Migrants into European countries are often less educated than European natives. We analyse whether migrants' children are more or less likely than natives' children to achieve upward educational mobility across generations, and study differences in the factors, which contribute to differences in mobility for the two groups. We find that migrants' descendants are more often upwardly mobile (and less often downwardly mobile) than their native peers in the majority of countries studied, and show that the main factor contributing to these patterns is the education level of parents. Although a lower parental education means that their children are less likely to access the same amount of human, social and financial capital as children of more highly educated parents, migrants' descendants over the last two generations were able to make significant progress in reducing education gaps with natives.

Economists generally consider intergenerational economic mobility to be an important feature of market economies, as it allows people born into poverty to achieve a measure of prosperity in the presence of minimal government intervention or redistribution. The empirical literature on mobility in the U.S. has, however, found evidence that mobility is lower than previously thought, and scholars have responded by developing expansive literatures on many aspects of intergenerational mobility, including studies of its origins. In this dissertation, I contribute to this strand of the literature by reviewing recent trends in the literature, with a particular emphasis on studies aimed at explaining the sources of mobility, and then discussing three empirical studies into specific sources of mobility, using data organized at different geographic and temporal scales. These empirical chapters focus on the role of different aspects of childhood poverty in determining income rank in adulthood, modeling variation in racial mobility gaps across different kinds of communities and local economies, and measuring the relationship between trends in intergenerational mobility and the structural transformation of agriculture in the 20th century U.S..

Estudos sobre mobilidade intergeracional de educação sugerem que países subdesenvolvidos apresentam menor mobilidade intergeracional que países desenvolvidos e especificamente para o Brasil, o grau de persistência estimado é ao redor de 0.7, podendo apresentar diferentes graus ao longo da distribuição de educação. Este estudo apresenta uma nova abordagem para a mensuração da mobilidade intergeracional utilizando Regressões Quantílicas. Especificamente, é proposta uma medida de distância entre os quantis condicionais para analisar a mobilidade intergeracional. Como resultado, é obtido um conjunto de matrizes que descrevem o padrão da mobilidade intergeracional em diferentes pontos da distribuição condicional de escolaridade. Utilizando dados para o Brasil, encontra-se que a mobilidade intergeracional tende a ser maior nas caudas da distribuição de escolaridade para filhos e filhas relativo à educação de pais e mães. Comparando filhos e filhas, os filhos tendem a ter menor mobilidade intergeracional que as mulheres relativo à educação de seus pais. Além do mais, a educação das mães tem maior efeito em magnitude do que a educação dos pais tanto para filhos quanto para as filhas. Também se encontrou que a educação dos filhos depende mais da educação do pai e a educação das filhas depende mais da educação das mães, indicando que os filhos tendem a ter educação similar à de seus pais e as filhas tendem a ter educação similar à de suas mães. / Studies on intergenerational educational mobility suggest that underdevelopment countries presents lower intergenerational mobility than developed countries and specifically for Brazil, the estimated degree of persistence is around 0.7 with possible different degrees on the overall distribution of education. This study presents a new approach to measuring intergenerational mobility using quantile regression. Specifically, it is proposed the use of a measure of distance between conditional quantiles to analyze intergenerational mobility. As a result, is obtained a set of matrices which describe the patterns of intergenerational mobility at different points of the conditional distribution of schooling. Using Brazilian Data (PNAD 1996) it is found that intergenerational mobility seems to be higher at the tails of the distribution of schooling for sons and daughters relative to father\'s and mother\'s education. Comparing each other, sons tend to have less mobility than daughters relative to father\'s education. Moreover, mother\'s education has stronger effects than father\'s on both sons and daughters education. It was also found that son\'s education depends more on father\'s education and daughter\'s education depends more on mother\'s education, indicating that sons tends to have education similar to their fathers and daughters tends to have education similar to their mothers.

Στην παρούσα εργασία διερευνώνται διάφορες πτυχές της δια-γενεακής κινητικότητας της εκπαίδευσης σε 14 χώρες-μέλη της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης (ΕΕ-14). Για το σκοπό αυτό χρησιμοποιούνται ατομικά στοιχεία από την βάση δεδομένων European Social Survey (ESS) και ιδιαίτερη έμφαση αποδίδεται στο επίπεδο της εκπαίδευσης που έχει ολοκληρωθεί τόσο από τα άτομα που αποτελούν την μονάδα ανάλυσης όσο και για τους γονείς τους ανεξάρτητα από το εάν οι τελευταίοι καταγράφονται ή όχι στην χρησιμοποιούμενη βάση δεδομένων. Με βάση τα αποτελέσματα της ανάλυσης ο μηχανισμός μεταφοράς του εκπαιδευτικού επιπέδου από την μια γενιά στην επόμενη διαφέρει μεταξύ των εξεταζόμενων οικονομιών. Αυτές οι διαφορές συντελούν στη διεύρυνση των εκπαιδευτικών ανισοτήτων μεταξύ χωρών της ΕΕ-14 και στην υποβάθμιση της πρόσβασης σε ίσες ευκαιρίες για τους κατοίκους χωρών με χαμηλή κινητικότητα. Επίσης, λαμβάνοντας υπόψη τις συνθήκες που επικρατούσαν στο νοικοκυριό όταν το άτομο βρισκόταν στην παιδική ηλικία, βρέθηκε ότι η συσχέτιση της εκπαίδευσης μεταξύ γενεών είναι μικρότερη. Τέλος, η εφαρμογή ανάλυσης με βάση την χρονική περίοδο γέννησης του ατόμου κατά χώρα μας έδωσε τη δυνατότητα να προσδιορίζουμε την κατεύθυνση της τάσης που διαμορφώνεται ως προς την διαχρονική εξέλιξη της δια-γενεακής κινητικότητας στην ΕΕ-14. Τα αποτελέσματα με σαφήνεια υποδεικνύον την ύπαρξη σημαντικής κινητικότητας κατά την περίοδο 1950-2007 γεγονός το όποιο φαίνεται να ακολουθεί τη γενικότερη οικονομική ανάπτυξη που παρατηρήθηκε στις χώρες της ΕΕ-14 τη συγκεκριμένη περίοδο. / In the present work are investigated various aspects of intergenerational mobility of education in 14 countries of European Union. For this aim are used individual elements from the base of data European Social Survey (ESS) and particular accent are attributed in the level of education that has been completed so much by the individuals that constitute the unit of analysis what for their parents independent from whether the last ones are recorded or no in the used base of data. With base the results of analysis the mechanism of transport of educational level from a generation in next differs between the examined economies. These differences contribute in the enlargement of educational inequalities between countries of OJ-14 and in the devalorisation of access in equal occasions for the residents of countries with low mobility. Also, taking into consideration the conditions that prevailed in the household when the individual found itself in the children's age, he was found that the cross-correlation of education between generations is smaller. Finally, the application of analysis with base the time period of birth of individual at country us gave the possibility of determining the direction of tendency that is shaped as for the diachronic development of intergenerational mobility. The results with clarity show the existence of important mobility at period 1950-2007 make that appears to follow the more general economic growth that was observed in the countries of European Union the particular period.

Cette thèse s'intéresse à l'ampleur et aux déterminants de la mobilité socio-économique intergénérationnelle. Nous nous intéressons d'abord à la transmission des revenus de pères en fils en Allemagne, en traitant soigneusement la question des biais d'estimation. Cependant, cette approche ne tient pas compte de tous les facteurs du milieu socio-économique d'un individu affectant sa réussite future. Nous considérons ensuite des corrélations au sein de fratries, comme indicateur plus large de toutes les influences familiales, d'abord en France, pour l'éducation, la profession et les revenus. Nous réalisons également une étude comparative des corrélations de revenus entre frères en France et en Suède, afin d'évaluer l'impact sur l'estimation de l'absence d'information sur les revenus permanents et de l'utilisation alternative de mesures prédites. Enfin, nous abordons la question des mécanismes sous-jacents à la transmission des inégalités. Nous explorons ainsi la possibilité d'utiliser les événements de mai 1968 en France comme expérience naturelle pour identifier et mesurer le lien causal entre éducation des parents et des enfants. / This thesis investigates the extent and determinants of the intergenerational socioeconomic mobility. We first investigate the earnings transmission from fathers to sons in Germany, carefully addressing the question of biases in the estimation. However, this approach fails at taking account of all factors from the socioeconomic background of an individual affecting future success in life. We then consider sibling correlations as a broader indicator of all family influences, first in France, for education, profession and earnings. We also conduct a comparative study of the brother earnings correlation in France and Sweden to assess the impact on the estimation of the lack of information about permanent earnings and the use of predicted measures instead. Finally, we address the question of the mechanisms underlying the transmission of inequality. We thus explore the possibility to use the events of May 1968 in France as a natural experiment to identify and measure the causal link between parental and children's education.

Estudos sobre mobilidade intergeracional de educação sugerem que países subdesenvolvidos apresentam menor mobilidade intergeracional que países desenvolvidos e especificamente para o Brasil, o grau de persistência estimado é ao redor de 0.7, podendo apresentar diferentes graus ao longo da distribuição de educação. Este estudo apresenta uma nova abordagem para a mensuração da mobilidade intergeracional utilizando Regressões Quantílicas. Especificamente, é proposta uma medida de distância entre os quantis condicionais para analisar a mobilidade intergeracional. Como resultado, é obtido um conjunto de matrizes que descrevem o padrão da mobilidade intergeracional em diferentes pontos da distribuição condicional de escolaridade. Utilizando dados para o Brasil, encontra-se que a mobilidade intergeracional tende a ser maior nas caudas da distribuição de escolaridade para filhos e filhas relativo à educação de pais e mães. Comparando filhos e filhas, os filhos tendem a ter menor mobilidade intergeracional que as mulheres relativo à educação de seus pais. Além do mais, a educação das mães tem maior efeito em magnitude do que a educação dos pais tanto para filhos quanto para as filhas. Também se encontrou que a educação dos filhos depende mais da educação do pai e a educação das filhas depende mais da educação das mães, indicando que os filhos tendem a ter educação similar à de seus pais e as filhas tendem a ter educação similar à de suas mães. / Studies on intergenerational educational mobility suggest that underdevelopment countries presents lower intergenerational mobility than developed countries and specifically for Brazil, the estimated degree of persistence is around 0.7 with possible different degrees on the overall distribution of education. This study presents a new approach to measuring intergenerational mobility using quantile regression. Specifically, it is proposed the use of a measure of distance between conditional quantiles to analyze intergenerational mobility. As a result, is obtained a set of matrices which describe the patterns of intergenerational mobility at different points of the conditional distribution of schooling. Using Brazilian Data (PNAD 1996) it is found that intergenerational mobility seems to be higher at the tails of the distribution of schooling for sons and daughters relative to father\'s and mother\'s education. Comparing each other, sons tend to have less mobility than daughters relative to father\'s education. Moreover, mother\'s education has stronger effects than father\'s on both sons and daughters education. It was also found that son\'s education depends more on father\'s education and daughter\'s education depends more on mother\'s education, indicating that sons tends to have education similar to their fathers and daughters tends to have education similar to their mothers.

This thesis analyses the effect of father’s job displacement on his children’s occupational and educational choices. I use Finnish administrative data covering years 1989-2020 and identify downsizing as well as closing workplaces to find exogenous job losses. Despite identifying negative and persistent effects on displaced fathers, the found impact on their children’s career choices are limited and sensitive. I estimate that a paternal displacement decreases the probability of following father’s educational path by 0.5 percentage points. No effects on occupational mobility or educational applications are found. I establish pro-cyclical displacement costs for fathers that, however, are not found to translate into differences in the effects on the next generation.

This thesis is a collection of three essays with contributions to the intergenerational and intra-generational mobility literature. The essay on full risk insurance and measurement error examines the likelihood that measurement error may reconcile observed departures from perfect rank immobility in insurable consumption with the mobility predictions of full risk insurance, by generating spurious rank-breaking transitions. The essay shows that under certain assumptions full risk insurance predicts perfect rank immobility and that there exists ranges of error covariance matrices for which the mobility predictions of full risk insurance plus measurement error can not be rejected in the Peruvian data. A novel approach to test these mobility predictions is presented. The essay on discrete time-states Markov chain models applied to welfare dynamics shows that models with higher order may fit data better than the popular first-order, stationary model, and that the order of the chain, in turn, affects the estimation of equilibrium distributions. A best-practice methodology to conduct homogeneity tests between two samples with different optimal order is proposed, and an index by Shorrocks, based on the trace of the transition matrix, is extended to discrete Markov chain models with higher order. The essay on cohort heterogeneity in intergenerational mobility of education shows how cohort heterogeneity affects the analysis of cross-group homogeneity and long-term prospects of a welfare variable, based on transition matrix analysis. The essay compares the transition matrices of Peruvian groups divided by gender and ethnicity and finds genuine reductions in heterogeneity of the mobility regimes between male and female and between indigenous and non-indigenous groups among the youngest cohorts. The essay proposes a methodology to conduct first-order stochastic dominance analysis with equilibrium distributions and shows that among the youngest cohorts past stochastic dominance of male over females and non-indigenous over indigenous disappear in the long term.

<p>This study examines the effect on school achievement of a policy such as hostels, aimed at</p><p>giving children from a poor socioeconomic background an opportunity to receive education.</p><p>Data is collected from two different schools in a district in Andhra Pradesh, India, in which</p><p>both hostel students and day-scholar students, having a similar background, are studying.</p><p>Exam scores for three different subjects are used as dependent variables in the analysis. The</p><p>results indicate that private hostels do have a positive effect on achievement in all subjects,</p><p>thereby contributing to reducing the large gap in school achievement between different</p><p>socioeconomic groups</p>

This study examines the effect on school achievement of a policy such as hostels, aimed at giving children from a poor socioeconomic background an opportunity to receive education. Data is collected from two different schools in a district in Andhra Pradesh, India, in which both hostel students and day-scholar students, having a similar background, are studying. Exam scores for three different subjects are used as dependent variables in the analysis. The results indicate that private hostels do have a positive effect on achievement in all subjects, thereby contributing to reducing the large gap in school achievement between different socioeconomic groups