör en komparation mellan svensk och amerikansk upphovsrätt. På upphovsrättens område finns en rad olika internationella konventioner, bland annat, Bernkonventionen, TRIPS-avtalet samt WCT. I och med att länder ansluter sig till konventionerna och ratificerar dem i deras lagstiftning blir de också bundna av att följa dem och tillhandahålla de rättsmedel som föreskrivs för att kunna upprätthålla en fungerande upphovsrättslagstiftning. På upphovsrättens område har även EU kommit upp med direktiv, bland annat infosoc-direktivet samt IPRED-direktivet, dessa bygger i huvudsak på de internationella konventionerna. Konventionerna är gjorda av minimibestämmelser vilket innebär att länderna kan ha en hårdare tillämpning än vad som föreskrivs i konventionerna. Minimiskydden är till för att de utvecklingsländer som inte har någon fungerande lagstiftning så att upphovsmannens rätt kan tillvaratas där. Författaren har i en omfattande analys kommit fram till slutsatsen att svensk och amerikansk upphovsrätt är förenliga med de internationella konventioner som de är bundna av, främst TRIPS-avtalet vad gäller tillhandahållande av rättsmedel för att säkerställa att upphovsrätten följs. Av slutsatsen följer även att de svenska och amerikanska lagarna är väldigt snarlika vad gäller de rättsmedel som finns att tillgå. Den amerikanska upphovsrätten är dock mera tillfredsställande för det allmännas intresse.

Genetics is one sector in which there has been tremendous evolution and progress over the last few decades. While it is believed that genetics could offer tremendous opportunities for global health improvement, there is also a fear that existing global health inequalities will be amplified by the evolution of genetics. / It thus appears necessary to analyse the way current assumptions define what is just and acceptable with regard to global access and distribution of resources in this field. Indeed, given the importance of genetics to human health globally, this thesis will evaluate two principal legal regimes---intellectual property and international human rights---to determine to which extent they further the goal of distributing the benefits of these technologies equitably and globally. This evaluation is vital to ensure that legal regimes assist in ensuring that this promising field develops in a way that improves global health without leaving the most vulnerable outside of the process. This dissertation will undertake this complex task by employing and building upon cosmopolitan liberal theories developed over the few last decades as an extension of the work of Rawls and Daniels. / A theoretical framework to justify engaging in a global and more equitable redistribution of benefits produced by genetics is required. Ultimately, our analysis will produce strong normative benchmarks based on justice considerations for engaging in a global and more equitable redistribution of the benefits likely to emerge from genetic science. Universal consideration of all human beings, importance of health needs, normal functioning and equality of opportunities are some of the notions that will be analysed to construct this framework. We will then attempt to determine how and if this theory of distribution translates into positive law and to identify and analyse the main obstacles to legal compliance with global distributive justice. We will assess two main international normative systems: intellectual property law and human rights law to determine if their underlying philosophy, structure, and functioning take account of the principles highlighted in our theoretical framework and how underlying politics and economics matter. / This will set out a basis for further discussion on how we could work around some of the major obstacles identified throughout our analysis. It will also help us move from the vague and often symbolic ideal of benefit sharing actually prevailing toward the establishment of a real, enforceable concept of global benefit sharing in health that would position genetics at the rank of essential tool for achieving global health.

A successful transition into kindergarten is of the utmost importance, as it marks the beginning of formal education and paves the way for future academic and social outcomes. The transition into school is considered to be a challenging and anxiety-ridden time for most children and their parents; it is expected therefore, to be particularly difficult for children with an intellectual disability (ID). These children have deficits in cognitive and adaptive functioning that affect their academic and social skills. Despite the apparent difficulty for children with ID and the importance of this time in their lives, the transition into school has been a relatively under-researched topic. Nineteen parents of children with ID participated in three one-hour phone interviews throughout the transition into school. The aims of the study were 1) to describe this group of children with ID and their families as the children entered school, 2) to investigate changes in characteristics of the child, resources, and perceptions of the parent during the transition, and 3) to examine relationships between these variables and the child’s quality of life and school readiness. Although the results are based on a small sample, they do provide some preliminary information about the experiences of children with ID and their families throughout the transition into school. Only adaptive behaviour scores and the number of services accessed changed significantly during the time of transition. Furthermore, it was found that adaptive behaviour was correlated with school readiness skills, as were physiotherapy and speech-language therapy use. The only variable that correlated with the child’s quality of life was parental involvement in parent support groups. Implications and directions for future research are discussed. / Thesis (Master, Psychology) -- Queen's University, 2007-08-28 15:35:10.833

Background: Stigma can not only affect the stigmatized individual, but also those closely associated with that individual, such as parents. Parents are often in the role of primary caregivers for individuals with intellectual disabilities. However, few studies have looked at the experiences of stigma in parents of adults with intellectual disabilities. Objectives: Three objectives of the current study were to test the internal consistencies of three scales aimed to measure experiences of parents of adults with intellectual disabilities (two stigma scales and one scale looking at positive personal, perspective on life, and relational changes in parents), test the inter-correlation between the scales and describe the parents’ experiences. Methods: A self-administered survey containing the three scales was mailed to parents of adults with intellectual disabilities by agency staff on the investigators’ behalf. The participants were identified through a database of anonymized information about individuals with intellectual disabilities within the six counties of South Eastern Ontario. A total of 97 participants (parents) were eligible for the study. Results: The scale measuring positive changes experienced by parents had significant item non-response. However, all three scales achieved good to excellent internal consistencies when tested in the current sample. The two stigma scales were moderately correlated with one another in a positive direction, while the scale measuring positive changes in parents did not significantly correlate with either of the stigma scales. Mothers and younger parents (less than 65 years) were more likely to report that stigma affected their ability to interact with relatives than fathers and older parents. Parents of adults with dual diagnosis (having both an intellectual disability and mental health problems) were more likely to report that stigma affected their family’s quality of life than parents of adults with an intellectual disability only. Conclusion: Both of the stigma scales are recommended with caution, with recommendations ranging from rewording of items, change in item order within the survey, more conservative item response categories, reconsideration of dichotomizing responses and a mode of survey administration which lowers the potential for non-response. Certain groups of parents of adults with intellectual disabilities experience stigma differently than others. / Thesis (Master, Community Health & Epidemiology) -- Queen's University, 2010-05-19 18:06:55.622