SANTRAUKA Visuomenės sveikatos vadyba Darbo tikslas: išaiškinti ligoninės medicinos personalo nuomonę apie vidaus auditą ir kokybės vadybos sistemą. Uždaviniai: 1. Išaiškinti ligoninės medicinos personalo žinias apie vidaus auditą ir kokybės vadybos sistemą. 2. Išaiškinti medicinos personalo nuomonę apie vidaus audito funkcijas ir atlikimo tvarką. 3. Palyginti ligoninės gydytojų ir slaugytojų žinias ir nuomonę apie vidaus auditą. 4. Nustatyti medicinos personalo požiūrį į nepageidaujamus įvykius įstaigoje ir jų registravimo tvarką. Tyrimo metodika. Tyrimas vykdytas 2008 metais rajono antrinio lygio ligoninėje. Atlikta anoniminė anketinė apklausa. Buvo išdalinta 130 anketų, gauta užpildytos 112 anketos. Atsako dažnis 86,1 proc. Statistinė duomenų analizė atlikta SPSS 12.0 statistinių duomenų analizės paketu. Kokybinių požymių nepriklausomumas buvo tiriamas susietų lentelių metodu, vertinant Chi kvadrato kriterijų ir jo laisvės laipsnių skaičių ir statistinį reikšmingumą p. Rezultatai. 67,6 proc. gydytojų ir 59,2 proc. slaugytojų, norėtų žinoti daugiau apie kokybės vadybos sistemą. 58,3 proc. darbuotojų mano, kad jų žinios apie vidaus auditą nėra pakankamos. 63,4 proc. dalyvių vidaus audito procedūras vertina gerai. 70,0 proc. gydytojų ir 37,1 proc. slaugytojų auditorių veiklą vertina patenkinamai, o 46,8 proc. slaugytojų ir 16,7 proc. gydytojų – gerai. 76,5 proc. gydytojų ir 49,3 proc. slaugytojų mano, jog turi pakankamai žinių apie auditą, o 44,9 proc. slaugytojų nei... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Aim of the study: to identify the opinion of hospital medical personnel regarding internal audit and quality management system. Objectives : 1. To identify the knowledge of hospital medical personnel of the internal audit and quality management system. 2. To evaluate the attitudes of medical staff towards functions of internal audit and accomplishment procedures. 3. To compare knowledge and opinion of hospital doctors and nurses on the internal audit. 4. To determine the approach of medical personnel to the adverse events and their registration procedure in hospital. Methods. Anonymous questionnaire survey of doctors and nurses working in a second level district hospital was performed in 2008. 130 questionnaires were distributed, 112 of which were returned completed (response rate 86.1 percent). Statistical analysis of data was performed using the data analysis package SPSS 12.0. For hypotheses testing the Chi square (χ2) and z tests were used. The differences between the characteristics considered statistically significant when p <0.05. Results. 67.6 percent of doctors and 59.2 percent of nurses would like to know more about the quality management system. 58.3 percent of employees feel that their knowledge of the internal audit is not sufficient. 63.4 percent of respondents evaluate the internal audit procedures as good. 70.0 percent of doctors and 37.1 percent of nurses assess the activities of auditors as satisfactory, while 46.8 percent of nurses and 16.7 percent... [to full text]

In the theoretic part are described basic principals and methods of external and internal audit. First is defined the term, second is described historical development, legal regulations and operating techniques of audit. At the end is described output of the audit -- audit report. In the whole theoretic part are mentioned main similarities and differences between external and internal audit. In the application part is made external audit of the concrete company for the year 2009. The data are taken from the annual report of the company. It is followed by description of internal checks, which company does periodically. Last part is audit of financial situation. There are used indexes of financial analysis to evaluate the financial health of the company. Recommendation how to improve current situation are given based on this background.

This Diploma Thesis is about Internal Audit in Multinational Corporations in Energy Industry. The goal of this Diploma Thesis is to introduce Internal Audit in chosen Multinational Corporations. In each company is introduced emplacement of Internal Audit, process of Internal Audit and planning process of Internal Audit. Diploma Thesis also explores corrective actions, follow-up audits and fraud prevention program.

The thesis deals with comparison of external and internal audit of financial reporting. Both disciplines were initially compared theoretically and described procedures were then applied in the form of performing an audit of a chosen company called XY. In conclusion main differences as well as congruencies were summarized.

Esta pesquisa dedica-se a compreender a natureza da atividade conhecida, na indústria hoteleira, por auditoria noturna. É importante por esta atividade ainda não ter sido estudada adequadamente do ponto de vista conceitual e das práticas do mercado, embora seja tratada pela literatura didática e desenvolvida em hotéis. Com o objetivo de verificar o state of the art da auditoria noturna, foi adotada a estratégia de criar o conceito instrumental de hotel ‘complexo’, definido como dotado de porte e/ou categoria de prestação de serviços suficientes para justificar a existência de estruturas organizacionais intrincadas. A premissa subjacente é que o alto investimento absoluto ou relativo (por unidade habitacional) exige processos com maior eficiência e eficácia. A cidade de São Paulo foi escolhida para a pesquisa de campo graças ao seu significativo parque hoteleiro. A fim de estabelecer bases teóricas que pudessem subsidiar a investigação de campo, a auditoria noturna foi situada no contexto organizacional de um empreendimento hoteleiro; foram analisados a evolução e o conceito de auditoria interna; e caracterizados os sistemas de informação utilizados pela indústria hoteleira para a atividade, dada a relevância de sua configuração para condicionar processos operacionais e financeiros. Selecionados 41 hotéis complexos de São Paulo, 38 colaboraram com a fase exploratória da pesquisa, dedicada a caracterizar o perfil pessoal e organizacional de 82 funcionários responsáveis pela auditoria noturna. Dentre eles, 10 hotéis, que contavam formalmente com o cargo de auditor noturno, foram objeto de uma pesquisa descritiva, a fim de elencar suas tarefas e de obter suas percepções do software hoteleiro utilizado. Todos os hotéis complexos selecionados têm atividades de auditoria noturna, com o foco principal voltado ao exame diário de todas as contas correntes de recepção. Os responsáveis pela auditoria noturna desenvolvem tarefas operacionais, estão freqüentemente subordinados ao departamento auditado e desconsideram o ambiente de controle. Como resultado, este trabalho propõe que a auditoria noturna hoteleira não se enquadra no moderno entendimento do conceito de auditoria interna; é uma atividade de inspeção que supre a deficiência ou cumpre o papel de controles internos. A avaliação positiva realizada pelos auditores noturnos dos hotéis complexos da cidade de São Paulo a respeito dos sistemas de informação utilizados não invalida a constatação de que os principais softwares hoteleiros são falhos, oriundos da automatização de tarefas tradicionais, limitando a própria atividade de auditoria noturna. / This study is dedicated to the examination of an activity known in the hotel industry as the night audit. The importance of this research is reflected in the fact that the night audit is an activity that has been little studied from the conceptual and practical points of view, although it has been amply described in educational and industry literature. Given that the primary objective is to define the state of the art of the night audit, this paper initially establishes the contextual concept of the hotel property, as defined as hospitality operations that offer a size or category of service warranting the existence of complex organizational structure. The underlying assumption is that properties with expensive investments necessitate extensive processes to ensure greater efficiency or effectiveness. The city of São Paulo was chosen for field research as its hotel park is the largest in South America. With the objective to establish a theoretical base to support the field investigation, the night audit was placed in the organizational context of the hotel property; basic concepts, as well as, the evolution of the internal audit were analyzed; and the information systems used by the hospitality industry were described, given their relevance in conditioning operational and financial processes. Of the forty-one major hotel properties in São Paulo, thirty-eight collaborated in the exploratory phase of the project. In this phase, based on interviews with 82 night audit employees, the profile of the night auditor was established, as well as, his position and relationships within the organizational structure. Of all the subject properties, ten hotels have formally established the position of night auditor in their organizational structure. These employees were the subject of the second phase of the study in which the functions of the night auditor were quantified and described. They were also interviewed in depth as to their opinion on hospitality software. The results of the study demonstrate that all the subject properties have night auditing activities, but with a primary focus on the daily examination of all open accounts in the front office. The employees responsible for the night audit also execute operational activities and are frequently subordinated within the department that they audit, effectively eliminating any element of actual control. As a result, this study proposes that the night audit as practiced by the hospitality industry does not correspond to the modern concept of the internal audit; it is an activity of inspection and account verification, isolated to the front office, and in effect, compensates for process deficiencies or, at best, mimics internal controls. Even though the evaluations by the night auditors were for the most part positive, there are many aspects in which hospitality software is deficient, limiting its use in the auditing capacity.

A alteração no sistema de controles internos da empresa estudada teve como marco principal a mudança do foco no trabalho da auditoria interna, que começou a desempenhar suas atividades de forma estruturada e seguindo uma metodologia específica; além, de perseguir um objetivo estratégico da organização. A auditoria interna, antes do processo de certificação do sistema de controles internos exigido pela seção 404 da SOX, era apenas um instrumento de detecção de erros e compliance fiscal, que baseava seus trabalhos somente em fatos passados, com a constatação de deficiências de controles. Todavia, sem assessorar a alta a administração da empresa na resolução das deficiências, objetivando a implementação das melhorias dos controles internos. Com a necessidade de certificação da eficácia dos controles internos, a partir do ano de 2005, o foco dos trabalhos de auditoria interna foi direcionado para lograr melhorias nos métodos de controle, gestão de riscos, prevenção de fraudes e erros, nos processos operacionais, contábeis e financeiros da organização. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi, por meio de estudo de caso único, mensurar os principais procedimentos realizados para a implantação do sistema de controles internos da empresa estudada, incluindo a metodologia adotada, o modelo escolhido, o processo de controle estabelecido, a identificação e avaliação dos principais riscos e controles, bem como a forma de seleção, avaliação e teste dos controles internos existentes. Buscou-se coletar dados preconizados pela literatura de autores renomados e analisar as diversas bibliografias, com o objetivo de comparar com a pesquisa que foi realizada nos documentos fornecidos pela empresa analisada. Este estudo levantou pontos importantes sobre o processo de gestão da empresa e da forma como se utilizou da auditoria interna como ferramenta para a melhoria de seus controles internos. Destacam-se a geração de valor empresarial que um bom ambiente de controle interno traz e os motivos que levam uma organização a implementar uma área de auditoria interna, com especial atenção ao foco de assessoramento e consultoria, alinhado as práticas internacionais de auditoria interna. Entretanto, apesar de observar melhorias na atuação da auditoria interna da organização, constata-se a necessidade de alinhamento de algumas práticas internacionais, ainda não implementadas. Descobriu-se, também, que a auditoria interna, com o devido emporwerment da alta administração, e utilizando-se das técnicas atuais e internacionais, aumentam a confiabilidade do sistema de controles internos e com isso geram valor às suas organizações. Nesta pesquisa pôde-se constatar a utilização da auditoria interna como ferramenta de gestão de recursos organizacionais, ocasionando melhorias no sistema de controles internos da empresa, e ficando constatada, por meio de auditoria executada por firma independente, a irrefutável melhoria dos controles internos da organização estudada. / The change in the internal control system in the company studied has initiated with the modification of the audit scope from the internal audit department, which started to perform their activities in a more structured way and following a specific methodology, in addition, to pursue strategic objectives of the organization. Before the certification of the internal controls system required by Section 404 of SOX, the internal audit was viewed as a tool to detect mistakes and to attend tax compliance, based only on past events and pointing out the deficiencies in the controls, but without advising the senior management and board of directors on what to do to improve the internal control environment. The need for certification of the effectiveness of internal control in 2005 changed the focus of the internal audit works, which was now directed to achieve improvement in the methods of control, risk management, prevention of fraud and mistakes in the operation, accounting and financial process of the rganization. The aim of this study was, through a study of a case, to measure the main procedures performed for the deployment of the internal control system of the company object of this study, including the methodology, the model chosen, the process of control established, the identification and assessment of key risks and controls, and how to select, evaluate and test internal controls. We tried to collect data from renowned author of specific literature and analyze the various bibliographies, in order to compare with the research that was carried out in the documents provided by the studied company. This study raised important points about the management process in the company and how internal audit is used as a tool for the improvement of their internal controls. It is to add value for the business that companies seek for a good internal control environment and that provides the reason to lead an organization to implement an internal audit department, with particular attention to the outbreak of advice and consultancy, international practices aligned internal audit. However, we observed several improvements in the performance of internal audit department in the organization there is still a need to align with some international practices, which it will be implemented. It was also found that the internal audit department with proper empowerment from senior management, and using the current and international techniques, increased the reliability of the internal controls system and thereby add value to their organization. In this research it was noted the use of the internal audit department as a management tool for better use of resources, for improvement in the internal controls system, and the irrefutable improvement in the internal control environment of the organization studied, which could be noted by the external audit performed by an independent firm.

The thesis attends to the issue of audit and is divided into two parts. The theoretical part deals with the definition of external (statutory) audit and internal audit and is divided to the chapters of the history, legislation, definition and role. Thereinafter describes a person of auditor, his activities, principles, methods and procedures which auditor uses. The end of the first part is about forensic audits and frauds. The application section includes at first comparison of professions and specifies the same as well as different features. The second part focuses on the relation and cooperation of external and internal auditor.

The aim of this thesis is to describe the theory of external and internal audit and to familiarize with a practical prespective on cooperation between external and internal auditors in banks. Specifically, the cooperation between external and internal auditors was consulted with one of the biggest banks in the Czech Republic. The thesis is divided into theoretical anc practical part. The theoretical part deals with definitions and bacis principles of external and internal audit. Moreover, auditing standards and code of ethics are presented. The practical part is based on the information about professional experience of auditors and is focused on cooperation between external and internal auditors in banks.

<p>The Swedish Code for Corporate Governance was introduced on July 1, 2005. All companies then listed at OM Stockholmsbörsen A-list and those on the O-list with a market value of more than three billion SKr must implement the rules in the Code. The Code includes rules for corporate governance as a complement to the legislation. The Code is based on the principle comply or explain. This means that the companies are aloud to diverge from the rules if they explain why. The reason for this principle is that it enables a much higher level of ambition in the Code than if it would be legislated.</p><p>The Swedish Code for Corporate Governance has introduced much tougher rules on internal control than the existing legislation demands. The Code demands a good internal control without defining what it means. The idea is that the companies themselves are responsible for developing a standard for good internal control. It also includes that the board should sign an annual report about the companies internal control and establish a special internal audit function for evaluating the internal control system.</p><p>The main purpose with this paper is to study the implementation of the Code in Swedish companies concerning the rules on internal control of the financial reporting.</p><p>The paper is limited to the companies listed at OM Stockholmsbörsen former A-list which apply with the Code. Five companies are being interviewed on their work with internal control. All companies at the former A-list are included in the study of the existence of an internal audit function.</p><p>The paper is based on both secondary and primary data, mainly focused on the latter. The secondary data is collected from literature, journals, internet and annual reports from the companies included in the study. Primary data has been collected via e-mail and telephone contacts. One of the interviews was done via telephone and the others through meetings at the companies head offices.</p><p>The study shows that exactly half of the companies have an internal audit function and the existence of the function is strongly related to the ownership structure. Only companies with a wide spread in ownership and nationalized companies has the function.</p><p>There is a great uncertainty about what good internal control means. A suitable solution to apply with the rules in the Code is therefore to use COSO’s definition and recommendations on internal control. The framework also includes guidelines on how to evaluate and improve internal control.</p>

The Swedish Code for Corporate Governance was introduced on July 1, 2005. All companies then listed at OM Stockholmsbörsen A-list and those on the O-list with a market value of more than three billion SKr must implement the rules in the Code. The Code includes rules for corporate governance as a complement to the legislation. The Code is based on the principle comply or explain. This means that the companies are aloud to diverge from the rules if they explain why. The reason for this principle is that it enables a much higher level of ambition in the Code than if it would be legislated. The Swedish Code for Corporate Governance has introduced much tougher rules on internal control than the existing legislation demands. The Code demands a good internal control without defining what it means. The idea is that the companies themselves are responsible for developing a standard for good internal control. It also includes that the board should sign an annual report about the companies internal control and establish a special internal audit function for evaluating the internal control system. The main purpose with this paper is to study the implementation of the Code in Swedish companies concerning the rules on internal control of the financial reporting. The paper is limited to the companies listed at OM Stockholmsbörsen former A-list which apply with the Code. Five companies are being interviewed on their work with internal control. All companies at the former A-list are included in the study of the existence of an internal audit function. The paper is based on both secondary and primary data, mainly focused on the latter. The secondary data is collected from literature, journals, internet and annual reports from the companies included in the study. Primary data has been collected via e-mail and telephone contacts. One of the interviews was done via telephone and the others through meetings at the companies head offices. The study shows that exactly half of the companies have an internal audit function and the existence of the function is strongly related to the ownership structure. Only companies with a wide spread in ownership and nationalized companies has the function. There is a great uncertainty about what good internal control means. A suitable solution to apply with the rules in the Code is therefore to use COSO’s definition and recommendations on internal control. The framework also includes guidelines on how to evaluate and improve internal control.